Introduction to Well logging and Reservoir

Characterization
Part 1: Open Hole Logging
Mostafa Haggag, SPEC, MBA
Petrophysics Consultant Expert & Instructor
Feb. 2024
Outline
• Introduction to Logging & Definitions
• Log Objectives and Operations
• Tools Principle
• Basic Logs Interpretation
• Special Logging Tools & Applications
Petrophysicist Deliverables
Drilling; OH
Operations
Well integrity; cement
and corrosion

Monitor Sw change
behind casing

Zonal contribution and

production problems
Surveillance
Petrophysicist Geological model
EOR inputs
Deliverables

EOR

Seismic inversion

Study
Geomechanics

Unconventional

Etc.

Mostafa Haggag
Integrated Reservoir Characterization Workflow
Shape

Geometry Size
`

Position

Update Storage
capacity (Φ)
Flow
capacity (K)
SCAL

Reservoir Properties Lithology Ls,

SS…
Description
Understand

Fluid Types
Connectivity Mechanical

Results
Gas
3D Modeling
Sustain
Performance production Contents Oil

Water
Proper

Maintain
Pressure

Optimum
Change in Sw
Monitoring &
Management
Zonal
Contribution

New Wells Development

Results
EOR

Mostafa Haggag
Formation Evaluation and Reservoir Characterization;
Both are crucial steps in the exploration and production of hydrocarbons.
They involve a detailed analysis of the geological formations and fluid
properties in a reservoir to understand its potential for oil and gas
production:
• Formation Evaluation:
❑ This involves the analysis of data obtained from well logging, core
analysis, and other sources to evaluate the properties and
characteristics of the formations in a reservoir.
❑ Formation evaluation can help to identify the productive zones,
estimate the hydrocarbon saturation, and evaluate the reservoir
potential¹.
• Reservoir Characterization:
❑ This involves the study of the physical properties and behavior of the
reservoir rock and fluids to understand their impact on the flow of
hydrocarbons.
❑ Reservoir characterization can include the analysis of data from
seismic surveys, well logs (open / cased), core samples, and
production data.
What is the well logging…?
• The measurement of depth (Y) or time, or both versus
one or more of physical quantities (x) in or around a
well. The term comes from the word "log" used in the
sense of a record or a note.

• Well Logging Techniques:

❑ Wireline logs are taken downhole, transmitted

through a wireline to surface and recorded there.
❑ Measurements-while -drilling (MWD) and logging
while drilling (LWD) logs are also taken downhole.
They are either transmitted to surface
by mud pulses or recorded downhole and are
retrieved later (Memory) when the tool is
brought to surface.
❑ Mud logs that describe samples of drilled cuttings
and HC shows which are taken and recorded on
surface.

Petrophysics:
• Is the study of rock properties which are related to the
pore and fluid distribution.
Use of Logs :
Geologist:
The Geologist may ask:
'' What depths are the formation tops?
'' Is the environment suitable for accumulation of
Hydrocarbons?
'' Is there evidence of Hydrocarbon in this well?
'' What type of Hydrocarbon?
'' Are Hydrocarbons present in commercial quantities?
'' How good a well is it?
'' What are the reserves?
'' Could the formation be commercial in an offset well?
Geophysicist:
As a Geophysicist what do you look for?
'' Are the tops where you predicted?
'' Are the potential zones porous as you have
assumed from seismic data?
'' What does a synthetic seismic section show?
Reservoir Engineer:
The Reservoir Engineer needs to know:
" How thick is the pay zone?
" How Homogeneous is the section?
" What is the volume of Hydrocarbon per cubic meter?
" Will the well pay-out?
" How long will it take?
Production Engineer:
The Production Engineer is more concerned with:
" Where should the well be completed (in what
zone(s))?
" What kind of production rate can be expected?
" Will there be any water production?
" How should the well be completed?
" Is the potential pay zone hydraulically isolated?
" What is the hole volume for cementing?
" Are there any Key-Seats or severe Dog-legs in the well?
" Where can you get a good packer seat for testing?
" Where is the best place to set a Whip stock?
7
 Well Logging Objectives
Open Holes Cased Holes
• Monitor water saturation change behind
• Formation evaluation and reservoir
casing (TDT)
characterization
• Zonal contribution and production problems
❑ Lithology/ shaleness
diagnosis (PLT)
❑ Bed depth, and thickness
• Borehole/casing integrity and condition
❑ Porosity, permeability index (Cement/ Corrosion)
❑ Pore size distribution

