Fall Practice Set

PAE FALL SEMESTER

PRACTICE SET 2

NAME: ______________________________

CLASS:___________

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Fall Practice Set

READING, GRAMMAR &

VOCABULARY BOOKLET

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READING SECTION

Part One

Questions 1 - 8

Read the following three passages. On the answer sheet, mark the letter A, B, C, D or E for
each question. Give only one answer to each question.

Food Miles
Consumers need more information about the environmental impact of the food in their shopping
basket if they are to make eco-friendly choices. This is the view put forward by researchers who
have carried out a detailed analysis of the ecological costs associated with food. They argue that
the focus on "food miles", that is, looking at the distance that food is transported, from where it is
grown to when it gets to the supermarket, may not be that useful. In Britain, some supermarket
chains have said that they will start labelling all products that have been transported by air.
However, according to the researchers, only around 2% of the environmental impact of food
comes from transporting it from the farm to the shop. The vast majority of its ecological impact
comes from food processing, storage, packaging and growing conditions. So food grown locally
could actually have a much bigger impact than food that is flown in from distant countries.
Consumers who only make their choices by looking at "food miles", may be doing more
environmental harm than good according to the researchers.

A better system, they argue, would be one that considers all environmental impacts from when the
food leaves the farm until it reaches our dinner plate. One option is the ecological footprint
analysis, which takes into account the amount of land needed to provide the resources to produce
food, both directly on the farm and indirectly from the energy that goes into growing, harvesting,
processing, packaging and transporting it. Therefore, food's impact is measured in "global
hectares", the notional land area needed to produce it. But consumers are probably not yet ready
for ecological footprint labelling and the science behind it is not yet watertight.

1 The main idea in paragraph 1 is that the use of “food miles” to help people decide on
whether or not to buy a product

A is a step in the right direction.

B will not help cut down food costs.
C is not an accurate measurement.
D will encourage people to buy local food.
E can help people make eco-friendly choices.

2 It can be inferred from the text that people are

A becoming more aware of the need to protect the environment.

B choosing to buy locally grown food in order to support their farmers.
C deciding that flying food in from other countries is too expensive.
D taking more responsibility for their diet and eating more healthily.
E starting to avoid supermarkets that are not environmentally friendly.
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3 It can be inferred that the “ecological footprint” measurement will not be

A as effective as the “food miles” measurement.

B developed fully enough for public use.
C suitable for all types of food production.
D appropriate for food that is grown locally.
E accepted by major supermarket chains.

Global Dimming
We are all seeing rather less of the Sun. Scientists looking at five decades of sunlight
measurements have reached the disturbing conclusion that the amount of solar energy reaching
the Earth's surface has been gradually falling. Paradoxically, the decline in sunlight may mean
that global warming is a far greater threat to society than previously thought. The effect was
first spotted by an English scientist working in Israel who compared Israeli sunlight records from
the 1950s with current ones. The scientist was astonished to find a large fall in solar radiation - a
staggering 22% drop in the sunlight. Intrigued, he searched out records from all around the world,
and found the same story almost everywhere he looked, with sunlight falling by 10% over the USA
and by 16% in parts of the Britain. Although the effect varied greatly from place to place, overall
the decline amounted to 1-2% globally per decade between the 1950s and the 1990s.

This phenomenon, called global dimming, was initially dismissed by climatologists, but the original
research carried out in Israel was later confirmed by Australian scientists using a different method
to estimate solar radiation. Dimming appears to be caused by air pollution. Burning coal, oil and
wood, whether in cars, power stations or cooking fires, produces not only invisible carbon dioxide
but also tiny airborne particles of soot, ash, sulphur compounds and other pollutants. This visible
air pollution causes the sunlight to be reflected back into space.

4 What does the writer mean by “Paradoxically, the decline in sunlight may
mean that global warming is a far greater threat to society than previously thought.”

A It is hard to believe that less sunlight increases global warming.

B The threat of global warming is lessened due to the decline in sunlight.
C It is difficult to connect lack of sunlight with reduced global warming.
D The decline in sunlight has led to the acceptance of global warming.
E The threat of global warming is finally being understood by people.

5 The main idea of the text is that global dimming is

A a disturbing reality.
B unrelated to global warming.
C affecting countries like Israel.
D a recent phenomenon.
E confusing scientists

French Cafes
Café Marly at the Louvre in Paris hit the headlines when it was revealed that they had a rather
controversial seating plan. Two former employees of the café said that failure to comply with the
rules regarding where to seat better-looking people would result in comments from management
such as: "What are those unattractive people doing at this table? Everyone can see them when
they come in. It's bad for our image." However harsh it may seem, in Paris the ugly practice of
profiling on looks, ethnicity, wealth and fame is all too common.
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My own experience backs this up. Having once spent six months working in a restaurant in Paris, I
have seen up close how it works. The hidden nature of this practice is actually much more
orchestrated than is perhaps understood. In my restaurant, there was an area referred to as the
"VIP zone". It wasn't strictly for VIPs, but for those guests that were deemed to meet "a certain
criteria". Located on the terrace in front of the restaurant, it was in essence used by the
management to showcase how good-looking and famous the guests were to those passing by.

