IPA14-E-154

PROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION

Thirty-Eighth Annual Convention & Exhibition, May 2014

TELISA KAJI PRESSURE MAINTENANCE: WATER INJECTION IN TIGHT SHALY

SANDSTONE FORMATION

Fajar Ariessita*
Timur M. Simanjuntak*
Elin Ika Gartika*
Kamal Hamzah*
M. Rifki Akbar*
Antonius Himawan**

ABSTRACT The water injection well conversion is being

The Telisa Kaji formation is a tight shaly sandstone
reservoir with kaolinite as the dominant clay. It has
low permeability (5 mD) and low resistivity (3
ohm-m). Gas solution is the main drive mechanism
and the field has been producing since 2003.
Hydraulic fracturing with a certain concentration of
proppant was introduced to provide cross-flow from
a low-permeability reservoir into the created
fractures. By this stimulation, oil recovery of up to
9.3% is expected. The initial reservoir pressure was
about 1230 psia, declining rapidly to about 370 psia
after four years production. Therefore, pressure
maintenance needs to be implemented.
Based on an integrated GGR study, it is found
feasible to implement pressure maintenance with
water injection to arrest the rapid reservoir pressure
decline and to increase the oil recovery factor. A
compatibility test on core and injection water
showed no change in the clay composition, which
means no indication of clay swelling and minimal
signs of fines migration. Furthermore no tendency
of new deposits and scaling was found from scaling
tendency analysis.
A pilot water injection was conducted from 2009–
2010. A positive response was observed in the form
of an increasing static bottom hole pressure in the
surrounding wells (around 20 psi in first semester),
which is expected to increase by as much as 200 psi
for full-scale injection. A positive production
response was also observed on the surrounding
wells, where the oil recovery factor increased to
about 10.1%.
* Medco E&P Indonesia
conducted to reach full-scale injection. Based on
current production performance, the oil recovery
factor is about 12.5%, and is expected to increase to
13.4% after full-scale injection is completed.
Currently, the average static bottom-hole pressure
of the formation has increased to 400–500 psia, and
the plan is to run a tracer survey to identify the
injected water flow path.
INTRODUCTION
The Kaji Semoga field, together with adjacent
fields, such as West Iliran, Langkap, Rumbi,
Rimbabat, Bunga, Kerang, and Tabuan, is located in
the Rimau Block (Figure 1). To the northeast, it
continues to the other fields of Sungai, Tengguleng,
Fajar, and Air Senda in the far east of the block.
The Kaji Semoga field is located on the Palembang
High, bordered by Jemakur Subgraben in the north,
Sekayu Subgraben in the west, and Limau Graben
in the south.
Two potential mature source areas surround
Palembang High, which provide hydrocarbon
charge to the Kaji Semoga field, Jemakur and
Sekayu Subgraben. Lemat, which was deposited in
a shallow lacustrine and considered as the source
rock in both subgrabens, reached maturity prior to
Plio-Pleistocene orogeny.
Geochemical analysis of Lemat shale samples from
Jemakur-1 well shows that it has 11% total organic
content (TOC), hydrogen index (HI) of 639 and
Tmax of 430. The high HI and pyrolysable organic
matter (OM)/TOC ratio confirmed the presence of
type I kerogen. Kinetic analysis of the sample
suggests that hydrocarbon generation will start at
level of maturity (LOM) 10.5 (RO 0.8%).
From the migration model, kitchen areas in both
Jemakur and Sekayu Subgraben have contributed
some of their generated hydrocarbon to the western
part of the Palembang High (Figure 2). This is
different from the nearby fields in the Rimau Block,
where the kitchen originated in the Jemakur
Subgraben charged hydrocarbon accumulation
(Langkap oil family). The difference in origin of the
oil in the Palembang High and in other Rimau fields
resulted in a difference in the oil gravity. The
average oil gravity in Langkap and surrounding
fields is about 33 degree API, whereas in Kaji
Semoga, the oil gravity is lighter, about 38 degree
API.
The Kaji Semoga wells penetrated Telisa, Baturaja,
Talang Akar, and basement. Talang Akar, which
consists of fluvial near shore sediment, is overlying
the pre-Tertiary basement. Overlying the Talang
Akar formation is Baturaja limestone. Telisa
sandstone marine sands overlie the Baruraja
formation. Above the Telisa formation is the
Palembang formation of the Pliocene age.
From the biostratigraphic data, the Telisa formation
was deposited in a Middle Neritic environment
during the Early Miocene age. This formation
consists of shale and sandstone members. The shale
member is dominantly shale containing bentonic-
planktonic fossils with thin streaks of sandstone.
