Cloze Texts WITH KEY

CLOZE TEXT
1
For questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
LONG HOURS AND HEALTH DON'T MIX
Women are much healthier when they take it easy, (1) _____ a new survey. Those who work long
hours are more likely than men to indulge in unhealthy behaviour such as eating snacks, smoking
and drinking caffeine. (Long hours have no such (2) _____ on men.) One positive benefit of long
hours for both sexes, however, is that alcohol (3) _____ is reduced. The study, funded by the
Economic and Social Research Council, is part of a wider study by psychologists from the University
of Leeds, into the effects of stress on eating. 'Stress causes people to (4) _____for unhealthy
high-fat and high-sugar snacks in preference to healthier food choices,' says researcher Dr Daryl
O'Connor of the University of Leeds. 'People under stress eat less than usual in their main meals,
including their vegetable (5) _____ but shift their preference to high-fat, high-sugar snacks
instead. 'Our (6) _____ are disturbing in that they show stress produces harmful changes in diet
and leads to unhealthy eating behaviour,' continues Dr O'Connor on overwhelming (7) _____ of
evidence shows the importance of maintaining a balanced diet in (8) _____ of reducing the risk of
cancer and cardiovascular diseases - and that means eating a low-fat diet and five portions of fruit
and vegetables a day.
influx: sự tràn vào
1 A betrays B sustains C reveals D conceals 5 A intake B influx C emission D immersion
2 A contact B clash C conflict D impact 6 A instructions B rulings C findings D institutions
3 A beverage B consumption 7 A lump B body C sack D packet
C expenditure D acceptance 8 A moments B sessions C terms D senses
2
4 A choose B select C design D opt
IS WORK BAD FOR YOU?
Popular perception is that working (I) _____ are now so over-regulated the only people likely to be
injured at work are bosses, strangled by (2) _____ tape. But beware a hidden epidemic raging in
British workplaces. In this post-industrial age, when most jobs are in light industry, information
technology and the service sector, we expect working life to be relatively comfortable and at the very
(3) _____ safe. We don't expect to be maimed, laid off for life or to work ourselves into the ground.
(4) _____ again. In the UK there are still 1.6 million workplace injuries every year as well as 2.2
million cases of ill health caused by work. Some of these injuries wouldn't have been out of place in
Charles Dickens' England. Last year 350 people died as a result of building site accidents, a large
increase on previous years. But some of the worst dangers are the hidden ones. 400,000 cases of
asthma are caused by working conditions, (5) _____ to high levels of dust or traffic pollution, and
asbestos still kills over 4,000 people a year. There are no (6) _____ at present requiring owners to
record the (7) _____ of asbestos, meaning that builders and fire-fighters have no way of
anticipating the problem. However, a non-profit organisation has taken up the issue with a
new database (8) _____ in conjunction with the Trades Union Congress.
1 A habits B plights C sites D conditions 5 A detection B expression C expansion D exposure
2 A red B green C black D white 6 A methods B prosecutions C regulations D principles
3 A few B least C most D furthest 7 A attendance B presence C company D residence
4 A Think B Remark C Dwell D Comment 8 A launched B embarked C terminated D3propelled
red tape: thủ tục quan liêu
DRUNK-DRIVING SOARS IN THE PRE-CHRISTMAS PERIOD
Four million motorists will drink and drive over the festive period despite high-profile campaigns (1)
___ them against it, new research suggests. The research by a national car insurance company, also
(2) ___ alarming ignorance of the effects of alcohol. Three million believe leaving the windows open
while they drive will help them sober up and at least 600,000 think that chewing gum will foil a breath
test. One million car drivers actually admitted they would climb behind the wheel this Christmas even
if they were over the limit, with many thinking this is okay if they can walk straight. More than thirteen
million people have been in a car with a driver they (3) ___ of having drunk too much, but just two
million have taken the keys and driven themselves. Of the four million who will drink and drive over the
festive period, almost half of these admit it's because they don't want to pay for taxis or can't be (4)
___ to wait in the cold for public transport. A spokeswoman for the insurance company said: "Drivers
should seriously (5) ___ the need to take the car before heading out for a Christmas drink. If they do
end up drinking alcohol and have the car with them, they must find an alternative mode of transport to
get home... The research showed 500,000 drivers will hit the road (6) ___ of how much alcohol they
have (7) ___. ' A further 100,000 drivers will (8) ___ off home after downing between four and five
pints of beer, despite the fact that they have experienced some kind of accident while driving under the
influence of alcohol.
1 A tempting B inspiring C resisting D urging 5 A consult B confer C aspire D consider
2 A invents B obscures C reveals D conceals 6 A nonetheless B moreover C however D regardless
3 A convinced B suspected 7 A purchased B consumed C employed D squandered
C distrusted D considered
8 A make B set C leave D put
4 A hindered B bothered C disturbed D cared
HOME SWEET HOME
Having a roof over your head is a basic necessity that we in the western world have (1) _____ into an
art form - a stylish place to dwell is now intrinsic to our happiness. But the way we live also has to keep
pace with rapidly changing lifestyles and as our (2) _____ towards the environment change, we're
becoming more aware that our homes need to tread more lightly on the earth. Architects are (3)
_____ to this creative challenge, designing inspiring buildings that respond both to our modern lives,
and to our growing sense of environmental responsibility. These new buildings boast contemporary
aesthetics while encouraging us to live more responsibly by using (4) _____ resources. From
innovative designs of tiny capsule dwellings to elegant family homes with robust green features,
sustainable ideas are permeating modern design. And it seems we're on the verge of a seismic shift.