I recently discussed this seating practice with a Parisian restaurant manager, who seemed unable
to see why this was surprising. She kept waiting for the controversial aspect of the story. Her
response was simple: "I don't see where the news is. Everyone knows this happens. It's Paris.
Why do you think CVs without a photo never get looked at? It's all about how you look."

6 The phrase comply with is closest in meaning to

A alter.
B advance.
C continue.
D persist.
E follow.

7 The Parisian restaurant manager’s attitude towards the seating practice in restaurants is

A liberal.
B indifferent.
C approving.
D critical.
E sceptical.

8 The main idea is that for many Parisian restaurants, the main concern is the
A satisfaction of their customers.
B reputation they have to maintain.
C amount of profit they can make.
D appearance of their employees.
E size and position of their VIP zone.

Part Two

Questions 9 - 20

Read the following two passages. On the answer sheet, mark the letter A, B, C, D or E for
each question. Give only one answer to each question.

Living Alone
Human societies, at all times and in all places, have organised themselves around the desire to
live with others; this is changing. During the past half-century, our species has embarked on a
remarkable social experiment. For the first time in human history, great numbers of people are
choosing to settle down alone. The statistics are surprising. Globally, the number of people who
live alone has jumped from about 153 million in 1996 to 277 million today.

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Despite this massive rise in the number of people living alone, it is a social phenomenon that
many people are uncomfortable with. Many young adults, even if they enjoy living alone, worry
about what society will think of them if they choose to continue living like this. People often worry
about unmarried friends and family members, even if these single friends and family members
insist that they are perfectly happy living on their own. Children are often puzzled when, after one
of their elderly parents has died, the other parent chooses to live alone. Yet, living alone is
becoming increasingly common.

So what is causing this? One reason is, quite simply, economic. People can afford to do it.
Nowadays there are more young professionals who can afford to pay high rents or even buy their
own apartments. Yet there are a great many things that we can afford to do but choose not to,
which means the economic explanation is only one piece of the puzzle. The increase is also a
result of a cultural change that the 19th century sociologist Émile Durkheim called "the cult of the
individual." Not long ago, someone who was unhappy in their marriage and wanted a divorce had
to justify walking away from their marriage. Today, if someone is not fulfilled by their marriage,
there is no cultural pressure to stay married. On the contrary, the pressure now is for people to be
good to themselves.

Although each person who lives alone finds it an intensely personal experience, research
suggests that there are some common elements. Today, many young people consider living alone
a mark of distinction and a sign of having achieved something. They use it as a way to invest time
in their personal and professional growth. They say such investments are necessary because
contemporary families are fragile and all of us must be able to depend on ourselves. On the one
hand, this involves working on solitary projects and learning to enjoy one's own company. But on
the other, it means making great efforts to be social by building up a strong circle of friends,
something made easier by social networks such as Facebook and Twitter.

Living alone and being lonely are hardly the same, yet the two are often confused. In fact, there is
little evidence that the increase in the number of people living alone is causing an increase in the
number of lonely people. Research shows that it is the quality, not the quantity of social
interactions that is important. What matters is not whether we live alone, but whether we feel
alone. As divorced or separated people often say, there is nothing lonelier than living with the
wrong person.

In theory, the rise in the number of people choosing to live alone could lead to various outcomes. It
could cause people to become isolated in the community. On the other hand, it could bring about a
more socially active society as young and middle-aged single people seem more likely to spend
money, socialise and participate in public life. I began my exploration of this new social
phenomenon thinking I would hear stories of selfishness, loneliness and of people getting sick and
dying alone. Although I heard a little about all these things from the people I studied, on balance, I
came away convinced that the problems related to living alone should not define living alone. The
great majority of those who live alone have rich and varied experiences. Sometimes they feel
lonely, anxious and uncertain about whether they would be happier in another arrangement, but so
do those who are married or live with others.

Ultimately, it's too early to say how any particular society will respond to either the problems or the
opportunities generated by this extraordinary social transformation. But, it seems unlikely that
there will be a universal approach to this development. After all, our experiment with living alone is
still in its earliest stages, and we are just beginning to understand how it affects our lives, families,
communities and cities.

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9 In paragraph 2, the writer states that people who choose to live alone might

A be worried about dying by themselves. .

B be misunderstood by society.
C have problems finding a place to live.
D struggle to find someone to live with.
E lose contact with friends and family.

10 In paragraph 3, the writer mentions divorce as an example of a

A rise in the number of unhappy marriages.

B rise in economic pressure on families.
C change in society’s expectations.
D rise in people not wanting to settle down.
E change in the traditional legal system.

11 According to the information in paragraph 4, many young people view living alone as a

A sign of being successful in life.

B way of spending more time with friends.
C means of escaping from their families.
D way of maintaining their privacy.
E result of the overuse of social networks.

12 In paragraph 5, it is suggested that people can measure whether they are lonely or not by
looking at the

A number of friends they have.

B quality of their relationships.
C number of times they go out.
D quality of conversations they have.
E amount of time spent talking to people.

13 In paragraph 6, the writer expected to hear that living alone

A made people much more socially active.

B caused people to spend a lot more money.
C was a particular problem for older people.
D was a cause of more health problems for people.
E was a negative experience for people.