The Telisa sandstone member comprises
dominantly sandstone interbedded with shale as
stated in Plan of Development Telisa & Talang
Akar Formation, Kaji Semoga Field (Medco, 2005).
The Telisa reservoir is a saturated, low
permeability, shaly sandstone with two flow units,
each containing an initial gas cap, separated by a
shale break. Figure 3 shows the porosity map in
Sand 1 and Sand 2. The most porous formation is in
the southern part (porosity around 30%); while in
other areas it varies between 10–25%. The smallest
Sw, around 40%, is also identified in the southern
part in Sand 1, where the average Sw in Sand 2 is
50%, (Figure 4).
Figure 5 shows the Telisa sand model in the Kaji
field, which consists of two sands separated by 5–7
ft shale, while Figure 6 displays the open-hole log
of the Telisa sand. The resistivity is quite low,
around 3–7 ohm.m. Even though it shows low
resistivity zone, it is proven to be hydrocarbon-
bearing sand.
Hydrocarbons were observed during drilling, with
C1–C4 gas and oil showing up to 30%. The sand is
light grey, very fine grain with calcareous cement,
angular-subrounded, moderately sorted, dominantly
quartz grain with occasional glauconite, orthoclase,
plagioclase, biotite, muscovite, chlorite, chert
fragments, and volcanic rock fragments. XRD
analysis (Figure 7) shows the average mineral
composition is 51% quartz, 24% clay mineral, 16%
calcite, and 9% others minerals (glauconite, K-
feldspar, mica and pyrite). The clay itself consists of
51% kaolinite, 22% chlorite, 18% smectite, and 9%
illite. The presence of water-sensitive clays
becomes the main constraint in injecting water
effectively.
As Telisa sandstone is tight and shaly, hydraulic
fracturing is mandatory after completion to improve
well productivity, mainly for removing the skin
(formation damage). The stimulation process also
brings additional benefits by providing cross-flow
from the low-permeability facies (shaly sandstone)
into the created fractures. Hydraulic fracturing
creates high conductivity communication with a
large area of formation to stimulate or bypass any
damage that may exist in the near wellbore area
(Figure 8) as reported by Tri Priyantoro (2009).
The optimum fracture half-length is in the range of
175–225 ft. Fractures with lengths shorter than this
range do not provide enough cross-flow areas and
result in lower initial oil production and a higher
decline rate. On the other hand, fractures with
longer lengths can propagate into high water and
gas saturation regions and cause well interference
effects.
The optimum fracture height is in the range of 70–
90 ft. This is consistent with average reservoir
thickness in the Telisa. Too small fracture heights
do not provide adequate transmissibility or cross-
flow area. On the other hand, too large fracture
heights could cause fracture propagation into gas
cap or bottom-water zone.
The optimum fracture width is 0.3–0.7 inches. This
is expected since fractures with small widths
provide low conductivity at the wellbore, while
those with large widths exhibit very short half-
lengths and probably poor placement of proppant
within the fracture.
The optimum fluid efficiency is in the range of 50–
70%. No obvious correlation is recognized between
the initial oil production rate and the PAD volume
used in the main-frac stage. It should be noted that
the PAD volume (expressed as a fraction of total
PAD plus proppant slurry volume) is usually
calculated from fluid efficiency after the mini-frac
stage.
Three proppant sizes are used in fracturing Telisa
wells. Although the observed oil production data do
not show a distinct trend, it appears that 20–40
mesh size proppant without mixing provide better
results compared with other sizes.
As expected, the wells completed in high resistivity,
high porosity, and thick reservoir regions exhibit
high initial oil production rates. The data indicate
that a minimum of 2 ft hydrocarbon pore thickness
(net pay  porosity  oil saturation) is required for
economical oil rates.
Observed production data indicate that delays in
putting wells on production after drilling generally
results in lower oil production rates. This is
probably due to the extensive formation damage
caused by clay swelling.
Production from the Telisa formation reached its
peak of 7000 BOPD in 2006. Rapid reservoir
pressure depletion, 80 psi / % STOOIP produced,
contributed to a rapidly decreasing production rate.
As a result, this sand required pressure maintenance
immediately. An integrated and holistic preliminary
study conducted in 2008 analyzed the three
injection methods: gas, water, and a combination of
gas and water. The results are shown in Table 1.
Due to the gas shortage in the Kaji Semoga field,
gas injection is not possible, even though it
produces the biggest cumulative oil. Water injection
is more viable because of its abundant availability.