One idea doing the rounds is that because our aspirations have changed, we can now be content with
far fewer possessions. This concept (5) _____ Horden Cherry Lee to design the micro-compact home,
a sleek pad only two cubic metres in size, (6) _____ spacious enough for two people to live in for
short periods. Professor Horden justifies these compact proportions in (7) _____ of our modern
habits: status is (8) _____ gained by having a high degree of mobility rather than merely owning
things.
1 A produced B assembled C turned D caused 5 A assured B inspired C imposed D created
2 A attitudes B concepts C ideas D schemes 6 A despite B how C whatever D yet
3 A climbing B rising C soaring D swelling 7 A means B reasons C terms D plans
4 A shorter B greater C grander D fewer 8 A accurately B increasingly C highly D extremely
THE RETURN OF EL NINO
Aside from the seasons, El Nino and its twin, La Nina, are the two largest single causes of variability in
the world's climate from year to year. Both are dictated by shifts in water temperature in the tropical
Pacific basin between Australia and South America. (1) __ after the Spanish words for ''Christ child"
and "the girl” because of their (2) __ to Christmas, they lead to dramatic shifts in the enure system of
oceanic and amosphenc factors from air pressure to currents. A significant rise in sea temperature
leads to an El Nino event whereas a fall in temperature leads to La Nina. The cause of the phenomenon
is not fully understood but in an El Nino "event" the pool of warm surface water is forced eastwards by
the loss of the westerly trade vends. The sea water evaporates. (3) __ in drenching rains over South
America, as well as western parts of the United States, such as California. The effects can (4) __ for
anything from a few weeks to 18 months, causing extreme weather as far afield as India and East Africa.
The correlation with global warming is as (5) __ unclear. Archaeological evidence shows E; Ninos and
La Ninas have been (6) __ for 15.000 years. But scientists are investigating whether climate change is
leading to an increase in their intensity or duration. The weather pattern is already having early and
intense effects and El Nino could bring extreme rain to parts of east Africa which were last year (7) __
by a cycle of drought and floods. It’s difficult to (8) __ what will happen to the weather in the British
Isles, but it will probably add to the likelihood of record-breaking temperatures in the UK.
1 A Elected B Called C Nominated D Named 5 A still B yet C present D now
2 A proximity B neighbourhood 6 A dawning B obtaining C occurring D securing
C attachment D bond 7 A hit B shoved C punctured D punched
3 A producing B resulting C stemming D refreshing
8 A predict B imply C entail D point
4 A persist B keep C conserve D assert
THE BIRTH OF THE LONDON MARATHON
In 1979, hours after having run the New York Marathon, the former Olympic champion Chris Brasher
wrote an article for The Observer newspaper which began: "To believe this story you must believe that
the human race is one joyous, happy family, working together, laughing together, (1) _____ the
impossible. Last Sunday, in one of the most trouble-stricken cities in the world, 11,532 men and women
from 40 countries in the world, assisted by over a million black, white and yellow people, laughed,
cheered and suffered during the greatest folk festival the world has seen." Enchanted with the sight of
people coming together for such an occasion, he concluded by questioning "... whether London could (2)
_____ such a festival?" Within months the London Marathon was born, with Brasher making trips to
America to study the race organisation and finance of big city marathons such as New York and
Boston, the oldest in the world. He (3) _____a contract with Gillette worth £50,000, established the
organisation's charitable (4) _____ and (5) _____ down six main aims for the event, which he not
only hoped would echo the scenes he had witnessed in New York, but also put Britain firmly on the (6)
_____ as a country capable of organising major events. His vision was realised on March 29th 1981,
with the (7) _____ London Marathon (8) _____ to be an instant success. More than 20,000 people
applied to run: 7,747 were accepted and 6,255 crossed the finish line on Constitution Hill as cheering
crowds lined the route.
1 A appointing B transacting C making D achieving
2 A perform B act C rehearse D stage
3 A fastened B tied C secured D possessed
4 A grade B rank C status D class
THE BIRTH OF THE LONDON MARATHON
In 1979, hours after having run the New York Marathon, the former Olympic champion Chris Brasher
wrote an article for The Observer newspaper which began: "To believe this story you must believe that
the human race is one joyous, happy family, working together, laughing together, (1) _____ the
impossible. Last Sunday, in one of the most trouble-stricken cities in the world, 11,532 men and women
from 40 countries in the world, assisted by over a million black, white and yellow people, laughed,
cheered and suffered during the greatest folk festival the world has seen." Enchanted with the sight of
people coming together for such an occasion, he concluded by questioning "... whether London could (2)
_____ such a festival?" Within months the London Marathon was born, with Brasher making trips to
America to study the race organisation and finance of big city marathons such as New York and
Boston, the oldest in the world. He (3) _____a contract with Gillette worth £50,000, established the
organisation's charitable (4) _____ and (5) _____ down six main aims for the event, which he not
only hoped would echo the scenes he had witnessed in New York, but also put Britain firmly on the (6)
_____ as a country capable of organising major events. His vision was realised on March 29th 1981,
with the (7) _____ London Marathon (8) _____ to be an instant success. More than 20,000 people
applied to run: 7,747 were accepted and 6,255 crossed the finish line on Constitution Hill as cheering
crowds lined the route.