14 In the last paragraph, the writer concludes that the idea of living alone will

A be a necessary cultural change.

B have serious consequences worldwide.
C be widely accepted by all people.
D mean different things to different societies.
E become very popular in big cities.

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The Fire Station

Eliza was on her way home from the dance. The gas lights had already been extinguished. She
knew this street well. Every Saturday night she went to the dance, met her friends and her
boyfriend Arthur, and always came home by midnight. But tonight when Eliza looked at her watch,
she saw it was one o’clock. She had dallied with Arthur too long after the dance, it had felt like just
a moment. She thought about the trouble she would be in.

The full moon illuminated her destination, the Northcote fire station. For all her eighteen years she
had lived in the station. Her father, Frank, was the fire chief and he kept everything in top order
from the polished brass to the well-fed Clydesdale, which pulled the fire cart. The station ran like
clockwork and Eliza was comfortable with her ordered life.

As she neared the station, she told herself, “I wonder if Dad’s waiting for me, he always waits out
by the gate for me to return, in his uniform.” But she couldn’t see him tonight. “He’s probably
waiting inside.” Eliza walked along the street.

Frank had a strong round chin and smiling eyes. The locals were just as proud of the fire station
as Frank and Eliza, and her mother and brother too. It was the Clydesdale that attracted most
interest, the way he responded to the fire bell by coming out of his stall, getting into the shafts and
standing while the harness was lowered onto him. When the doors opened, he was like Hercules
pulling the cart to the fire.

Eliza thought about her father getting angry with her. It was rare for him to become heated. False
alarms were the only thing she had seen anger him. When an alarm was set off, the bell rang and
they started to prepare. Frank would be in the watch room seeing which alarm had been activated.
He opened the doors and the team went out. When they arrived and there was no fire it would
become clear some practical joker had set it off. The team came back and Frank went wild.

“I’ll strangle the culprit when I catch him. Interfering with our work, what if there was a real fire
now? He’ll pay for this.” Eliza, her mother and brother usually stayed upstairs in the house when
there was a false alarm.

Eliza muttered, “He’s still not waiting outside.” But she imagined his ‘false-alarm face’ pointing at
her and she started shaking. He was always outside waiting for her, since he was usually on duty
on the weekend. He was probably thinking about a punishment.

“Perhaps he’ll punish me. Maybe the dances will be banned. I couldn’t bear that. I love talking with
my girlfriends about what they will wear and who they want to dance with.” She thought about her
Mum always helping her with her dress. Dad always saw her off saying, “You’re looking very
beautiful as usual, dear.”

At the dance the boys sparkled in their black ties and polished shoes. Of course, she danced with
Arthur. He was so romantic, writing her love letters. Although some had been a little disappointing,
he had just written ‘I love you’ many times. She already knew that, she wanted to read more. At
the end of the dance, it was announced that it was almost midnight and all were expected to go
straight home. Every night she did. Except this night when Arthur seemed to make time stand still.
The worst would be not seeing Arthur. She didn’t know if her parents approved of him, but he
came from a good family, his father was a real estate agent. They had a big house and a car. Not
many people had cars but Arthur said one day most people would have one. He could fix anything
and wanted to be a motor mechanic. She also got on well with his four sisters.

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Her fate was close now. Trembling, Eliza saw her father standing, still in his uniform. He had a sad
look on his face. Her heart was thumping and her legs were like jelly.

When he noticed Eliza, his expression instantly changed. “Eliza! Good dance tonight?” he beamed
at her. “Come and look at what I have here.” There was a teenager tied up in the stable. “Every
Saturday night I’ve been snooping around outside hoping to catch the culprit making these false
alarms. Here he is!” Frank gave him a kick and the boy looked up in fright. He was skinny. His
clothes were torn. Frank turned away from the boy and said. “This calls for a celebration, dear.”

15 It can be understood from the first two paragraphs that Eliza

A had a life full of surprises.

B was an irresponsible girl.
C worked in the fire station.
D was pleased with her lifestyle.
E had an argument with her boyfriend.

16 It can be inferred that ‘Clydesdale’ is the name of a

A fireman.
B horse.
C city.
D cart.
E street.

17 When there was a fire alarm, Frank used to

A check if it was a real emergency.

B ride at the front of the cart.
C decide if he had to go out.
D attract the most attention.
E remain in the fire station.

18 For Eliza, ‘false-alarm face’ meant that she

A needed to stay away from her father.

B had to help her father to calm down.
C was supposed to spend the weekend at home.
D had to wait for her father outside the station.
E was prevented from doing her hobbies.

19 It can be inferred that Arthur

A had little interest in cars.

B had a very small family.
C came from a wealthy family.
D would be a very skilled poet.
E wanted to work for his father.

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20 At the end of the story, we can infer that

A Eliza would apologize to her father.

B there would be no more false alarms.
C Eliza would no longer go to the dances.
D there would be no punishment for the boy.
E Eliza would help the boy clean up.

Part Three
Questions 21 – 35

Read the following passage. On the answer sheet, mark the letter A, B, C or D for each
question. Give only one answer to each question.