❑ Water saturation/ Fluid contacts

❑ Formation pressure

❑ Fluid sample

❑ Formation Image

• Seismic calibration
 Data acquisition

Mostly Open Hole logs

Production

Mostly Cased Hole logs

Secondary y Tertiary Recovery

# of drilled wells

Development

Time
Exploration Important: much of the information acquired at Decline & Abandonment
this time is difficult or impossible to acquire later.
This information can be critical for the field
development and exploitation.

Ref. Schlumberger
Sources of data for Petrophysical analysis and formation evaluation :
• Cuttings.
• Well Logs.
• Core (Conventional & Sidewall).
• Fluid Samples (Mud / DST / Formation Tester).
• Images.
• Seismic and other Geophysical Data.
• Experience and local knowledge .
 Well Stages
Drilling Logging Casing Production

LWD in Highly Deviated Holes& HH OH Density/ Neutron/ Resistivity/ GR/ Sonic/ Image/ Pressure Production Logging &Thermal
(MDT)/ CMR Decay
Landing/ Geosteering / Fm. Cement bond log/ Corrosion

Evaluation Formation Evaluation Well Integrity Surveillance

Logging Unit Layout
Logging Operation Outline

Logging Operation Outline

1. Parking of logging unit in front of catwalk.
2. Rig-up (fixing of the top & bottom sheaves).
3. Testing tools before lowering down into the
hole.
4. Lowering the tool into the well at the desired
depth .
5. Logging up process.
6. Pulling out the tool to the surface.
7. Rig Down.
Wireline Tools LWD Tools
 Logging Convey Methods
1. Wire Line
Vertical holes up to < 55- 60º hole deviation

Logging Truck
2. Tractor
60º Hole deviation (Mainly inside casing) Coiled Tubing

3. Tough Logging Conditions (TLC)

• High deviation, or horizontal holes
• Bad hole conditions
• Very expensive & rig time

4. Logging While Drilling (LWD)

• Horizontal holes Wire Line
• Cheaper & No rig time

5. Coiled Tubing
Production logging in horizontal holes LWD
TLC
TLC

Tractor
Logs Presentation Header

Tool
sketch

Well
sketch

Main log

Repeat
Analysis

Calibrations
 Log Data Types (Versions)
• RAW
❑ Field Data
❑ RHOB, NPHI, GR, LLD, ILD.....
• EDITED
❑ Environmentally corrected, Spliced…etc.
❑ RHOB.CRC, NPHI.CRC, RT, RXO...
• PROCESSED
❑ Interpreted
❑ SW, SXO, PHIE, VLIM, VDOL, VSH..
Tools Principle
 Logging Tools Physics

Radioactivity Electromagnetic Acoustic Others

GR Resistivity Sonic SP

Density NMR Fm. Pressure

Dielectric PLT
Neutron (EPT) Spin, Grad, P, T

Pulsed
Neutron Corrosion Caliper
Caliper Log
• The measurements are made by one or two articulated arms pushed
against the borehole wall
• Applications : Borehole geometry and diameter
Spontaneous Potential (SP)
• The SP log is a record of direct current (DC) voltage differences between the naturally
occurring potential of a moveable electrode in the well bore, and the potential of a fixed
electrode located at the surface (Doll, 1948).

• Potential at downhole electrode is due to current flow resulting from the

electrochemical and electrokinetic interactions in the formation.