5 A let B set C took D gave inaugural (adj): marking
6 A map B border C atlas D territory the beginning of an
institution, activity
7 A penultimate B former C inaugural D primitive
8 A succeeding B checking C resulting D proving
THE BRITISH DENTAL CATASTROPHE
For most of us, going to the dentist every six months used to be the norm. True, we might not have relished (= really
like/enjoy) the (I) _____ but at least it didn't mean taking out a second mortgage to pay for any possible
treatment, or queueing overnight in the rain with hundreds of others just for the chance to register with an NHS
dentist. But these days, fewer than half of us visit the dentist on a regular basis and it’s not hard to see why. There
simply aren't enough dentists to go round. Finding a dentist (2) _____ to provide NHS treatment can be almost
impossible in some areas. Official figures show that half the people in England have no (3) _____ to an NHS
dentist, while research shows that not going to the dentist regularly will not only (4) _____ to bad teeth, but it
could also put you at risk of serious health problems such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes and even mouth
cancer. Although it's difficult to make direct comparisons, a recent survey that compared access to NHS dentists
in Britain with access to dentists in other European countries and the US, shows how serious the situation has
become. The survey found on (5) _____ there were fewer than four NHS dentists per 10,000 in England, compared
with six dentists per 10,000 in the US. Things tend to be worse away from major cities so if you live in the country,
your chances of seeing an NHS dentist are (6) _____. The situation has arisen because dentists, overwhelmed by
the pressures of NHS dentistry, are increasingly moving into private work. Dentists say NHS fees mean that they
can't offer patients a high-quality service. The current system makes only minimal (7) _____ for preventative
work, although dentists are trained to detect symptoms that could have implications for both your dental and
general health, and should (8) _____ out for suspicious signs at every check-up.
1 A ideal B prospect C opinion D view

2 A willing B helpful C beneficial D accustomed
3 A access B entrance C allowance D commencement
4 A move B push C lead D submit
THE BRITISH DENTAL CATASTROPHE
For most of us, going to the dentist every six months used to be the norm. True, we might not have relished (= really
like/enjoy) the (I) _____ but at least it didn't mean taking out a second mortgage to pay for any possible
treatment, or queueing overnight in the rain with hundreds of others just for the chance to register with an NHS
dentist. But these days, fewer than half of us visit the dentist on a regular basis and it’s not hard to see why. There
simply aren't enough dentists to go round. Finding a dentist (2) _____ to provide NHS treatment can be almost
impossible in some areas. Official figures show that half the people in England have no (3) _____ to an NHS
dentist, while research shows that not going to the dentist regularly will not only (4) _____ to bad teeth, but it
could also put you at risk of serious health problems such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes and even mouth
cancer. Although it's difficult to make direct comparisons, a recent survey that compared access to NHS dentists
in Britain with access to dentists in other European countries and the US, shows how serious the situation has
become. The survey found on (5) _____ there were fewer than four NHS dentists per 10,000 in England, compared
with six dentists per 10,000 in the US. Things tend to be worse away from major cities so if you live in the country,
your chances of seeing an NHS dentist are (6) _____. The situation has arisen because dentists, overwhelmed by
the pressures of NHS dentistry, are increasingly moving into private work. Dentists say NHS fees mean that they
can't offer patients a high-quality service. The current system makes only minimal (7) _____ for preventative
work, although dentists are trained to detect symptoms that could have implications for both your dental and
general health, and should (8) _____ out for suspicious signs at every check-up.
5 A mean B common C average D broad

6 A slim B skinny C weak D shallow
7 A permission B limitation C existence D allowance
8 A search B look C scan D anticipate
"Scramjet" - the future of flight technology
A new take on high-speed flight has (1) _____ with a jet aircraft smashing all records by reaching seven
times the (2) _____ of sound - fast enough to get from London to Sydney in two hours. The global race to
create the world's first "scramjet" was won by the United States recently, with NASA comparing the moment
with the Wright brothers' achievements of a century ago. The (3) _____ flight - in which the jet reached 5.000
mph - lasted eleven seconds and ended with a splashdown of the X-43A into the Pacific Ocean, never to be
seen again. "To put this into perspective, a little over 100 years ago a couple of guys from Ohio flew for 120ft in
the first controlled powered flight. Today we did something similar in the same amount of time." Lawrence
Huebner, NASA's lead propul-sion engineer. said, "but our vehicle under air-breathing power went over 15 miles."
The significance of the (4) _____ is underlined by the margin between the X-43A and the world's (5) _____
fastest jet, Lockheed's Blackbird. That two-man reconnaissance aircraft, painted black to avoid radar
detection, served the United States for 25 years until the Cold War (6) _____ in 1990. Its fastest speed was
2,193 mph. The X-43A is unmanned but NASA predicted that the inaugural flight would inspire business,
industry and the military to (7) _____ in its "hypersonic" revolutionary propulsion system. A scramjet would
(8) _____ an aircraft which had already reached supersonic speeds. The US military is considering using the
technology to create a warplane that could bomb targets anywhere on the globe in a matter of hours.
1 A instigated B dawned C switched D flown

2 A pace B ratio C scale D speed
3 A period B ancient C historic D contemporary
4 A breakthrough B breakout C breakdown D breakneck
"Scramjet" - the future of flight technology
A new take on high-speed flight has (1) _____ with a jet aircraft smashing all records by reaching
seven times the (2) _____ of sound - fast enough to get from London to Sydney in two hours. The
global race to create the world's first "scramjet" was won by the United States recently, with NASA
comparing the moment with the Wright brothers' achievements of a century ago. The (3) _____ flight
- in which the jet reached 5.000 mph - lasted eleven seconds and ended with a splashdown of the
X-43A into the Pacific Ocean, never to be seen again. "To put this into perspective, a little over 100 years
ago a couple of guys from Ohio flew for 120ft in the first controlled powered flight. Today we did
something similar in the same amount of time." Lawrence Huebner, NASA's lead propul-sion engineer.
said, "but our vehicle under air-breathing power went over 15 miles." The significance of the (4) _____
is underlined by the margin between the X-43A and the world's (5) _____ fastest jet, Lockheed's
Blackbird. That two-man reconnaissance aircraft, painted black to avoid radar detection, served the
United States for 25 years until the Cold War (6) _____ in 1990. Its fastest speed was 2,193 mph. The
X-43A is unmanned but NASA predicted that the inaugural flight would inspire business, industry and
the military to (7) ___ in its "hypersonic" revolutionary propulsion system. A scramjet would (8) ___
an aircraft which had already reached supersonic speeds. The US military is considering using the
technology to create a warplane that could bomb targets anywhere on the globe in a matter of hours.