However, water injection is challenging because of
the presence of water sensitive clays, such as
kaolinite, smectite and illite in the shaly sandstone
reservoir. As water is injected kaolinite will swell
and smectite and illite will cause fines migration.
A geological and reservoir model was made for this
simulation study using a satisfactory history match
of observed production and reservoir pressure
performance from a previous study. Hydraulic
fracturing was incorporated in the model by adding
fractures and increasing transmissibility. An
integrated GGR study with a three-dimensional (3-
D) model was also conducted to examine the
advantages of an alternative pressure maintenance
scheme and to evaluate if water injection is feasible
and applicable in this formation. A fine-grid 3-D
geological model was made to represent the Telisa
reservoir in the Kaji field. Table 2 gives the model
characteristics. The fault pillars and polygons used
in the fine grid 3-D model are shown in Figure 9.
This polygon encompasses all Telisa sands within
the oil-water contact or where net thickness is more
than 5 ft.
Several scenarios were developed to find the
optimum case in terms of oil recovery and
operational reliability. Based on reservoir
simulation, a low water injection rate from a
dominantly peripheral pattern will perform well and
therefore has a significant effect on increasing the
oil recovery factor from 9% to 13%.
After deciding that water injection was the most
feasible and applicable method to maintain pressure
in this sandstone, a detailed and more intensive
study was conducted to assess the compatibility of
the injection water with the formation. The study
consisted of (1) laboratory test for core-flooding
experiments to evaluate the characteristics of
permeability damage during water injection, scaling
tendency in formation, and near wellbore plugging;
(2) a pilot injection test to determine well
injectivity; (3) reformulation of the reservoir
simulation for defining the optimum velocity of
water injection for best oil recovery.
METHODS
Laboratory Test
The incompatibility between injection fluids, such
as water flood or chemical injection, and reservoir
rock and fluid, may cause scale production and
formation damage, which can lower the oil
production performance. To overcome these
problems, before injecting any fluid into a reservoir,
laboratory studies should be performed to evaluate
the effect of the injection fluid on the reservoir rock
and fluid. The laboratory work includes evaluation
of injection fluid quality and compatibility with
reservoir, scaling tendency, return permeability and
plugging indication tests. The injection water was
taken from the Kaji manifold and the formation
water and core was taken from the Telisa reservoir.
Compatibility Test
The objective of this testing was to evaluate the
solids depositional tendency of the mixture of
injection and formation water. The experiments
were conducted at reservoir temperature (182 F).
The injection water sample was taken from the Kaji
field manifold, while the formation water was taken
from the Telisa well. The compatibility test between
the injection water (WI Kaji field manifold) and the
formation water (Telisa reservoir) is shown in Table
3.
A proportional deposit number is calculated based
on the percentage of fluid in the mixture, that is, the
proportional deposit number of 25% WI KJ M +
75% TLS KJ mixture is (25% * 8.0500 mg/l) +
(75% * 14.9750 mg/l) = 13.2438 mg/l (Figure 10).
The formed deposit is the actual deposit number
that formed. It was concluded that the formation
water from the Telisa reservoir is compatible with
the injection water as the amount of the deposit
formed after mixing the two is lower than the
original proportional deposit number. It means that
when they are mixed, the new additional deposit
will not be formed.
Scaling Tendency Analysis
The objective of this testing is to evaluate the
tendency of the scale formation by mixing injection
and formation water. The experiments were
performed at room (77 F) and sampling temperature
condition (176 F). The injection water sample was
taken from the Kaji field manifold, while the
formation water was taken from the Telisa well.
Analysis of CaCO3 scale formation from injection
water or after mixing with formation water was
calculated by applying the Stiff and Davis method.
Using SI as the Stability Index: if SI is negative, the
water is undersaturated with CaCO3 and scale
formation is unlikely. If SI is positive, scale is likely
to form. The results of the CaCO3 scaling tendency
calculation from several water samples can be seen
in Table 4.
The test results show that both the tested samples of
injection and formation water have the ability to
form the CaCO3 scale. The Telisa reservoir
formation water has no tendency to form CaCO3
scale at low temperature because the water pH is
low, about 6.40, thus ions still exist in the soluble
condition. The fluid exists in the equilibrium system
since the solubility value (S) is equal to the sum of
concentrations of Ca++, Ba++, Sr++, or SO4
(expressed in meq/l). However, if the S value is less
than the actual concentration, the fluid is in the
supersaturated condition and it is possible for the
scale to be formed. On the contrary, if the S value is
more than the actual concentration, the fluid
condition does not support scale formation.
