Transmission-Line Transformers

K5TRA
 Click to
Categories edit Master title
of Transmission-Line style
Transformers

• Single l/4 lines and cascades of l/4 lines

• Distributed element approximations of lumped

element (LC) designs

• Short, highly coupled unit element structures

- Ruthroff
- Guanella

K5TRA T.Apel 2
 ¼ lClick
and toStepped ¼ l Transformers
edit Master title style
• Half octave performance from single quarter-wave line transformer
• Nearly 2-octave performance from 3 stepped quarter-wave lines
222.060
• Comparison for 50 to 100 MHz Beacon
transformation (BW also depends on this)
l/4 Z2  l/4 Z3 
l/4 Z0 = SQRT(R1*R2)  l/4 Z1 
R1 R2 R1 R2

R1 > Z1 > Z2 > Z3 > R2

¼ l Z INVERTER STEPPED Z TRANSFORMER

K5TRA T.Apel 3
 Click ¼toledit
Stepped Master title
Transformer style
Calculation

DOWNLOAD FROM: http://k5tra.net/

K5TRA T.Apel 4
 Ferrite Loaded
Click Transmission-Line
to edit Master titleTransformers
style

TWO HOLE BINOCULAR CORES

and BIFILAR PAIRS

K5TRA T.Apel 5
 Ferrite Loaded
Click Transmission-Line
to edit Master titleTransformers
style

TWO HOLE BINOCULAR and TOROID CORES

LINES FROM COAX, BIFILAR and TRIFILAR WIRES
K5TRA T.Apel 6
 Ferrite Loaded
Click Transmission-Line
to edit Master titleTransformers
style

A RUTHROFF 4:1 TRANSFORMER

USING BIFILAR TWISTED PAIR

K5TRA T.Apel 7
 Click to edit Transformer
Transmission-Line Master title–style
Elements
1:1 1:1

CONVENTIONAL TRANSMISSION-LINE
TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER

1:1 SHORT (< l/8) LINE

=
NO NET AKA
COMMON A
MODE CHOKE
CURRENT BALUN

SYMBOLIC PHYSICAL

K5TRA T.Apel 8
 Click toTransmission-Lines
Ferrite-Loaded edit Master title styleBaluns
are Choke

FERRITE
LOADING
PREVENTS
COMMON
MODE
CURRENT
FROM
FLOWING

K5TRA T.Apel 9
 ClickRuthroff
to edit Master title style
Transformers
• Transmission line ‘unit’ element
• Physically short lines (length < l / 8)
• Analysis based on currents
• R1 / R2 = (I2 / I1)2 = 4
• Ferrite loading extends bandwidth (low end)

R1 1:1 R2

K5TRA T.Apel 10
 Click to edit
Ruthroff TypeMaster title style
9:1 Transformer
• Transmission line ‘unit’ elements
• Physically short lines (length < l / 8)
• Analysis based on currents
• R1 / R2 = (I2 / I1)2 = 9
• Ferrite loading extends bandwidth (low end)

R1 1:1 R2

1:1

K5TRA T.Apel 11
 Click toUnbalanced
Various edit Master title style
Transformers
• Transmission line unit
element building blocks
• Parasitic even mode 222.060 MHz Beacon
characteristic impedance
should be large (k 1)
• Z ratio available as squares of
integer ratios
• First order analysis on basis
of port current ratio
• Multiple line structures must
have at least one shared
current path
• DC path is present

K5TRA T.Apel 12
 Click to(4:1)
Guanella edit Balanced
Master Transformer
title style
• Two ‘unit’ elements can be used to form a balanced 4:1 transformer
• Analysis based on currents
• R1 / R2 = (I2 / I1)2 = 4
• Ferrite loading extends bandwidth (low end)

1:1 1:1

NO NO NO
EVEN-MODE EVEN-MODE EVEN-MODE

1:1 1:1

CONVENTIONAL GUANELLA 4:1 GUANELLA 4:1

4:1 BALANCED SYMBOLIC PHYSICAL
TRANSFORMER

K5TRA T.Apel 13
 Click to edit
Several Master
Balanced title style
Transformers
• Transmission line unit
element building blocks
• Parasitic even mode
characteristic impedance
should be large (k 1)
• Z ratio available as squares of
integer ratios
• First order analysis on basis
of port current ratio
• Multiple line structures must
have at least one shared
current path
• DC path is present

K5TRA T.Apel 14
 Click toTransformer
Guanella edit Master
and title
Chokestyle
Balun

• Pushpull PA match example

• Ferrite loaded ‘unit’ elements
• Guanella transformer from coax
• Choke balun (1:1) from coax

K5TRA T.Apel 15
 Click
More to edit
Guanella Master title
Transformers in PAstyle
Output

• Guanella transformer from coax

• ‘Unit’ elements with and without ferrite loading
K5TRA T.Apel 16
 Click to edit
Coupled Master
Lines title style
- Symmetric
• Two transmission-line modes
- Even (or common) mode
- Odd (or differential) mode
• Impedances set coupling level

METAL METAL

DIELECTRIC

METAL

K5TRA T.Apel 17
 ClickCoupling
to edit Master title style
Coefficient
• Zoo sets the desired Zo
• Zoe should be large !
222.060 MHz Beacon

K5TRA T.Apel 18
 Click to edit
Coupled Master
Lines title style
- Asymmetric
• Asymemetric coupled lines
- Two modes: C and p
- Similar to ‘Even’ and ‘Odd’
• Impedances set coupling level

METAL METAL

DIELECTRIC

METAL

K5TRA T.Apel 19
 Click to edit
Coupled Master
Lines title style
- Asymmetric
• Broadside coupling is better
• Asymmetric: slightly unbalanced