• It is measured in millivolts.
How SP works
The spontaneous potential produced in bore hole are
actual result of these two processes combine.
1. The mud filtrate is less saline than the formation water, so
it becomes negatively charge because of diffusion
potential.
2. But above the sand, the shale becomes positively charge
because the shale is invaded by very small saline solution
(mud filtrate)
3. The excess charge is therefore negative opposite the sand
and positive opposite the shale.
4. This couple creates a SP currents flowing between the
mud filtrate and the porous formation
5. If a bed is not permeable, ions will not be able to move,
then there will be no current flow and thus no potential
change: that means no SP.
6. The slightest permeability will permit current flow and an
SP change will be recorded.
• SP Applications:
❑ Determine bed boundaries
❑ Determine bed thickness
❑ Correlation between wells
❑ Determine formation water resistivity
❑ Determine shale content
• SP Interpretation
❑ Volume of Shale :

❑ Formation Water : By using charts

GR Log
• Measures the natural GR which is a mass-less, charge-less
bundles of high frequency electromagnetic energy emitted
when an atom passes from an excited state to a less
excited/ground state
• Travel at speed of light
• Able to penetrate rocks up to 15”; and 8” of concrete

100% Shale
GR Applications
• Lithology/ mineralogy, e.g. shaleness.

0% shaliness (Clean Formation)

• Wells correlation

• Tracer logging

❑ A radioactive fluid is ejected by a tool at a chosen level.

❑ The fluid movement is monitored by the gamma ray and

will show thief zones and channels in the cement behind
the casing
NGT Measurement
• The measurement in the standard tool is made by a measurement in a number of fixed
energy windows.
• Outputs are the relative amounts of Thorium, Uranium and Potassium in the formation
with:
❑ Thorium and Uranium in ppm.
❑ Potassium in %.
• Additional curves are the total gamma ray (SGR),
and a Uranium-corrected gamma ray (CGR)
NGT Applications
• Lithology identification.
• Study of depositional environments.
• Investigation of shale types.
• Correction of the GR for clay content
• Identification of organic material and
source rocks.
• Fracture identification.
• Geochemical logging.
• Study of a rock's diagenetic history.
In Carbonates:
• U - indicates phosphates, organic matter and
stylolites.
• Th - indicates clay content.
• K - indicates clay content, radioactive evaporites.
In Sandstones:
• Th - indicates clay content, heavy minerals.
• K - indicates micas, micaceous clays and
feldspars.
In Shales:
• U - in shale, suggests a source rock.
• Th - indicates the amount of detrital material or
degree of shaliness.
• K - indicates clay type and mica.
Sonic Log
• Transmitter sends a sound pulse; tool detects the pulse as it hits the
receiver and records the time it took for the pulse to travel from the
transmitter to the receiver through the formation (DT).
• The time it takes to reach each receiver is measured
• Each rock type (lithology) has a characteristic matrix DT (40-70 us/ft).
• Fluids have a much slower DT of 180-230 us/ft, gas even slower.
• One path is 2ft longer than the other
• The extra time the sound takes to travel those 2 ft determines the
rock’s acoustic velocity
• Wave Types : Compressional (P) , Shear (S) , and Stoneley
Transit Time:
• The time is taken by sound to travel from the
transmitter to the receiver
• Measured in µs
• Consists of:
TTmud1+TTrock+TTmud2

Delta-T:
• The time is taken by sound to travel through a
known distance of rock
• Measured in µs/m or µs//ft
• Calculated as difference between two transit
times; distance between the 2 receivers is known
𝐓𝐓𝟑 – 𝐓𝐓𝟒 µ𝐬
DT = µs/f
𝟐𝐟
Sonic Applications
• Petrophysical
❑ Formation porosity & lithology
o through casing (most of the time)
o in larger hole sizes
❑ Permeability index estimation (Stoneley)
❑ Hydrocarbon identification with Shear
component
❑ Azimuthal Anisotropy (stress, fracturing)
• Geophysical
Synthetic seismograms and integrated
transit time for seismic tie
• Geological Ref:Sch.