5 A premature B belated C prime D previous
6 A frosted B froze C thawed D liquidised thaw /θɔː/: to become friendlier or
more relaxed
7 A devote B enclose C invest D consist
8 A boost B promote C amplify D diminish
PAPER
Banana fibre is used in the production of banana paper. Banana paper is used in two different senses
to (1) _____ to a paper made from the bark of the banana tree, mainly used for artistic purposes, or
paper made from banana's fibre, (2) _____ from an industrialised process, from the stem and the non
utilisable fruits. This paper can be either hand-made or made by machine. The volume of raw (3)
_____ for making banana paper around the world on plantations is vast and largely unutilised. The
market for banana paper is seen as a growth industry. Since 1988, in Costa Rica, companies like
EcoPaper.com and Costa Rica Natural Paper have been pro-ducing 100% industrialised fine
environmental and ecological papers (4) _____ from natural banana fibres, for the writing and
stationery market. In only 15 countries, the banana agro-industry processes each year 42 million tons of
bananas with 2 million hectares planted. This industry (5) _____ numerous waste products such as:
the plastic that wraps the bananas, plastic cords to tie the wrapping, damaged bananas and the
pinzote (stems). An alarming quantity of over 10 million metric tons of pinzote is thrown in landfills or
even worse in local rivers. The pinzote is (6) _____ of 92% of water, 3% of resins and 2% glucose; the
rest is vegetal fibre. This (7) _____ composition makes it decompose without the solid component
being destroyed. This causes a severe impact on the (8) _____ ecosystems - much to the detriment of
rivers and underground waters.
1 A refer B concern C name D direct
2 A received B obtained C accepted D gained
3 A materials B tools C cloth D fabric
4 A pulled B derived C eliminated D displaced
PAPER
Banana fibre is used in the production of banana paper. Banana paper is used in two different senses
to (1) _____ to a paper made from the bark of the banana tree, mainly used for artistic purposes, or
paper made from banana's fibre, (2) _____ from an industrialised process, from the stem and the non
utilisable fruits. This paper can be either hand-made or made by machine. The volume of raw (3)
_____ for making banana paper around the world on plantations is vast and largely unutilised. The
market for banana paper is seen as a growth industry. Since 1988, in Costa Rica, companies like
EcoPaper.com and Costa Rica Natural Paper have been pro-ducing 100% industrialised fine
environmental and ecological papers (4) _____ from natural banana fibres, for the writing and
stationery market. In only 15 countries, the banana agro-industry processes each year 42 million tons of
bananas with 2 million hectares planted. This industry (5) _____ numerous waste products such as:
the plastic that wraps the bananas, plastic cords to tie the wrapping, damaged bananas and the
pinzote (stems). An alarming quantity of over 10 million metric tons of pinzote is thrown in landfills or
even worse in local rivers. The pinzote is (6) _____ of 92% of water, 3% of resins and 2% glucose; the
rest is vegetal fibre. This (7) _____ composition makes it decompose without the solid component
being destroyed. This causes a severe impact on the (8) _____ ecosystems - much to the detriment of
rivers and underground waters.
5 A develops B causes C generates D makes
6 A created B constructed C collected D composed
7 A particular B prevalent C private D premature
8 A circling B surrounding C nearing D rounding
WHALE WATCHING
Whale watching as an organised activity dates back to 1950 when the Cabrillo National Monument in San
Diego was (1) _____ a public spot for the observation of Gray Whales. In 1955 the first water-based whale
watching com-menced in the same area, and customers were charged $ I per trip to view the whales at closer
quarters. The spectacle (2) _____ popular, attracting 10,000 visitors in its first year and many more in
subsequent years. The industry spread throughout the western coast of the United States over the following
decade. In the late 1970s the industry mushroomed in size (3) _____ to operations in New England. By 1985
more visitors watched whales from New England than California. The rapid growth in this area has been (4)
_____ to the rela-tively dense population of Humpback Whales, whose acrobatic behaviour, such as
breaching (jumping out of the water) and tail-slapping, was an obvious crowd-pleaser, and the close proximity
of whale populations to the large cities on the east (5) _____ of the US. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s
whale watching spread throughout the world. In 1998 Erich Hoyt (6) _____ out the largest systematic study of
whale watching yet undertaken and concluded that whale watching trips were available in 87 countries around
the world, with over 9 million participants generating a(n) (7) _____ to whale watcher opera-tors and
supporting infrastructure of over one billion dollars. His estimate for 2020 was for 11.3w participants spending
$1.475bn, representing a five-fold increase over the decades. Whale watching is of particular importance to
developing countries as coastal communities start to profit directly from the whales' presence, significantly
(8) _____ to popular support for the full protection of these animals from any resumption of commercial
whaling.
