MEDI105A: Swine Medicine

INTRODUCTION TO FELINE MEDICINE AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE

Dr. Rosario Bagus, DVM

BASIC STEPS IN DIAGNOSING A DISEASE ● Non-core vaccines

1. History taking → Target diseases of minimal risk in the geographic region or
2. Physical examination lifestyle of the pet and protect against diseases that are less
→ Vital signs (PRT) severe threats to infected animals.
▪ Check from head to toe → Can be optional.
3. Diagnostic tests → Examples: Kennel cough (dogs)
TREATMENT Core vaccines Non-core vaccines
1. Oral medication intervention Feline Panleukopenia (FPV) Chlamydiosis
2. IV Fluid therapy Rhino-tracheitis Feline Infectious Peritonitis
3. IV medications/chemotherapy (FIP)
4. Surgery Feline Calicivirus (FCV) Microsporum canis
Feline Leukemia virus (FeLV) Bordetellosis
Points to note:
- If active outdoors Feline Immunodeficiency virus
● The most important aspect of Doctor-Client relationship is
(FIV)
client information.
→ Ito yung sasabihin sa owner, and yung mga pwedeng VACCINATION GUIDELINES
mangyari with regards to the pet’s case
→ This includes the prognosis, diagnosis, and how will you
be treating the animal

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
● Vaccination
→ Important part of preventive medicine
▪ Aims to provide animals with optimum health care through
active immunity.

Why active immunity?

● Before active immunity, there is maternal immunity from the
mother that lasts up to three weeks.
● Scheduling of vaccination ensure active immunity

→ Potent medical procedure associated with known benefits

and risks.
▪ Knowledge of these benefits and risks is necessary to
implement an effective individualized vaccination protocol.
▪ Benefits includes 95-99% immunity.
▪ Risks of vaccines include:
− Vaccination failure
− Allergic reaction to vaccines ● The dots indicate the route of vaccination
▪ Vaccination protocol varies from clinic to clinic → However, the available route in the Philippines is usually
− Usually four 4in1 vaccines, three weeks interval, then subcutaneous
anti-rabies vaccine after → Although, there are studies that show that the limb area is a
− Refer to WSAVA guidelines good site for vaccination in case of tumors caused by
vaccination.
FELINE VACCINES
▪ Cases like this happen when the vaccine is not easily
TYPES OF VACCINES
absorbed by the body, creating a mass that increase in
● Core vaccines
size.
→ vaccines appropriate to protect most animals against
− Treatment is dine usually by surgical incision
diseases that pose a risk of severe disease due to virulent,
▪ In cases when the muscle is also affected, amputation can
highly infectious pathogens, as well as being highly
be done.
distributed.
▪ Examples include Feline Panleukopenia Virus (FPV) and
Rabies Virus
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 KITTEN VACCINATION (WSAVA) ETIOLOGY
● MDAs are commonly given. ● Feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR; Feline herpesvirus type 1),
→ it is commonly administered by 8-12 weeks old to allow ● Feline calicivirus (FCV)
active immunologic response. ● Chlamydia felis,
● In kittens it is harder to determine when the time of decreased ● Mycoplasma felis
MDA than puppies. TRANSMISSION
→ They are more prone to vaccination failure due to high titers ● Aerosol droplets
even at 20 weeks old. ● Fomites
● Starts at 6-8 weeks, boost every 2-4 weeks until 16 weeks old ● Carriers
● Stress
● Annual booster is given on the same date the last core vaccine
was given but a year after CLINICAL SIGNS
→ This aims to ensure that the protective immune response ● Fever (39-40deg)
develops. ● frequent sneezing
● nasal discharge (mucopurulent or serous)
REVACCINATION OF ADULT CAT (WSAVA) ● conjunctivitis
● Cats that have responded to vaccination with MLV core vaccines ● rhinitis
maintain a solid immunity (immunological memory) against FPV ● salivation
for many years in the absence of any repeat vaccination ● Cats may develop:
immunity against FCV and FHV-I is only partial. → Ulcerative keratitis
→ Epiphora
Low risk cat solitary indoor animal that does not visit a
→ Chemosis
boarding cattery
→ blepharospasm, or conjunctival hyperemia
High risk cat animal that regularly visits a boarding cattery → Severely debilitated cats may develop ulcerative stomatitis.
or that lives in a multi-cat, indoor-outdoor ● Signs may persist for 5 - 10 days in milder cases and as long as
household 6 weeks in severe cases.
Complete course of vaccination for FPV, Single dose of MLV core
FHV-I and FCV as a kitten (including the 6- vaccine to boost immunity
or 12-month booster) but may not have
been regularly vaccinated as an adult
Adopted adult cat (or kitten over 16 weeks Single dose of MLV FPV core
of age) of unknown vaccination history vaccine for protective
immune response
Adopted adult cat of unknown vaccination Two doses of MLV FHV-
history I/FCV vaccine (2-4 weeks
apart) for adequate immune
response