❑ Acoustic wellbore image

❑ Near wellbore reflectivity imaging
• Geomechanics
❑ Rock mechanical properties
❑ Pore pressure prediction
❑ Sand production prediction
• Others
Cement bond evaluation
Sonic Porosity Calculation
• Wyllie Time Average
❑ Hard rock formations
❑ Tight limestone
❑ Consolidated / low porosity sands
❑ Fast DTs
• Raymer- Hunt
Ref. Schlumberger
❑ Soft rock formations
❑ Unconsolidated rocks
❑ High porosity sands
❑ Slow DTs
• Secondary Porosity
Difference between density- neutron
porosity and acoustic porosity reflects
values of secondary porosity (Index)

Ref. Schlumberger
Density Tool
Background:
• GR Interactions
❑ Photoelectric Absorption (Lithology)
The gamma-rays interact with the electrons of the inner bands.
The gamma energy is used to push an electron into a higher band.
If the electron falls back to the original band, gamma-rays are
emitted with energies characteristic for the atomic number.

❑ Compton Scattering (Electron Density)

High energy gamma-rays emitted by a radioactive source collide
with the electrons in the formation. Therefore, loses some of its
energy to an electron, which can be ejected from its orbit emitting
GR.

❑ Pair Production
The high energy GR (>2 MeV) looses all it's energy and converts
into an electron and a positron. The positron combines with
another electron, and two gamma-rays (each with an energy of
1.04 MeV) are emitted in opposite directions.
• GR Source
❑ Cesium 137, 662 Kev
❑ Compton and P.E absorption are used
Receive Count and Sort Create Spectrum
Density Log
• The Density Tools use a chemical gamma ray source (Cesium 137, 662 Kev ) and two or
three gamma ray detectors.
• The number of gamma rays returning to the detector depends on the number of electrons
present, the electron density, ρe.
• The electron density can be related to the bulk density of the minerals by a simple equation.
ρe = ρ ( 2Z/A )
• Where Z is the number of electrons per atom and A is the atomic weight.
• The assumption made in the interpretation is that: Z/A = 0.5
• This is very close for most elements commonly encountered, except hydrogen which has
little effect on the measurement. Therefore ρe = ρ
Element Z/A
H 0.9921
C 0.4996
O 0.5
Na 0.4785
Mg 0.4934
Al 0.4819
Si 0.4984
S 0.4989
Cl 0.4794
K 0.4860
Ca 0.499
33
PEF Measurement
• The Photoelectric effect occurs when the
incident gamma ray is completely absorbed
by the electron.
• It is a low energy effect, hence the
Photoelectric Absorption index, Pe, is
measured using the lowest energy window of
the tool.
• Pe is related directly to Z, the number of
electrons per atom, so fixed for each
element.
Pe = ( Z/10)3.6 Its units are barns/ electron
• Readings in:
Limestone 5.08
Sandstone 1.81
Dolomite 3.14
Anhydrite 5.05
Salt 4.65
Density Log Example
• RHOB : 1.95 – 2.95 gm/ cc. , Linear scale
• PEF : 0-10
• δRHO : -.25- .25, how much correction due to borehole is added or subtracted

PEF

RHOB

δRHO
Density Applications
• Rock density
• Lithology (in combination with the
neutron tool).
• Porosity
• Mechanical properties (in combination
with the sonic tool).
• Acoustic properties (in combination with
the sonic tool).
• Gas identification (in combination with
the neutron tool).

ρma :Matrix density & ρf: Fluid density

Neutron Log
• Neutrons start as “ fast Neutrons “ and rapidly loose energy passing through the epithermal state
to reach the thermal range. The process of slowing down is primarily caused by collision
hydrogen atoms.
• The more hydrogen the fewer neutrons reach the detectors. The final stage is capture by an atom
when a “capture” gamma ray is emitted.

Americium- 241/Beryllium
(Am-241/Be), strength 16 Ci
 Neutron tool Measurement
• The tool reads a hydrogen Index; the quantity of hydrogen per unit volume.
• HI of fresh water = 1.
• High HI : Most of the neutrons are slowed and captured within a short distance from
the source; i.e high Φ.
• Low HI : The neutrons travel farther from the source before they are captured, low Φ
• Gas has a very low value hence the change seen by the neutron tool in a gas zone.
porosity reads too low.
Log Example
NPHI : .45 _ -.15 Linear scale