1 A dedicated B destined C declared D denied
2 A showed B proved C assured D demonstrated
3 A gratitude B thanks C resulting D through
4 A assigned B assuaged C anticipated D attributed
WHALE WATCHING
Whale watching as an organised activity dates back to 1950 when the Cabrillo National Monument in San
Diego was (1) _____ a public spot for the observation of Gray Whales. In 1955 the first water-based whale
watching com-menced in the same area, and customers were charged $ I per trip to view the whales at closer
quarters. The spectacle (2) _____ popular, attracting 10,000 visitors in its first year and many more in
subsequent years. The industry spread throughout the western coast of the United States over the following
decade. In the late 1970s the industry mushroomed in size (3) _____ to operations in New England. By 1985
more visitors watched whales from New England than California. The rapid growth in this area has been (4)
_____ to the rela-tively dense population of Humpback Whales, whose acrobatic behaviour, such as
breaching (jumping out of the water) and tail-slapping, was an obvious crowd-pleaser, and the close proximity
of whale populations to the large cities on the east (5) _____ of the US. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s
whale watching spread throughout the world. In 1998 Erich Hoyt (6) _____ out the largest systematic study of
whale watching yet undertaken and concluded that whale watching trips were available in 87 countries around
the world, with over 9 million participants generating a(n) (7) _____ to whale watcher opera-tors and
supporting infrastructure of over one billion dollars. His estimate for 2020 was for 11.3w participants spending
$1.475bn, representing a five-fold increase over the decades. Whale watching is of particular importance to
developing countries as coastal communities start to profit directly from the whales' presence, significantly
(8) _____ to popular support for the full protection of these animals from any resumption of commercial
whaling.
5 A coast B frontier C boundary D beach
6 A made B left C carried D went
7 A receipt B income C means D bill
8 A supplying B participating C adding D gaining
OPEN CLOZE TEXT
17
Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one
word in each gap.
Employing an intern
Interns are typically graduates who come to work in a business for a short time in (0)
order to gain experience. (1) __________ done right, the arrangement can work well for
both the intern and the business. So here's (2) __________ to do it right. Above all, you
need to think carefully about what you want to gain from employing an intern. Your
priority might be to create stronger ties (3) __________ your local community, for
example, or to provide a way of getting young ideas into the business — (4)
__________ it is, you need to have a clear vision from the outset.
Then you need to give careful thought (5) __________ the recruitment process. (6)
__________ the fact that an intern may only be with you for a short time, they will still
be privy to the innermost workings (7) __________ your business, so you should take
the time to choose carefully. You need to find someone (8) __________ qualities
match those you would look for in a permanent employee.
Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each 2. how = the way in
gap. Use only one word in each gap. which
Employing an intern 3. ties/ links/
Interns are typically graduates who come to work in a business for a short connections with sb to
plan an event or activity
time in (0) order to gain experience. (1) __When/If__ done right, the so that it combines with
arrangement can work well for both the intern and the business. So here's (2) or happens at the same
__how__ to do it right. Above all, you need to think carefully about what you time as another, or to
want to gain from employing an intern. Your priority might be to create be planned in this way
stronger ties (3) ___with__ your local community, for example, or to provide 5. give thought to
consider, reflect upon,
a way of getting young ideas into the business — (4) _whatever___ it is, you or think hard about
need to have a clear vision from the outset. something
Then you need to give careful thought (5) ____to___ the recruitment 6. Despite the fact that
process. (6) ___Despite__ the fact that an intern may only be with you for a = although
7. workings of your
short time, they will still be privy to the innermost workings (7) ___of___
business = how your
your business, so you should take the time to choose carefully. You need to business works
find someone (8) __whose__ qualities match those you would look for in a 8. whose N
permanent employee.
Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each
gap. Use only one word in each gap.
Applying for your first job?
Getting a job is (0) too important to leave to chance; (1) __________ all,
work is likely to play a significant role in your life for many years. So before
sending in any applications, think hard about (2) __________ would
really suit you. Concentrate on jobs for (3) __________ you have an
aptitude — (4) __________ can be very demoralising to have your
application turned down. Ideally, your job should be not only one you can do
well, (5) __________ also one that makes you look forward to going to
work every morning. It's important to consider the culture of the
organisations you're applying (6) __________. Some companies are (7)
__________obsessed with results and profits that employees are under
stress all the time. You need to be clear in your own mind (8) __________
or not you could work in an environment like that.
Making an effort in the early stages of applying for a job will almost certainly
pay off in the long run.
Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each 1 After all used to
gap. Use only one word in each gap. add information that
shows that what you
have just said is true
Applying for your first job? 2 'What = the thing
Getting a job is (0) too important to leave to chance; (1) _after_ all, work is that/which' acts as
likely to play a significant role in your life for many years. So before sending in the object of 'think
any applications, think hard about (2) __what___ would really suit you. about' and the subject
Concentrate on jobs for (3) _which___ you have an aptitude — (4) _it of 'would really suit
you';
___ can be very demoralising to have your application turned down. Ideally, 3 which relative
your job should be not only one you can do well, (5) ___but__ also one that pronoun
makes you look forward to going to work every morning. It's important to 4 it = dummy subject
consider the culture of the organisations you're applying (6) ___to___. 5 not only ... but also
Some companies are (7) ___so___ obsessed with results and profits that 6 apply to an
organisation
employees are under stress all the time. You need to be clear in your own
7 so ... that
mind (8) ___whether__ or not you could work in an environment like that. 8 whether ... or not
Making an effort in the early stages of applying for a job will almost certainly introduces alternative
pay off in the long run. possibilities
COSMETIC SURGERY
Until half a century (0) ago, the basic physical structure you were born with, (1) __________
you suffered an accident, was the one you died with. Apart from normal wear (2) __________
tear or the possibility of a broken nose or (3) __________ disfigurement, you did not expect
to change your appearance drastically. However, people have not always been happy with (4)
__________ lot and have often wanted to see something different when they look at
themselves in the mirror. Fortunes have been (5) __________ by selling wigs and miraculous
wrinkle removers. Magazines have been full of advice on (6) __________ to disguise the
shape of your face by applying blushers and foundations (7) __________ the day these
products were invented. Then fresh hope appeared in the form of cosmetic surgery. Most general
practitioners warn their patients not to expect their lives to be transformed when they (8)
__________ their noses remodelled or their ears tucked back; nevertheless, there is a
constant supply (9) __________ willing victims streaming (10) __________ the plush
clinics of the knife-wielders. It (11) __________ the people in the public eye who normally have
the (12) __________ drastic changes made. However, many ordinary people dream of looking
dramatically different, save for years to make their dream (13) __________ true, and are
willing to put up with the inevitable swelling, scarring and black eyes. (14) __________ some
people tell stories to the tabloid press about how their lives have changed, many others are sadly
disappointed with the results, (15) __________ it may even have left them looking
considerably worse than they did before.