The above results, shown in Tables 5 to 7, show the
actual concentration of the solution still exists
below the soluble concentration. It means that the
injection water, WI Kaji Field Manifold, and the
Telisa reservoir formation water have no tendency
to form CaSO4, BaSO4, and SrSO4 scale at both
surface temperature and reservoir temperature, as
the concentration of the ions exists below the
saturated condition. Thus, the injection water is
compatible enough to inject in the Telisa reservoir.
Return Permeability Test.
The objective of this testing is to evaluate the
decrease in core permeability due to any
incompatibility between the Telisa core and
injection water. For this purpose, a core from the
Telisa well was injected with water (from the water
injection manifold in Kaji). The permeability was
measured after a specific amount of water was
injected in core plug pore volume. The result of the
test is shown in Figure 11.
Permeability is not the only property being
measured during the return permeability testing.
Petrographic and XRD analysis was performed
before and after testing (Table 8). The results of the
return permeability test between the water injection
Kaji Field Manifold and the Telisa reservoir core
result show:
 No change in clay composition.
 A decrease in core permeability of about 40–
50%, because of clay fine migration (at 40–70
cumulative throughput-PV).
Based on the compatibility test results, there is no
indication of clay swelling, thus the injection water
is compatible enough to be injected into the Telisa
reservoir.
Plugging Tendency Analysis
Based on Pang1, a filter equal to 1/3 pore throat size
needed to be installed to avoid formation plugging.
Special core analysis shows that the biggest
distribution in the Telisa reservoir pore size has a
diameter more than 1.5 microns (Table 9).
Consequently, installing a 0.5-micron filter is
mandatory to avoid formation plugging.
Injectivity and Fall-Off Test
To determine well injectivity, injectivity tests
followed by fall-off tests were conducted in two
wells in the southern section of the reservoir, KS-X
and KS-Y (Figure 12). The results of these tests
showed that at initial injection time, the wells had
good injectivity, but it deteriorated over time. It was
suspected that the injection water filled up the
existing fracture before it reached the formation.
The fall-off test determined the actual stable
injection rate. The pilot injection test executed in
May 2009 confirmed a stable injection rate in the
range of 400–600 BWIPD. The effect of pilot
injection on pressure was detected by the static
bottom-hole pressure sensors in the adjacent wells,
which registered an increase in bottom-hole
pressure.
The results in KS-X showed very high injectivity
(Table 10). This high injectivity proved to be
unsustainable in the long term. The decrease in
injectivity is suspected to come from injected fluid
filling the fracture during early time.
The fall off test determined the actual stable
injection rate (Figure 13). Despite the drop in
injectivity, the test analysis showed that KS-X well
still had negative skin from hydraulic fracture and
good wellbore conditions for injection as listed in
Final Report of Development Optimization for
Telisa Reservoir Kaji Field (Medco, 2008).
METHODS AND RESULTS
PILOT INJECTION
In May 2009, the two pilot injection wells KS-X
and KS-Y were put on a pressure maintenance
project.
The initial injection rate was 600 BWIPD; however,
it dropped for a moment to 200 BWIPD, before
increasing to 1000 BWIPD. Clay swelling in the
near wellbore region was the suspected reason of
the sudden drop that caused temporarily plugging
before being broken down and swept away. As a
result, the injection rate increased after the initial
drop. The effect was monitored in the surrounding
wells. Influx and water cut from the Telisa wells
increased after three months of injection. Lifting
was doubled from 3000 BFPD to 6000 BFPD and
the WC jumped from 20% to 40%, yielding 1800
BOPD of oil gain. Figure 14 is a subsurface map of
the injection well (well X) and the five surrounding
wells (wells A, B, C, D, E) that are currently
producing. Well X is located in the southern part of
Sand 2 and the spacing to the adjacent wells is 320–
550 m (Figure 15).
Figure 16 is the hall plot of well X that started
injecting in May 2009. Until today, this well is still
injecting at a rate of about 600 BWIPD. In
December 2013, an acidizing job was carried out to
bypass wellbore damage caused by scale build up in
the perforation hole. It was suspected that scale
originated from the untreated injection water from
Baturaja Limestone. By removing the near wellbore
skin, the injection rate improved.
Then, in August 2010, four more wells were
converted into injection wells in addition to the first
two injection wells. Two wells are in the northern
part and four wells in the southern part.
Unfortunately, the injection performance in the
northern part is not as effective as in the south.