● Don't give feline parvovirus vaccine to pregnant queens

→ It may cause abortion
LESIONS
→ And if giving vaccine to a pregnant queen, make sure to give
● Respiratory tract, conjunctivae, and oral cavity
killed vaccine
▪ MLV may cause residual disease to queen and kittens DIAGNOSIS
● MLV shouldn't be used in Feline Leukemia Virus (FLV) or ● Clinical signs
Immunodeficiency virus infected cats ● conjunctival scrapings
→ they have low immune system and might cause residual ● isolation
disease and infection ● identification of the agent(s)
● Feline herpesvirus should be 2 doses, 2-4 weeks apart (not 1 TREATMENT
dose), because herpesvirus vaccine only give partial immunity. ● Supportive
INFECTIOUS DISEASES → IV Fluids
● Caused by an agent/microorganism (bacteria, virus,parasite) that ● Symptomatic
impairs one's health. → For secondary bacterial infections
● It can spread directly through contact, or indirectly through ● Broad spectrum antimicrobials
fomites or contamination.
For secondary - amoxicillin with clavulanic acid
1. FELINE VIRAL RESPIRATORY DISEASE bacterial infection, - cephalosporins
● Feline Respiratory Disease Complex C. felis and M. felis - trimethoprim-sulfa
● Usually self-limiting but may be complicated by secondary - fluoroquinolones (Marbofloxacin)
bacterial infection. - tetracyclines (Doxycycline)
- chloramphenicol

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 For C. felis and M. - Tetracyclines
felis (most - Fluoroquinolones
effective)

● Removal of nasal discharges through aspiration

● Nebulization
● Oxygen supplementation (chamber)
→ Addition of salbutamol

Corneal ulcers Topical antiviral ointments having: Q4h

- Idoxuridine
- Trifluridine
- Vidarabine
Eyedrops that are antibacterial (in PH) ● Most common test used to diagnose FPV
- Tobramycin → Swabbing to obtain stool sample and is dipped into the buffer
- Gentamycin and mix
→ Get at least 3 drops from the contaminated buffer and put it
● Prevention
on the test kit
→ Vaccination
→ Wait for 5-10 minutes to determine the result.
2. FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA (FELINE DISTEMPER) ▪ Test result is invalid if time exceeds 10 minutes
● Disease that commonly affects young unvaccinated cats and feral
DIAGNOSIS
animal
● CBC
ETIOLOGY → severe-moderate panleukopenia
● DNA Parvoviridae ▪ Elevated neutrophils
→ Closely related to CPV ▪ Decreased lymphocytes
TRANSMISSION ▪ Hematocrit levels for dehydration
● Direct contact or indirectly from contaminated environment ● Test Kits
● Viral shedding may take years ● Serum
● Antibody titers
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
● PCR (VIral DNA in fecal sample)
● FPV multiplies at actively dividing cells of neonatal brain, bone
marrow, lymphoid tissue, and intestinal lymphoid tissue TREATMENT AND PREVENTION
● Large amounts cause destruction of cells ● Aggressive upon therapy
● This then releases the virus → hydration and electrolytes (IV Fluids)
● Incubation period ● Symptomatic treatment
→ 4-5 days → Broad spectrum antibiotics
▪ Amoxicillin
CLINICAL SIGNS
▪ Coamoxiclav
● Common signs
▪ Ampicillin
→ Fever
→ depression ▪ Tetracycline
→ vomiting ● Assist feed if no vomiting
→ diarrhea → Soft diet only
● dehydration → However, when the patient vomits again, MPO
● anorexia ● Client information
● fetal death/spontaneous abortion → Survivors have lifelong immunity,
● reabsorption in pregnant → Inform regarding the severity of the case.
● If ever the cat is pregnant, but no abortion occurred. ● Prevention
→ cerebellar/retinal defects in neonates → Vaccination starts at 8 - 12 weeks of age, then every 3 weeks.
3. FELINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS
● Associated with both neoplastic and non-neoplastic
(immunosuppressive) diseases.
→ Absence of mass causes immunosuppression
● The outcome of exposure to the virus depends on:
→ age/sex
→ immunocompetence
→ concurrent disease
→ viral strain
→ dose