2. wear and tear the
damage or change that is
caused to sth when it is
COSMETIC SURGERY being used normally
3. disfigure spoil the
Until half a century (0) ago, the basic physical structure you were appearance that sth
naturally has
born with, (1) ___unless__ you suffered an accident, was the 4. someone’s lot (in life)
sb’s general situation in
one you died with. Apart from normal wear (2) ___and__ tear or life, especially when this is
not very good
the possibility of a broken nose or (3) _another/ other___ 5. make a fortune make a
large amount of money,
disfigurement, you did not expect to change your appearance goods, property
wig artificial hair that you
drastically. However, people have not always been happy with (4) wear on your head
miraculous very effective
___their___ lot and have often wanted to see something or surprising, or difficult to
different when they look at themselves in the mirror. Fortunes believe
8. have sth done
have been (5) __made____ by selling wigs and miraculous 9. supply of an amount of
sth that is available
wrinkle removers. Magazines have been full of advice on (6) 10. stream into run, flow,
or pour into sth
___how__ to disguise the shape of your face by applying plush expensive,
comfortable, and of high
blushers and foundations (7) ___from/since__ the day these quality
11. drastic extreme and
products were invented. Then fresh hope appeared in the form of sudden
13. swelling an area of
cosmetic surgery. [...] your body that has become
larger than normal,
because of illness or injury
tabloid
2. wear and tear the
damage or change that is
caused to sth when it is
COSMETIC SURGERY being used normally
3. disfigure spoil the
[...] Most general practitioners warn their patients not to expect their appearance that sth
naturally has
lives to be transformed when they (8) __have/get___ their noses 4. someone’s lot (in life)
sb’s general situation in
remodelled or their ears tucked back; nevertheless, there is a life, especially when this is
constant supply (9) ___of__ willing victims streaming (10) not very good
5. make a fortune make a
__into___ the plush clinics of the knife-wielders. It (11) large amount of money,
goods, property
___is____ the people in the public eye who normally have the (12) wig artificial hair that you
wear on your head
___most___ drastic changes made. However, many ordinary miraculous very effective
people dream of looking dramatically different, save for years to or surprising, or difficult to
believe
make their dream (13) ___come__ true, and are willing to put up 8. have sth done
9. supply of an amount of
with the inevitable swelling, scarring and black eyes. (14) sth that is available
10. stream into run, flow,
__While___ some people tell stories to the tabloid press about or pour into sth
how their lives have changed, many others are sadly disappointed plush expensive,
comfortable, and of high
with the results, (15) __as/since/because___ it may even have left quality
11. drastic extreme and
them looking considerably worse than they did before. sudden
13. swelling an area of
your body that has become
larger than normal,
because of illness or injury
tabloid
Hedgehogs
A hedgehog is a small mammal characterised (0) by the sharp spines which
cover its body. (1) __________ hedgehogs are found in many different
parts of the world, none is native to either America or Australia.
All species of hedgehog share the ability (2) __________ roll into a tight
ball when attacked, (3) __________ that their spines point outwards. The
effectiveness of this as a defence mechanism, depends, of course, (4)
__________ the number of spines the hedgehog has. Some desert
hedgehogs have evolved to carry (5) __________ weight, and
consequently, they have fewer spines and are thus mom likely to attempt to
run into their attacker, using their ball rolling ability (6) __________ a
last resort. Hedgehogs am primarily nocturnal and sleep for much of the day,
either under cover of bush. (7) __________ in a hole in the ground. Despite
the (8) __________ that all hedgehogs can hibernate, not all choose to do
so; in suitable conditions, some will stay awake all year round.
gap. Use only one word in each gap. 1 Although (= but) +
clause
Hedgehogs 2 be able to do sth =
A hedgehog is a small mammal characterised (0) by the sharp spines which have an ability to do sth
cover its body. (1) _Although_ hedgehogs are found in many different parts 3 so that' introduces
the purpose for doing
of the world, none is native to either America or Australia. something.
All species of hedgehog share the ability (2) ___to__ roll into a tight ball 4 depend on
when attacked, (3) __so___ that their spines point outwards. The 6 as a last resort = if all
effectiveness of this as a defence mechanism, depends, of course, (4) other methods fail
7 either … or …
__on__ the number of spines the hedgehog has. Some desert hedgehogs
connects two choices
have evolved to carry (5) ___less___ weight, and consequently, they have 8 Despite the fact that
fewer spines and are thus mom likely to attempt to run into their attacker, ...',
using their ball rolling ability (6) __as___ a last resort. Hedgehogs am
primarily nocturnal and sleep for much of the day, either under cover of bush
(7) ___or___ in a hole in the ground. Despite the (8) __fact___ that all
hedgehogs can hibernate, not all choose to do so; in suitable conditions,
some will stay awake all year round.