Applications
• Porosity determination
• Lithology identification
• Gas detection
• Correlation in cased wells
Neutron Interpretation
• The neutron tool is recorded on a scale of “apparent neutron porosity”, Which is equal to the
actual porosity only in a clean limestone because the calibration is made in this mineral.
• Combined with the bulk density, it gives the best possible answer for lithology and porosity
interpretation.
• The CNT can be run in cased hole for porosity for correlation. It should be Corrected for
casing and cement

Ref. Schlumberger
Resistivity Log
• Resistivity is resistance per unit length (Ω/m).
• It is the only way to find and evaluate the hydrocarbons in a reservoir.
• Porosity gives the volume of fluids but does not indicate which fluid is occupying that pore space.
• Resistivity tools measure both the invaded (Rxo) and virgin zones (Rt).
• Also, the borehole also contains components which are “seen” by the tools.
• The parameters such as the water saturations of both zones; Sxo and Sw need to be defined based
on the determined resistivity, also , the diameter of the invaded zone “di” is needed to be defined .
Some of these parameters are measured; others are calculated.
• Resistivity Types:
❑ Laterolog Resistivity
❑ Induction Resistivity
❑ LWD Resistivity

41
• Laterolog Resistivity
❑ A current-emitting electrode, Ao, has guard electrodes positioned
symmetrically on either side.
❑ Guard electrodes emit current to keep the potential difference
between them and the current electrode at zero.
❑ This forces the measuring current to flow into the formation of
interest.
❑ Dual Latero Log is used for deep reading (true formation
resistivity), minimize the borehole effects, better vertical resolution
.
❑ Example: LLD, LLS , MSFL

42
❑ Laterolog Applications
o Measures Rt.
o Standard resistivity in high resistivity environments.
o Usable in medium-to-high salinity muds.
o Good results in high contrast Rt/Rm.
o Fair vertical resolution (same as porosity tools).
o Prior using; many environmental corrections shoulder bed effect, invasion…etc.
❑ Laterolog Limits
o Cannot be used in oil-based muds.
o Cannot be used in air-filled holes.
o Affected by the Groningen Effect in some environments (increasing caused by highly
resistive beds or casing overlying the formation that is being measured).
o Difficult to model.
o Poor when Rxo > Rt.

43
❑ Dual Laterolog Example
Scale :0.2- 2000 ohm on logarithmic scale
❑ Factors affect the measurements
o Borehole effects (Rm, Rmc, dH , hmc)
o Adjacent beds (h, Rs )
o Invaded zone (di, Ri , Rxo)
o Uninvaded zone (Rt)

❑ Resistivity Corrections
Charts have been developed using math
simulations to correct for these effects.
Corrections are sequenced:
1. Borehole
2. Adjacent bed
3. Invasion
4. True formation resistivity
• Induction Logging Tool
❑ Tool Principle
o A high-frequency alternating current of constant
intensity is sent through a transmitter coil.
o The alternating magnetic field created induces currents
in the formation surrounding the borehole.
o These currents flow in circular ground loops coaxial
with the transmitter coil and create, in turn, a
magnetic field that induces a voltage in the receiver
coil.
o The signal picked up at the receiver coil is complex: it
has a Real (R) and an Imaginary (X) components. The
phase shift between the two is 90deg.
o This induced voltage is a function of the formation RT
o Induction resistivity is used in resistive mud; oil-based
mud (OBM)

Complex Component
Formation
1- Transmitter ----->AC ------> Alternating
magnetic field -----------> Flow in ground loop----
> Secondary magnetic field ----- > Induce voltage
in the receiver----- > Function in RT
Real Component
❑ Induction Log Example
Scale :0.2- 2000 ohm on logarithmic scale
❑ Induction Applications
o Measures Rt.
o Ideal in fresh or oil-based environments.
o Ideal for low resistivity measurements and when
Rxo > Rt.
❑ Induction Limits
o Cannot be used in salt-saturated muds unless in small
hole sizes.
o Cannot be used in high resistivity formations.
o Poor in thin beds.
o Poor when Rxo < Rt.
o Dipping beds will affect the log