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 → duration of exposure. ● Broad spectrum antibiotics for secondary bacterial infection
ETIOLOGY → Co-amoxiclav
● Retrovirus → Amoxicillin
→ Tetracycline
TRANSMISSION
→ Cephalosporin
● Vertical and Horizontal
● Appetite stimulants
● Contact with infected, saliva, discharges, contaminated food
→ Oxazepam PO
bowls, transplacental and trans mammary.
→ Diazepam IV
● Exposed cats may develop these types of infection:
● Chemotherapy
→ Regressive infection
→ Solid tumors
▪ becomes aviremic after transient infection
→ Done after biopsy
▪ acquiring of virus but diminishes over time
● Client information
▪ Nalalabanan ng kusa
→ FeLV positive that is asymptomatic/otherwise healthy do not
→ Progressive infection
need to be euthanized.
▪ maintains viremia
→ keep the pet indoor
▪ Acquires the virus but is asymptomatic
→ isolate,
→ Active infection
→ update vaccinations.
▪ Acquires the disease and shows clinical signs ● Public health information
CLINICAL SIGNS → May cause disease among immunosuppressed, pregnant,
● Fever and neonates in humans
● Anorexia 4. FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS
● weight loss, ● Primarily disease of catteries and multi-cat households.
● anemia ● Mutated form of feline coronavirus
● secondary bacterial infections seen IN CBC ETIOLOGY
● vomiting ● FCoV exposure
● diarrhea TRANSMISSION
● spontaneous abortion ● Feces and saliva
● renal diseases
→ In cases of dehydration PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
→ Or tumore is near the renal gland ● FCoV travels to the macrophages and infects it
● tumors of lymphoid origin (thymus, lymphs, alimentary tract). ● Infected macrophages spread throughout the body which
● neurologic signs causes the infection
→ Tremors ● Has two forms
Effusive/wet 75% Accumulation - Ascites
→ Seizures
form (most vasculitis of protein-rich - Pleural effusion
→ Spotted lesions common) fluid in the - Anorexia
thoracic and - Depression
DIAGNOSIS
abdominal - Weight loss
● ELISA test cavity - Dehydration
● CBC (non-regenerative anemia) - May or may not be
febrile
● IFA, c/s
Non- 45% - Fever
TREATMENT AND PREVENTION effusive/dry Ocular and - Anorexia
form neurologic - Depression
● isolation and stress - elimination. NO CURE. Symptomatic tx.
lesions - Weight loss
Immunomodulator Acemannan PO, SC daily - Ocular lesions
- Neurologic signs
IP q6wk - Enlarged kidneys
Propionibacterium IV 1-2x/week ● Effusive may look like cysts
acnes ● Ascites commence when the kidney is not properly working
Human recombinant Q24h for 7 DIAGNOSIS
interferon (usually days then ● Clinical signs
used) every other ● High antibody titer of FIP
week ● Cytology and chemical analysis of abdominal and pleural cavity
Antiviral drugs Azidothymine PO q12h → Aspirate through abdominocentesis
Isoprinosine (human ▪ Viscous, clear to yellow fluid
preparation ▪ Less than 20,000 nucleated cells/microliter
9-(-2- SC q12h ▪ Protein rich (>3.5 g/dL)
▪ Albumin:Globulin ratio 0.81
phosphomethoxyethyl)
● Ultrasound
adenine
→ Normal intestines should look like bacon

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 → Presence of free fluid may look like worms
→ May look cystic (parang pregnant)
→ Aspirate and check for revalta test
● Revalta test
→ Fill a red top tube with NSS and add a drop of acetic acid
→ Free fluid is dropped in this concoction
→ Negative result will show dispersion of the free fluid
→ Positive result will show a jellyfish like drop
TREATMENT AND PREVENTION
● Aspiration of pleural or abdominal fluids
→ Lessen the abdominal fluid to avoid compression of lungs
which may cause fluid in lungs
● Steroids
→ Given daily
→ Dexamethasone
● Immunosuppressive drugs
→ cyclophosphamide
● IMMUNOTHERAPY
→ Immunoregulin
→ Ribavirin
→ adenine arabinoside
● PREVENTION
→ Isolation of pregnant 2 weeks before giving birth
→ remove weaning kittens from queens by 5 weeks of age
→ vaccination
● CLIENT INFORMATION :
→ confirmed cats usually die from this disease.
→ The virus is inactivated in the environment by most
household disinfectants.
→ Diagnosis of the ds is difficult and may require a series of
tests.

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