The early human race
Scientists traditionally believed that a species which ranged over parts of Africa, Europe and Asia,
eventually developed (0) into both Homo sapiens (the species modern human beings belong to)
and Neanderthals. (1) __________ Neanderthals, who evolved in Europe and Asia, Homo
sapiens emerged in Africa, later spreading into Europe and replacing Neanderthals.
Not (2) __________ ago, some remains of what appeared to be a distinct species of early
human beings were found in Siberia, but it was far (3) __________ clear where this group -
given the name 'Denisovans' - fitted into the picture. They were assumed to have hardly (4)
__________ connection with Homo sapiens.
However, tests on fossils in Spain have uncovered DNA that includes Denisovan material. This
suggests that they, or at (5) __________ their DNA, might have spread much further than was
previously thought, interbreeding (6) __________ Homo sapiens, and possibly also
Neanderthals. (7) __________ the precise connection may have been, the population
dynamics are potentially very complex.
We would know nothing about the relationship were (8) __________ not for recent advances
in DNA retrieval and sequencing.
1 unlike: contrast
Scientists traditionally believed that a species which ranged between Neanderthals
over parts of Africa, Europe and Asia, eventually developed (0) (who developed in
Europe and Asia) and
into both Homo sapiens (the species modern human beings Homo sapiens (who
belong to) and Neanderthals. (1) __Unlike___ Neanderthals, developed in Africa).
3 Far from not at all
who evolved in Europe and Asia, Homo sapiens emerged in 4 hardly any: a very
Africa, later spreading into Europe and replacing Neanderthals. small amount
6 to interbreed with
Not (2) ___long_ ago, some remains of what appeared to be a 7 Whatever: it doesn't
matter what the precise
distinct species of early human beings were found in Siberia, connection was'.
but it was far (3) __from___ clear where this group - given the 8 it: 'Were it not for' is
a fixed phrase.
name 'Denisovans' - fitted into the picture. They were assumed
to have hardly (4) __any__ connection with Homo sapiens.
1 unlike: contrast
However, tests on fossils in Spain have uncovered DNA between Neanderthals
(who developed in
that includes Denisovan material. This suggests that they, Europe and Asia) and
or at (5) __least__ their DNA, might have spread much Homo sapiens (who
developed in Africa).
further than was previously thought, interbreeding (6) 3 Far from not at all
4 hardly any: a very
__with___ Homo sapiens, and possibly also small amount
Neanderthals. (7) ___Whatever__ the precise 6 to interbreed with
7 Whatever: it doesn't
connection may have been, the population dynamics are matter what the precise
connection was'.
potentially very complex. 8 it: 'Were it not for' is
a fixed phrase.
We would know nothing about the relationship were (8)
____it___ not for recent advances in DNA retrieval and
sequencing.
Attention all teachers!
Donna-May Photography is (0) one of the leading digital photography services in the
region. Whatever the event may be- concert, sports day, prize-giving, etc. - your school
needs photographs of the pupils, (1) __________ is where we come in. We pride (2)
__________ on offering top-quality service and memorable photos. But (3)
__________ of just listening to us (and of course we're biased!), (4) __________
not read this letter from a happy headteacher?
'A huge thank you for the photos you took of our school concert. We're sure our pupils will
regard them (5) __________ perfect mementos of a very special occasion. (6)
__________ several complications arose before the concert began, Jane, your
photographer, stayed calm and unperturbed. Numerous parents were present, and many
have commented to me on (7) __________ well Jane interacted with the children. In
the end, everything went very smoothly, and the children had a wonderful afternoon. Next
time we arrange an event like this, we'll (8) __________ in touch!"
To find out more, please visit our website, www.donna-mayphotography.com.
1 relative pronoun
2 To pride oneself on
(something)'
Attention all teachers! 3 'Instead or, like
'rather than',
introduces sth that is to
Donna-May Photography is (0) one of the leading digital be replaced by what is
photography services in the region. Whatever the event in the main clause
('read this letter').
may be- concert, sports day, prize-giving, etc. - your 4 'Why not' is a
common way of making
school needs photographs of the pupils, (1) a suggestion.
_which___ is where we come in. We pride (2) 5 'To regard the photos
as perfect mementos'
__ourselves__ on offering top-quality service and means the children will
consider the photos to
memorable photos. But (3) __instead__ of just be perfect mementos.
listening to us (and of course we're biased!), (4) 7 how: 'How well' can
mean 'very well',
___why__ not read this letter from a happy 8 be/get: `To be/get in
touch (with someone)'
headteacher? [...] means to contact them.
1 relative pronoun
2 To pride oneself on
Attention all teachers! (something)'
3 'Instead or, like
'rather than',
[...] 'A huge thank you for the photos you took of our school introduces sth that is to
be replaced by what is
concert. We're sure our pupils will regard them (5) __as__ in the main clause
perfect mementos of a very special occasion. (6) ('read this letter').
4 'Why not' is a
______Although/ Though/ While/ Whilst____ several common way of making
complications arose before the concert began, Jane, your a suggestion.
5 'To regard the photos
photographer, stayed calm and unperturbed. Numerous as perfect mementos'
parents were present, and many have commented to me on means the children will
(7) __how___ well Jane interacted with the children. In the consider the photos to
be perfect mementos.
end, everything went very smoothly, and the children had a 7 how: 'How well' can
wonderful afternoon. Next time we arrange an event like this, mean 'very well',
8 be/get: `To be/get in
we'll (8) __be/get/keep__ in touch!" touch (with someone)'
means to contact them.
Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in
each gap.