1. Welcome to a new world: one in which liberals who are used to unending economic growth will
find themselves uncomfortable and even environmentalists who are obsessed with zero population
growth will start feeling uneasy. Instead of overpopulation, an aging population will be the world's
biggest problem, first in the West and then most likely in the rest of the world. Paul Wallace, the
author of Agequake, writes "Over the past few generations we have been remarkably young. The
world's average age has been around 20 or less. But in the current generation's lifetime, the
average age of the world will increase from 23.9 in the 2010s to 37.8 in the 2050s, according to
the UN." An extraordinary crossover in the West is already starting to occur as older people
outnumber younger people for the first time in its history. This shift from young to old is not just a
Western trend; the Asian world is also anticipated to age soon. In fact, according to
demographers, Asia will age more quickly than the West. In twenty years' time, China, for
instance, despite being the most populated country in the world today, will be one of the most
rapidly aging societies. As its population growth drops dramatically, the profile of its population will
also change.

2. But what is the cause of the aging society? Two factors: first, we are living longer and second,
birth rates are falling. Over the last half century, the total fertility rate (TFR) decreased globally by
almost half, from 5.0 to 2.7 children per woman. The rate that keeps a population stable, the
replacement rate, is 2.1. However, today nearly half the world's population has birth rates lower
than that. The United States, for instance, has a TFR of 2.0, which is nearly the replacement rate,
and Germany's is 1.3 - well below the replacement rate. By mid-century, even nations known to
have crowded families such as India and Indonesia are projected to have TFRs of around 1.8,
down from 3.6 at the present. While families in such countries choose not to have more than two
children due to financial reasons, the story in the developed world is different. Women postpone
having children as they focus on their careers. This brings down fertility as there is a strong link
between a woman's age at first birth and the average size of her family. Also, many more women
are choosing not to have children at all. Foreseeing the problems, some world leaders are urging
women to produce more children. Japan is even trying to convince businessmen to spend more
time at home, play with their children and generally make their wives' life easier so that they will
have more children.

3. While many of the changes in this new world will be positive - longer lives (by mid century there
will be more than 2 million people over 100 years old, compared with 150,000 today), healthier
lifestyles, fewer childhood deaths, and falling crime rates (due to falling numbers of young people)
- others are not so positive. Who will pay for the retirement benefits of the elderly? Over the next
thirty years the ratio of the working to the retired in industrialised societies will fall from the current
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3 to 1 to 1.5 to 1. Besides, how will societies stay rejuvenated with new ideas? Would we have
had a personal computer revolution if youngsters like Steve Jobs hadn't been there to create new
products? And what will happen when those who purchased stocks in the 1980s and 1990s begin
selling them 30 years later and there are too few young people to purchase them? Will we enter a
stage where there is a prolonged stock market fall and thus possibly a long-term economic
depression? Pete Peterson in his book, Grey Dawn, describes global aging as an iceberg. "While
it is easy to see above the waterline, it is far too difficult to prepare for the costs which will cause
even the richest countries to go bankrupt making today's crisis look like child's play."

4. Health services are likely to be one of the leading causes of this bankruptcy. In developed
nations such as Canada and the US, as the elderly population grows, there will be many more sick
and disabled people. Today, the health expenditure for an American over 65 is already four times
higher than that of the rest of the population, so the question is, who is going to cover the
expenses when there is an age-quake. Generational war is very likely in the future. "In the West",
writes Wallace, "the old will use their voting power to insist that younger workers pay for their
retirement pensions, but the young will insist that old people pay more towards their medical
expenses. This will cause the gap between the legitimate economy and the black economy to
grow even wider as the old begin to seek remedies for some health problems in less expensive
clinics that avoid paying taxes and have lower standards." The elderly are also more prone to
neurological diseases and this will dramatically increase the demands for neurological health care
services which are very expensive. To ensure that the elderly are cared for adequately, not only
must society's economic and social structure change, but health services need to be improved. If
this does not happen, we will live in a future world where the sick and the elderly will be forced to
appear on TV ads that support their charities, just as children from the Third World do today.

5. So, which countries will win and which will lose? Because of immigration, the US will retain its
power, as will Britain. Because of its relatively young population, Ireland will also do well.
However, Germany and Japan will be losers because of their falling working-age populations.
Indeed, Japan's crisis today is partly a crisis of aging: it no longer has a favourable demographic
structure for economic growth. Worse off will be Russia, which is already in the midst of a
demographic crisis as Russian men have the highest mortality rate in Europe. This damages the
economy of the country as having a smaller male population means having less economic growth.
To reverse the situation, the government has to take measures to deal with the high male mortality
rate.

6. One solution, especially for the West, is immigration. Although the primary reason European
nations allow immigration is to increase productivity, immigrants further benefit a country by
boosting the population. Immigrants are typically young and tend to bring with them the family
practices of their native culture which is often marrying young and having children at an early age.
In many European countries, non-Europeans already make up roughly 10 percent of the
population, and this figure is expected to increase. In Germany, for example, foreigners will make
up 30 percent of the total population by 2030. Therefore, perhaps the most predictable
consequence of declining birth rates and rising labour shortages in wealthier societies will be
increased demand for immigrant workers.