47
Use Induction or Latero…….?

48
• LWD Resistivity
❑ The propagation measurement is performed using a loop
of wire around a collar to transmit an electromagnetic
wave into a formation.
❑ The difference in the phase (phase shift) and amplitude
(attenuation) across a pair of coil receivers is measured
❑ The phase shift and attenuation are related to the
formation resistivity
❑ The depth of investigation of a propagation resistivity
measurement is controlled by 4 factors:
1. Phase or attenuation measurement of the wave
2. Transmitter-receiver spacing
3. Transmitted wave frequency
4. Formation resistivity
❑ 2 Frequencies are used, Low 400 kHz, and High (H), 2MHz
❑ The resistivity measurement labeled P34H refers to the
phase (P) resistivity measured with 34 inch transmitter-
receiver spacing at high (H) frequency (2MHz).
❑ An attenuation (A) resistivity measurement made with
22 inch transmitter-receiver spacing at 400 kHz (L) would
be labeled A22L.
❑ LWD Resistivity Measurement
o The phase and attenuation measurements
provide two independent volumes of
investigation
o The phase measurement is shallow (1’, 1.5’)
and axially focused ( better vertical
resolution ( 0.7, 1’).
o The attenuation is deeper (3.5’, 5.5’) but less
axially focused (2’, 8’), Lazy curve).
o Scale :0.2- 2000 ohm on logarithmic scale
Logs Interpretation & Applications
Basic Logs Interpretation
Basic Log Interpretation Workflow
1. Matrix and Porosity
A. Lithology
B. Vsh
C. Porosity
2. Water Saturation
3. Log Permeability Estimation (optional and should be calibrated to core data)
4. Geomechanics Properties

53
Basic Log Interpretation Workflow
Data Source Inputs & Parameters Outputs
RT
Deep Resistivity

Shallow Resistivity RXO

Lithology
Density Φ

Neutron Effective Φ &

Rmf
Sec. Φ Index
Sonic
Sxo
a

NMR
m Sw

Well-site Data

n Mov. HC

Core Data
Rw
Vshale
Local Knowledge

GR Permeability
Estimation 54
Lithology & Vsh

Lithology Determination
✓ Local Knowledge
✓ Core Description
✓ PEF
✓ Cross Plotting
𝐺𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑔− 𝐺𝑅𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑛
𝑽𝒔𝒉 = PEF : ≈ 5.1 So…..it is LS
𝐺𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥− 𝐺𝑅𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑛

*
55
Logs Response for Different Lithologies
Porosity Φ

Porosity Determination
✓ Core Analysis
✓ Logs

𝜌𝑚𝑡𝑥 (2.71)− 𝜌𝑙𝑜𝑔

𝛷𝐷 =
𝜌𝑚𝑡𝑥− 𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 (.9)

𝛷𝑁 (𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙)

𝛷𝑁 +𝛷𝐷
Φ𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡 =
2

𝑃𝐻𝐼𝐸 = 𝛷𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡 ∗ (1 − 𝑉𝑆𝐻 )

For clean reservoirs, 𝑃𝐻𝐼𝐸 = 𝛷𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡

57
Water Saturation

Water Saturation Determination

✓ Core Analysis (Dean-Stark, Retort)
✓ Logs (Archie)
✓ Cross Plots (Pickett Plot)
Pickett Plot
Archie Equation
𝑛 𝑎𝑅𝑤
𝑆𝑤 = Φ𝑚 𝑅𝑡
Sw: Water saturation, fraction
n : Saturation exponent = 2
a : Empirical constant = 1
m : Cementation exponent = 2
Φ : Porosity
Rw: Resistivity of formation water
Rt : Resistivity of uninvaded formation,

𝑛 𝑎𝑅𝑤
𝑆𝑤 = Φ𝑚 𝑅𝑡
m …slope
n ... Distance between lines
a*Rw….Position of the lines

58
Logs Interpretation Matrix
Log Interpretation Example

ed
et
pr
w

er
R a

Int
Permeability Estimation Methods
• Core measurement is the only direct measurement for the permeability, any other
permeability value is just “estimated” and should be calibrated with core measurements.
• Many techniques are used for permeability estimation :
❑ Porosity/ Permeability X-plot(equation)
❑ Empirical Equations From Logs ( for specific reservoirs)
o From Resistivity Gradient
If the porosity is homogenous, hence, the resistivity transition from Ro to Rt is linear with
depth, and the resistivity gradient (δR/δD) related permeability and as a function of oil
gravity, water density, and Ro.