FOREVER ON THE PHONE
A hundred years ago, the principal means (0) of communication for individuals and for businesses was (1)
__________ letter and telegram, but nowadays telephones are used constantly in private houses,
offices and factories. This is certainly the (2) __________ widespread and convenient way for people to
communicate with one another. With the telephone, business deals can be arranged and completed
rapidly. In (3) __________, financial centres and stock exchanges, (4) __________ constant use of
the telephone system, can be assured (5) __________ getting the very latest, up-to-the-minute
information about the (6) __________ changing currency and share values. This type of information is
essential (7) __________ economic stability worldwide. The telephone network also provides a direct
line into the homes of friends and relatives. For old and infirm people, and for those lonely people living on
their (8) __________, the telephone is a friend. At (9) __________, families are often scattered, not
only throughout the country but also throughout the world. (10) __________ a few minutes'
conversation with a loved one, who may be thousands of miles away, is a source of great comfort (11)
__________ us. Of course, very often the telephone can be a nuisance. Some will say that it intrudes
too (12) __________ on people's privacy by ringing at the (13) __________ inconvenient times. On
the (14) __________, though, the changes brought about by the introduction of the telephone have
been (15) __________ great benefit to everyone. The telephone has helped to bring people closer in a
difficult world and has made life, for many, much easier and much more enjoyable.
A hundred years ago, the principal means (0) of communication for individuals and
for businesses was (1) __by_ letter and telegram, but nowadays telephones are
used constantly in private houses, offices and factories. This is certainly the (2)
___most__ widespread and convenient way for people to communicate with one
another. With the telephone, business deals can be arranged and completed
rapidly. In (3) ___addition__, financial centres and stock exchanges, (4) __by/
through___ constant use of the telephone system, can be assured (5)
___of____ getting the very latest, up-to-the-minute information about the (6)
_ever__ changing currency and share values. This type of information is essential
(7) ___to___ economic stability worldwide. The telephone network also provides
a direct line into the homes of friends and relatives. For old and infirm people, and
for those lonely people living on their (8) __own__, the telephone is a friend. [...]
[...] At (9) __times___, families are often scattered, not only throughout
the country but also throughout the world. (10) ___Having/ Even/ Just__
a few minutes' conversation with a loved one, who may be thousands of
miles away, is a source of great comfort (11) __to__ us. Of course, very
often the telephone can be a nuisance. Some will say that it intrudes too
(12) __much__ on people's privacy by ringing at the (13) __most__
inconvenient times. On the (14) __whole__, though, the changes brought
about by the introduction of the telephone have been (15) ___of__ great
benefit to everyone. The telephone has helped to bring people closer in a
difficult world and has made life, for many, much easier and much more
enjoyable.
Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word
in each gap.
ENTERTAINING PEOPLE
When the human capacity for amazement, thrill, and suspense approaches (1) __________
limits, a circus unleashes its clowns (2) __________ freshen the atmosphere and recondition
the spectator’s mind for the next act. (3) __________ tradition,there are several varieties of
downs, (4) __________ the elegantly-costumed white-faced down who appears rather severe
and domineering, to the happy-go-lucky grotesque variety, (5) __________ exaggerated
make-up and costumes are more outrageous and less predictable, to the dejected, down-and-out
“tramp”character, popularised (6) __________ all by the American, Emmett Kelly. In 19th century
circuses it was usual for clowns to entertain audiences with songs and long monologues, in (7)
__________ they sometimes offered words of wisdom (8) __________ politics and current
events or quoted Shakespeare. More recently, especially in Russian circuses, a (9) __________
number of clowns have attempted to strike (10) __________ in new directions, abandoning
traditional costumes and make-up and developing (11) __________ natural characters. The great
Russian down, Oleg Popov, (12) __________ appear in the ring wearing a minimum (13)
__________ make-up and only a slightly unconventional wardrobe. He imperson-ated an
incompetent buffoon (14) __________ was forever trying to mimic the actsof the legitimate
performers frequently, he almost succeeded (15) __________ onlyafter sufficient bungling to
make his performance a comedy.
ENTERTAINING PEOPLE
When the human capacity for amazement, thrill, and suspense

approaches (1) __its__ limits, a circus unleashes its clowns (2)
___to__ freshen the atmosphere and recondition the spectator’s
mind for the next act. (3) ___By___ tradition,there are several
varieties of clowns, (4) __from_ the elegantly-costumed
white-faced clown who appears rather severe and domineering, to
the happy-go-lucky grotesque variety, (5) __whose___ exaggerated
make-up and costumes are more outrageous and less predictable,
to the dejected, down-and-out “tramp”character, popularised (6)
__above_ all by the American, Emmett Kelly. In 19th century
circuses it was usual for clowns to entertain audiences with songs
and long monologues, in (7) ___which___ they sometimes offered
words of wisdom (8) _about/on__ politics and current events or
quoted Shakespeare. [...]
ENTERTAINING PEOPLE
[...] More recently, especially in Russian circuses, a (9) _growing/

small__ number of clowns have attempted to strike (10)
__out__ in new directions, abandoning traditional costumes
and make-up and developing (11) __more___ natural
characters. The great Russian down, Oleg Popov, (12)
__would___ appear in the ring wearing a minimum (13)
__of__ make-up and only a slightly unconventional wardrobe.
He imperson-ated an incompetent buffoon (14) ___who__ was
buffoon /bəˈfun/: a
forever trying to mimic the acts of the legitimate performers person who does silly
frequently, he almost succeeded (15) __but/ though__ onlyafter things, sometimes
intentionally, that make
sufficient bungling to make his performance a comedy. other people laugh

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1 A ideal B prospect C opinion D view

5 A mean B common C average D broad

1 A instigated B dawned C switched D ﬂown

When the human capacity for amazement, thrill, and suspense

[...] More recently, especially in Russian circuses, a (9) _growing/

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