7. A second solution could be increasing productivity by working smarter. A combination of

genetics and computing may result in more skilful and productive individuals. Genetic
enhancement of intelligence, typing speed or language ability will improve productivity. This could
result in people learning skills like languages in the same way that Neo acquires kung-fu skills in
the film The Matrix - a computer simply transfers the skill to his brain - a process that takes only
seconds. The problem of fewer young people working may not be a problem as they will be able to
produce more.
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8. But will immigration or technology be able to save the day? We have historically lived in a world
where the average population was young. Our entire economic and cultural systems are based on
a normal population pyramid with a huge number of young people working at the bottom and
supporting a small number of old people. This is, however, about to reverse itself, and we are not
prepared. To survive the age-quake, our basic structures of work, leisure and family will have to
change. The old patterns of education-work-retirement will have to transform. People need to
organize their time to combine work and family life in a way that suits them. In fact, the entire
system must be radically transformed, nothing else will adequately resolve the tensions ahead.

21 Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1?

A Overpopulation is seen as a threat to economic growth.

B Its high population will enable Asia to delay its aging process.
C The world is going through a change in its population profile.
D Environmentalists will feel happy about the drop in the birth rate.
E There will be an increase in the number of overpopulated countries.

22 The total fertility rate that is needed to replace the existing population is

A 1.3.
B 1.8.
C 2.0.
D 2.1
E 2.7.

23 In paragraph 2, the word projected means

A allocated.
B confirmed.
C intended.
D expected.
E adjusted.

24 The attitude of Japanese leaders toward falling birth rates can best be described as

A approving.
B concerned.
C shocked.
D enthusiastic.
E indifferent.

25 It could be inferred from paragraph 3 that one advantage of aging societies is that
people could feel

A more tolerant.
B more creative.
C safer.
D more valued.
E stronger.

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26 In paragraph 3, the writer mentions Steve Jobs to

A clarify some statistical data.

B illustrate how to be creative.
C contrast the past and the present.
D summarise his main point.
E exemplify his argument.

27 Pete Peterson sees global aging as a(n)

A issue that gets a lot of attention.

B situation that can be avoided.
C problem that will worsen.
D cause of environmental concern.
E example of social unrest.

28 In paragraph 4, what does that refer to?

A An American over 65
B The health expenditure
C The age-quake
D Life expectancy
E The elderly population

29 As a result of the conflict between generations, an increasing number of old people are
likely to

A work for a longer period of time.

B get less satisfactory healthcare.
C lose their say in economic decisions.
D earn money through illegal ways.
E refuse to pay their taxes on retirement.

30 In paragraph 4, the writer believes that to ensure a better future for the elderly,

A changes need to be implemented in the health services.

B more people should become involved in charity work.
C old people ought to appear more regularly on TV ads.
D research into age-related diseases must be conducted.
E the current social structure has to be maintained.

31 The demographic crisis in Russia has

A reduced the number of males.

B decreased job opportunities.
C caused political unrest.
D weakened the economy.
E increased the mortality rate.

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32 According to paragraph 6, immigrants tend to

A work longer hours.

B cause labour shortages.
C maintain their traditions.
D threaten local values
E marry local people.

33 One solution to the economic problems related to aging could be

A training the elderly to use technology to improve their work.

B using the science of genetics to boost workers' productivity.
C passing laws that require people to retire at a later age.
D encouraging elderly people to acquire new skills.
E replacing human labour with advanced technological tools.

34 It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the solutions regarding immigration and
technology might be

A inadequate.
B illogical.
C irrelevant.
D unethical.
E unacceptable

35 According to the writer, aging societies cannot go through this tough period without

A attaching more importance to social values.

B becoming more tolerant of immigrants.
C relieving tensions between the generations.
D maintaining the current economic systems.
E making modifications to their way of life.
.

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GRAMMAR
Questions 36-50

Read the following two texts. On the answer sheet, mark the letter A, B, C, D or E for each
question. Give only one answer to each question.

Children and Sports

Parents whose children show a natural ability for a particular sport have a difficult decision to
make – should they push their child to become a top sportsperson? For the majority of children,
this means starting their training _____(36)_____ a very early age. If they want to become the
best, then all the normal activities of childhood _____(37)_____ to take second place. The fact
that they will spend at least several hours training every day is not easy for a young child
_____(38)_____, especially when their friends are regularly outside playing.

There are also a number of other issues that parents need to consider carefully, particularly the
financial side. In many countries, _____(39)_____ is often money available from the government.
This helps pay for the special equipment required. However, when funding is not available, then
the responsibility inevitably falls on the parents. _____(40)_____ the financial costs, many parents
are understandably concerned about potential health risks. Young children who take part in a
rigorous training regime and _____(41)_____ muscles are not yet fully developed could suffer
permanent, physical injury. However, there is no alternative as they will have little chance of
success _____(42)_____ they start training when they are very young. The emotional costs are also
high. If, after years of sacrifice, they do not make it, serious disappointment and even depression is
_____(43)_____ many children will inevitably experience. Therefore, whether to put a child through a
rigorous sports training program is a decision that should never be taken lightly.
36 A In B at C with D of E to

37 A needs B must C is able D have E had better

38 A understanding B understand C to understand D is understanding E to understanding

39 A It B there C that D which E this

40 A Despite B Though C Whereas D In addition to E On the other hand

41 A their B whose C those D the E which

42 A unless B when C since D yet E if

43 A That B these C so D what E not

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Animal Sanctuaries
Public concern for animal rights and the preservation of their habitats has become a modern day
concern. Lately, there has been a lot of controversy about zoos and whether or not animals
_____(44)_____ in cages or restricted areas.