METAL

METAL

DIELECTRIC

METAL

K5TRA T.Apel 20
 Click to editOver
Coax Master title style
Ground
• Coax coupling is very good
• Asymmetric: slightly unbalanced

COAX

DIELECTRIC

METAL

K5TRA T.Apel 21
 Coupling Coefficient
Click Relationship
to edit Master to Zoe/Zoo
title style

K5TRA T.Apel 22
 ClickCoefficient
Coupling to edit Master title style
Relationship to Cm/C

K5TRA T.Apel 23
 Click
Ideal to editLoss
Ruthroff Master title(and
vs Length styleZo)

i 2i
Loss (dB)

4:1 RUTHROFF
MISMATCH LOSS i

Length (degrees)

• Analysis of original 4:1 Ruthroff transformer (k = 1)

• Normalized port impedances (1 and 4)
• Best BW from Zo=2
• Lowest loss over less BW from Zo=1
K5TRA T.Apel 24
 Click to edit
Ruthroff LossMaster title
vs Length style
(and k)

Zoo = 1

UNCOMPENSATED

K5TRA T.Apel 25
 Click to edit
Ruthroff LossMaster title
vs Length style
(and k)

Zoo = 2

UNCOMPENSATED

K5TRA T.Apel 26
 Click to edit
Ruthroff LossMaster title
vs Length style
(and k)

Zoo = 3

UNCOMPENSATED

K5TRA T.Apel 27
 Click
Ruthroff to edit Master
Transformer title
Frequency style
Compensation

• Non-ideal coupling is modeled by

leakage and magnetizing
inductance
• CS provides DC block and low
frequency compensation
MODEL FOR (k<1)
• CP1 and CP2 provide high frequency UNDERCOUPLED LINES
compensation
• If coupling is poor, or Zoo is not
optimal, Cp can be used to tune the
transformer for the desired
frequency band

FREQUENCY
COMPENSATION

K5TRA T.Apel 28
 Click to edit
Ruthroff LossMaster title
vs Length style
(and k)

Zoo = 1

COMPENSATED

K5TRA T.Apel 29
 Click to edit
Ruthroff LossMaster title
vs Length style
(and k)

Zoo = 2
COMPENSATED

K5TRA T.Apel 30
 Click to edit
Ruthroff LossMaster title
vs Length style
(and k)

Zoo = 3

COMPENSATED

K5TRA T.Apel 31
 Click toTransformer
Ruthroff edit Master title
Test style
Laminates

9:1 TRANSFORMER 4:1 TRANSFORMER

K5TRA T.Apel 32
 Flip Click to edit Master
Chip Multiband title
PA with style 4:1
Ruthroff

RUTHROFF 4:1
TRANSFORMER

K5TRA T.Apel 33
 Click Relationship
Ruthroff to edit Master title
to Auto style
Transformers

i 2i

i i
i

N:1 TURNS RATIO

2i N·i
RUTHROFF 4:1
UNBALANCED TRANSFORMER

• The Ruthroff structure can be i (N-1)·i

redrawn as an auto
transformer special case
(N=2). RUTHROFF 4:1
SHOWN AS AUTO
GENERAL N:1
UNBALANCED AUTO
• Transformation can be set by TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER
setting the tap (1/N is tapped
fraction of total primary)
K5TRA T.Apel 34
 Click Relationship
Guanella to edit Master title
to Auto style
Transformers

VOLTAGE VOLTAGE
BALANCE BALANCE
GUANELLA 4:1 BALANCED TRANSFORMER
(BALBAL)
• The Guanella balanced structure can be
redrawn as an auto transformer special case
(N=2). - note couplings –

• A more general auto transformer has secondary

coupled to both primary segments
GUANELLA 4:1 GENERAL N:1
• Transformation can be set by setting the taps SHOWN AS AUTO BALANCED AUTO
(1/N is tapped fraction of total primary) TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER

K5TRA T.Apel 35
 Click to edit
Guanella and Master title style
Auto Transformers

GUANELLA BALANCED TRANSFORMER MODIFIED GUANELLA BALANCED

(4:1 BALBAL) TRANSFORMER (2.5:1)

TOP VIEW BOTTOM

AUTO TRANSFORMER (9:1) VIEW

K5TRA T.Apel 36
 Click to edit
Wideband Master
Flip Chip PAtitle style
Module

• 800 MHz – 2 GHz

• WCDMA operation

K5TRA T.Apel 37
 Click to edit Master
Pushpull title
Multimode PA style

• Laminate contains modified Guanella

transformer stacked with choke balun
• Full 824 - 915 MHz operation
• WCDMA, EDGE, and GSM

K5TRA T.Apel 38
 Lowto
Click V Pushpull Multimode
edit Master title PA
style
• Low Vcc operation provided by
high ratio transformer
• Three metal layers are used in a
9:1 auto-transformer
• Choke balun

5mm x 4mm PA MODULE

( .20” x .16” )

K5TRA T.Apel 39
 Click
GaAsto edit Master
Pushpull titleBlocks
PA Circuit style

ARRAY OF OUTPUT CELLS WITH INTERLEAVED

MANIFOLD AND 3RD HARMONIC TUNING

INTERSTAGE GUANELLA INPUT CHOKE BALUN and GUANELLA

TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER

K5TRA T.Apel 40
 Click to edit Master title style
Summary
• Transmission-line
transformers
– 3 categories
• Coupled lines
– Coupling coefficient
– Capacitive
compensation
• Unbalanced or
balanced forms
– Ruthroff : unbalanced
– Guanella: balanced
• Autotransformers
• Some examples

K5TRA T.Apel 41