o Wyllie and Rose (1950)

𝟐
𝚽𝟑
𝒌= 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝒙 ……medium-gravity oil
𝑺𝒘𝒊𝒓𝒓
𝟐
𝜱𝟑
𝒌= 𝟕𝟗𝒙 ……...dry gas
𝑺𝒘𝒊𝒓𝒓

o Timur (1968)
𝟐
𝟗𝟑𝒙 𝜱𝟐.𝟐
𝒌=
𝑺𝒘𝒊𝒓𝒓
o Coates and Dumanoir (1973)
𝟐
𝑪𝒙 𝜱𝑾
𝒌=
𝑾𝟐 𝑿 𝑹𝒘ൗ𝑹𝒕
(@𝑺𝒘𝒊)
Where W and C constants
61
Geomechanical Properties
• Sonic and Density are used to compute the Geomechanical Drilling induced fractures
oriented N75E-S75W (maximum
properties stress direction

X-Y Caliper,
Spiral Plot

Next
Special Logging Tools & Applications
Special Logging Tools
• NMR
• Formation Pressure Measurement Logging
• Image Tools
• NMR Principle

❑ The H+ like tiny bar magnet tend to align with permanent

magnet (A).
❑ During (WT), the nuclei polarize at exponential build rate T1
comprises multiple component (C)
❑ (RF) pulses the spine of H+ nuclei causing tipping 90o. Fluids
generates (RF) echoes between successive pulses received by
tool antenna (B).
❑ The time between pulses is the echo spacing (TE), (D). The
amplitude of the echo decay at exponential relation time.
❑ T2 is function of pore-size distribution, fluid properties,
formation mineralogy, and molecular diffusion (E).
❑ An inversion technique converts the decay curve into
distribution of T2 measurements (F)
❑ For brine-filled, the distribution is related to the pore sizes in
the rock (G)
NMR
• Applications:
❑ Permeability prediction
❑ Determine Swirr
❑ Measure free fluid volume
❑ Identify thin pay zones (6 in.)
❑ Lithology-independent porosity
❑ Hydrocarbon identification
❑ Low-resistivity pay
NMR Log Outputs Example
Formation Pressure Measurements
• Formation Dynamics Tester tool provides fast and accurate formation
pressure measurements and high-quality fluid sampling.
• MDT Applications
❑ Formation pressure measurement and fluid contact identification
❑ Formation fluid sampling
❑ “Permeability” measurement
❑ Permeability anisotropy measurement
❑ Mini-drill-stem test (DST) and productivity assessment
❑ In-situ stress and mini-frac. testing
Fm. Press. Fluid Type/ Contact
❑ Zonal reservoir Communication
Image Tools
• Fullbore formation microimager (FMI)
❑ The FMI features four arms, each with a main pad
above and a folding pad below.
❑ It uses 192 pad mounted buttons to provide an
electrical image of the borehole with a resolution of
0.2 in (5 mm).
❑ In a single logging pass, the FMI combines high
resolution measurements with a nearly fullbore
image (80% coverage in an eight-inch borehole). So,
no formation feature is missed along the borehole.
❑ Not in OBM conditions
LWD Tools
• Resistivity

• Density
• Image Applications:
❑ Geology
o Structural Dip
o Faults Depth, Strike, Downthrown , Angle, Sealing ?
o Breaks Unconformities, Sequence Boundaries
o Depositional Environment / System
o Orientation (Paleo-current Flow )
❑ Reservoir
o Thin Beds
o Calibration to / from whole Core
o Locate / Analysis of Sidewall Cores
o Permeability Trends / Barriers
o Fractures / Vugs Porosity
o Borehole Geometry / In Situ Stress Orientation In-
Progradation) sting
Combining Image and MDT :
• Formation Pressure (MDT) ….Gives fluid type , reservoir
pressure, Res. Communication
• Image log give geological structure (fault)
Fm. Press. ..fault
Image fault

4348 psi

4454 psi

Fm. Press. Inter-Res. Comm.

Thank You