With the increasing popularity of channels like “Animal Planet” and “National Geographic”, it is now
clear to many of us how important it is for wild animals to live in a natural environment. Inevitably,
this _____(45)_____ to serious questions about the justification of keeping animals in captivity and
of the need for zoos to exist at all. In response to the growing criticism of zoos, _____(46)_____
environmental group came up with the idea of animal sanctuaries, which seemed to partially solve
the problem. This new idea was introduced in the 1970s and it continues to gain popularity today.
This is because in sanctuaries animals can wander freely in areas similar to _____(47)_____ own
natural habitat.

_____(48)_____ some people are against the idea of animal sanctuaries, mainly due to their
costs, we now have reliable evidence that wildlife is under serious threat. For instance, research
_____(49)_____ out in Canada last year revealed that the red deer, living close to residential
areas near Toronto, must be protected in zoos or sanctuaries or a terrible future awaits them.
Statistics show that the red deer _____(50)_____ extinct by the year 2025 if the Canadian
government continues to do nothing.
44 A must have kept B have to keep C must keep D should be kept E have been kept

45 A has led B had led C had been led D has been led E was led

46 A --- B an C The D this E each

47 A their B whose C Its D our E the

48 A As B Despite C Whatever D Nevertheless E Although

49 A was carried B carrying C carried D has been carried E to carry

50 A is becoming B will have become C will be becoming D becomes E have become

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Fall Practice Set

VOCABULARY

Questions 51-70

Read the following two texts. On the answer sheet, mark the letter A, B, C, D or E for each
question. Give only one answer to each question.

Dress Code in Schools

Dress codes are rules on clothing choices. Schools usually have dress codes for pupils and
teachers. These rules may_____(51)_____ children to wear a uniform in school as well as when
travelling to and from school or at sporting events. Clothing has a social significance and
historically, dress regulations in schools were intended to _____(52)_____ egalitarianism among
school children. Moreover, it claims to _____(53)______ the peer pressure that children could
suffer because of the way they dress.

Dress codes provoke _____(54)_____ in schools and societies worldwide. Supporters believe that
this type of _____(55)_____ on choice of clothing hides differences in social status. It also
prevents children being robbed of expensive clothes and accessories. Uniforms also help school
____(56)_____ identify non-pupils, trespassers and other visitors on the premises. Opponents say
that they _____(57)_____ the pupils' right to freedom of expression. They can also be a financial
_____(58)_____ for poor families. They claim there is no _____(59)_____ evidence that uniforms
enhance academic performance or decrease violence in schools. Additionally, surveys carried out
with school children show that uniforms do not actually _____(60)_____ the competition over
clothes.
51 A import B engage C require D deceive E adjust

52 A facilitate B access C motivate D reform E promote

53 A remove B alter C derive D detect E dispose

54 A categories B disputes C demands D dominations E interventions

55 A agreement B appliance C collection D restriction E correction

56 A agents B teams C faculties D reporters E authorities

57 A accept B violate C refuse D fail E protect

58 A burden B statement C risk D claim E obligation

59 A typical B logical C predictable D sensible E conclusive

60 A meet B eliminate C predict D reject E conclude

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Fall Practice Set

Spam Emails
Spam is just a term for unwanted bulk email messages which encompasses commercial
advertising of products or services. It is economically feasible and a very cost-effective
_____(61)_____ for the sender. If just a few of the recipients of a spam message
_____(62)_____ the advertised product, the spammers make a lot of money. Although spammers
argue that it is not a problem and you can delete it, spam is a cyber _____(63)_____ for a number
of reasons.

Basically, receiving a large volume of spam emails wastes valuable time. Spammers get recipient
addresses from publicly _____(64)_____ sources and use special programs to collect addresses
on the web. They detect innocent computer users’ systems and _____(65)_____ them into spam-
sending “zombies” via nasty programs. These emails spread rapidly and _____(66)_____
massive amounts of spam to and from a large number of recipients in a second. Apart from
wasting people’s time, spam may have a more indirect and serious _____(67)_____ for users.
Spam is often sent from computers infected by viruses; therefore, it is a prime means of
transferring electronic viruses. Since any file can be _____(68)_____ to an email,
computers can get infected by just clicking on an attachment.

Currently, more than 95% of email messages sent worldwide is believed to be spam. Because the
Internet is _____(69)_____, there is very little that can be done to stop spam. However, it is
important for all computer owners to install and maintain anti-virus software to _____(70)_____
having their computer infected.
61 A response B value C design D reflection E medium

62 A inspect B purchase C deliver D reveal E realise

63 A threat B emphasis C breakthrough D resolution E loyalty

64 A compatible B accessible C reversible D justifiable E sustainable

65 A emerge B convert C trap D classify E burst

66 A limit B allocate C distract D generate E propose

67 A tendency B principle C consequence D insight E estimation

68 A graded B attached C stemmed D shifted E depended

69 A diverse B dominant C Public D isolated E evident

70 A regard B avoid C enforce D specify E engage

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Fall Practice Set

PAE FALL SEMESTER

PRACTICE SET 2

LISTENING PART 1 &

LISTENING PART 2 NOTE
TAKING BOOKLET

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Fall Practice Set

LISTENING PART ONE

You are going to listen to five short dialogues. As you listen, answer the questions related
to each dialogue by choosing A, B, C, D or E. You will hear each dialogue once only. You
will be given 30 seconds before each dialogue to look at the questions.

NUMBER ONE
1 The student has mixed feelings about the trip because she could not

A get a rest afterwards.

B see all of her relatives.
C go to the training session.
D plan for the next game.
E meet her friend Susan.

2 A woman wants to buy jackets for the team because she

A is a close friend of the coach.

B cares a lot about the sport.
C is a big fan of the team
D used to play for the team.
E wants her daughter to be captain.

3 Why is the student surprised at the end of the conversation?

A Susan is leaving the team to play for another school.

B Elizabeth told the coach to choose her as the new captain.
C She didn't think that she was experienced enough to play.
D The lady sent a thank you card for helping her daughter.
E The team players didn't say anything when she saw them.

NUMBER TWO
4 The student thinks it's ok to drink his coffee in the library because he

A saw other people doing the same thing.

B is not using library materials while studying.
C cannot concentrate without having a drink.
D has done it before and nothing was said.
E believes the university policy is too strict.

5 The student decides to have his coffee in the garden because he

A wants to go and sit on one of the benches.

B is bothered by the smoke in the lobby.
C thinks it is too crowded in the student lounge.
D is allowed to smoke outside the building.
E can take advantage of the good weather.

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Fall Practice Set

6 When the librarian finds out the student has his lunch in his bag, she sounds

A relieved.
B sad.
C annoyed.
D disappointed.
E rude.

NUMBER THREE
7 The problem with Yağmur's essay is that she did not

A put in enough effort.

B use a range of vocabulary.
C clearly explain her ideas
D use a variety of grammar.
E fully understand the prompt.

8 As the conversation continues, Yağmur sounds more and more

A childish.
B depressed.
C offensive.
D confident.
E relaxed.

9 At the end of the conversation, we can infer that the instructor is

A concerned about the grade Fatih received.

B annoyed with Yağmur and her attitude.
C afraid that Yağmur will complain about the marking.
D unsure what to do about Fatih and Yağmur's grades.
E unwilling to help Yağmur improve her grade.

NUMBER FOUR
10 What is Hakan complaining about?

A Not getting any help from his friend Phoebe

B The weak internet connection on campus
C Not being able to use the library properly
D The lack of online sources for his assignment
E Not having enough time to do his assignment

11 How does Hakan feel about Phoebe's initial advice?

A Amused
B Ashamed
C Surprised
D Confused
E Irritated

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12 Phoebe suggests that he uses Google Scholar to

A understand what an academic source is.

B find more suitable articles to read.
C make better use of his key words.
D use the online platform for the library.
E avoid the risk of plagiarism in his work.

NUMBER FIVE
13 The problem with Oliver's presentation outline is that it is

A too unfocussed.
B very superficial.
C slightly off topic.
D quite controversial.
E long overdue.

14 Ms Berkel is not very sympathetic when Oliver

A tells her he didn't listen in class.

B compares himself to the other students.
C says that he found the topic quite hard.
D rejects the suggestions that she makes.
E asks her for more time to prepare.

15 Oliver decides to do a presentation on

A plastic around the coast of Cornwall.

B general plastic found on beaches.
C how to remove plastic from the sea.
D how plastic arrives on our beaches.
E plastic and the danger to seabirds.

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Fall Practice Set

LISTENING TWO

You are going to listen to a lecture about Futurology. As you listen, take notes under the headings
provided. Some background information is provided below about the topic.

Futurology, as the name suggests, is about looking at the future and trying to predict what
trends will be taking place. It is being used more and more in large corporations and
businesses around the world.

1. INTRODUCTION

2. WHAT IS A FUTUROLOGIST?

3. WHY DO WE NEED FUTUROLOGISTS?

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Fall Practice Set

4. HOW THEY PREDICT THE FUTURE

5. IAN PEARSON

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Fall Practice Set

6. THE YEAR 2030

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Fall Practice Set

PAE FALL SEMESTSER

PRACTICE SET 2

LISTENING PART 2
QUESTIONS

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Fall Practice Set

Use your notes about Futurology to answer the following questions. On the answer sheet,
mark the letter A, B, C, D or E for each question. Give only one answer to each question.

16 Companies are not so interested in the next 12 months because

A it is such a short time to plan for.

B they have planned it in advance.
C everyone else is thinking about it.
D futurologists are taking care of it.
E they probably know what is going to happen.

17 Which of these groups do people generally rely on nowadays to tell them about the future?

A Writers
B Scientists
C Religious leaders
D Film makers
E Governments

18 The speaker uses the example of the car to explain that

A running a business is similar to driving.

B it is easy to avoid dangers along the way.
C companies can find opportunities to progress.
D companies need to know what's ahead.
E the car industry is forward-looking in all aspects.

19 The role of the futurologist is to

A analyse the past and the present.

B predict what people will think in the future.
C advise their employers about the future.
D find future investments for their employers.
E determine which companies will succeed.

20 Futurologists consider future possibilities by

A asking questions.
B creating new trends.
C doing predictive studies.
D studying technology.
E talking to researchers.

21 According to the speaker, when futurologists are coming up with ideas they tend to

A focus on what life will be like in the future.

B think about how people tend to use technology.
C look to the past to see what was most successful.
D follow the latest research carried out in Japan.
E discuss potential scenarios with other people.

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Fall Practice Set

22 The Japanese government set up a research and development agency in order to

A invent new technological devices.

B promote the use of non-Japanese inventions.
C decide the future of research and development.
D develop Japanese industry.
E help Japan become more competitive.

23 Ian Pearson successfully predicted the

A mobile phone.
B search engine.
C information age.
D digital camera.
E rise of futurology.

24 Pearson believes the future is female because

A women have a better understanding of machines.

B women have skills which machines will never have.
C men will continue to work in more traditional jobs.
D men will find it difficult to adapt to the new future.
E women are a better investment as they live longer.

25 The "care skills" include

A leadership skills.
B computer skills.
C intellectual skills.
D interpersonal skills.
E consultancy skills.

26 Studies show that men and women are both good at

A coaching.
B leadership.
C consulting.
D organisation.
E mentoring.

27 The 2006 survey showed that the majority of employers most value

A strong leadership.
B clear ambition.
C public speaking skills.
D communication skills.
E good team work.

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Fall Practice Set

28 According to the survey, what percentage of employers would like to have employees with
better problem solving skills?

A 58%
B 28%
C 61%
D 32%
E 26%

29 Pearson believes that in the future economy, men will

A not be able to work from home.

B find life easier than today.
C not be as employable as women .
D earn less money than women.
E take over the care industry.

30 In 2030, women will probably be better off than they are now because

A they will earn higher salaries.

B the cost of living will be lower.
C their skills will be more valued.
D they will be very well trained.
E the jobs they do will be better.

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Fall Practice Set

PAE FALL SEMESTER

PRACTICE SET 2

WRITING PARTS 1 & 2

BOOKLET

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Fall Practice Set

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Fall Practice Set

WRITING PART 1

In the text below, the writer talks about a method used to fund travels. In your opinion, is
this method acceptable? Write a paragraph of approximately 150 words.

Clearly identify what this method is and write what you think about it by referring to the
relevant arguments in the text and expanding upon these arguments.

Your paragraph will be assessed on task completion, organization, grammar and

vocabulary. Copying sentences or chunks from the text is not acceptable and will be
penalized.

You may recently have heard of a growing phenomenon, especially in Asia: begpacking (a blend of
“begging” and “backpacking”). Begpackers are usually western travelers who visit countries where
the cost of living is cheaper. They differ from backpackers in that begpackers arrive in foreign
countries knowing they do not have enough money with them to fund their trip. Once there, they
begin raising funds to continue their travels, but rather than finding jobs, most of them sit in the
streets begging for money, mainly from locals. Others try to earn money by performing music or
selling hugs or artwork.

Begpackers say that by lowering their standard of living and being supported by others in the
places they visit, they are able to experience foreign parts of the world and are proving that people
do not have to be wealthy to travel. They get to experience countries in a close-up way and truly
get to know the locals, creating global connections and breaking down the barriers of national
borders. They say that as people of different cultures come into contact in this way, it will create
understanding between communities and even make the world more peaceful. Begpackers defend
their choice, saying people only give them money if they want, so the practice is not hurting
anyone.

Now, imagine being an old homeless Vietnamese man who is begging next to young, privileged
westerners. They are travelling for fun. You are trying to survive. Feel upset? This is how one
Vietnamese man described the frustration he feels when he sees these begpackers unashamedly
begging to travel for free. Believing begpackers are truly in need and not comprehending that most
are begpacking for pleasure, some poverty stricken locals do give them their hard earned money.
However, many of the locals who do understand what is happening say that begpackers coming
from a privileged first world country and begging to support their unnecessary travels next to people
who are begging to survive is an insult to locals’ history, culture, and humanity. A Taiwanese
woman pointed out that it is actually illegal and if she were to go to a Western country and do the
same, she would quickly be deported.

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Fall Practice Set

Choose either topic A or topic B (do not do both) and write an essay of about
350 words.

A
Recent allegations that a famous Hollywood film producer has been mistreating women for years
brings to light the fact that there are still problems with discrimination against women. It seems that
there is still a long way to go before men and women are treated equally?

In your opinion, do you think that women are still treated unfairly in some areas?

OR

B
Recently, a competition was held in Britain to encourage young people to take photos of places or
things that best reflect life in Britain today. The best photos will be put into a book called British
life. One of the aims of the competition is to get people to start looking at the world around them
rather than taking selfies.

In your opinion, is this competition necessary or is there nothing wrong with selfies?

YOU MAY USE THIS SPACE TO PLAN YOUR ESSAY

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