From the open-hole logs it is suspected that the
shale content is higher in the northern area. The
total injection rate was 6000 BWIPD from six
wells. Similar to the southern part, a drop in
injection rate to 2500 BWIPD after a month of
injection was noticed, which returned to initial
values three months later. Lifting from the
surrounding well slightly decreased because
injection in the northern part was not as successful
as injection in the south. The decline in rate reduced
from 45% to 30% annually and the recovery factor
increased from 9.3% to 10.1%. Figure 17 shows
subsurface location of injection well Y.
The effect of pilot injection on pressure is detected
by static bottom hole survey (SBHP) in the adjacent
wells (wells F, G, H, I) which registered an increase
of 500 psi in the bottom hole pressures (Figure 18)
as reported by Dwi Marlia (2009).
FULL SCALE
Currently seventeen wells have been converted to
injection wells and the total injection rate is around
6500 BWIPD (Figure 19, blue line). Total lifting is
3000 BFPD (brown line) and yielding is 1750
BOPD (green line). Since 2009, the average WC
has gradually increased from 20% to 42% (purple
line). Besides the increase in reservoir pressure, an
increase in WC indicates that the pressure
maintenance program is successful. The decrease in
injection rate is probably due to skin build up and
scale growth. Skin build up can be stimulated with
sandstone acidizing to bypass calcareous cement
and scale. Scale formed since the injection water
comes from several sources: Telisa sandstone,
Baturaja limestone, and fresh water.
One interesting fact is that since 2009 the volume of
produced gas has also slowly decreased (red line).
Increasing reservoir pressure will force the solution
gas to dissolve in the fluid phase; therefore, the
produced gas is not easily released.
The effect of pressure maintenance is also indicated
by progressive increase in reservoir pressure, as
shown in Figure 20. In the southern part, some
wells have reached 500–600 psi of reservoir
pressure, whereas in the northern part the pressure
has reached 400-psi only. This is due to the higher
shale content in the northern part. Consequently,
injection in the northern part has been less efficient.
Twenty-one injection wells will be injecting a total
target rate of 12,500 BWIPD. Four wells are not
injecting due to network system. The recovery
factor is expected to be 13.4%, providing an
additional reserve of approximately 4.1% of OOIP
(Figure 21).
Reformulated reservoir simulation is also being run
to match the actual condition to deliver a more
accurate production forecast for this project.
Hydraulic fracturing campaign will be reapplied to
stimulate other potential Telisa wells. Due to gas
shortage switching the artificial lift from gas lift to
an ESP is also an option. An ESP has been installed
in one of the Telisa producer wells for a year, with
satisfactory result: 1200 BFPD, 92% WC, yielding
96 BOPD. This well was also acidized last year
since it suffered formation damage. Telisa
sandstone also consists of calcareous cement, which
dissolves in acid. Therefore, a sandstone acidizing
trial project has gained 400 BOPD since it started in
December 2013. An infill drilling campaign in this
tight sandstone formation is the next project to
increase the recovery factor and eventually escalate
cumulative production.
CONCLUSIONS
A water injection program started in 2009 has
proved very successful in maintaining reservoir
pressure in the tight Telisa sandstone formation,
with several observable indications in the
surrounding wells:
 Reservoir pressure has increased from 300 psi
to 400–500 psi.
 Average WC has increased from 20% to 42%.
 GOR has decreased from 1000 SCF/STB to 400
SCF/STB.
 Recovery Factor is expected to increase from
9.3% to 13.4%.
 According to reservoir simulation, this project
is able to contribute an additional reserve of
around 4.1% of OOIP.
RECOMMENDATIONS
 Convert four remaining wells to injection wells
to build a full-scale pattern for the pressure
maintenance program to obtain optimum
recoverable reserve.
 Apply tracer survey to identify the water
injection flow path.
 Restart hydraulic fracturing campaign when
reservoir pressure has reached 500-psi.
 Install ESP to replace gas lift as artificial lift.
 Reformulate reservoir simulation for full-scale
pattern to optimize injection program.
 Start infill-drilling program to increase recovery
factor of this formation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors wish to express their appreciation to Medco
E&P Indonesia, SKK Migas, Ditjen MIGAS, and
the Government of Indonesia for permission to
publish the information on this project. We would
also like to thank all who contributed to this project,
including the Petroleum Engineering team, the
Petroleum Geoscience team, the Surface Facility
Engineering team, and the Production Department
of Rimau Asset.
REFERENCES
Marlia, Dwi. A Comprehensive Study for Full Scale
Water Injection Project in Shaly Sandstone
Reservoir, Kaji Telisa Formation. 2009. IATMI09-
047.
Medco E&P Indonesia, Final Report of
Development Optimization for Telisa Reservoir
Kaji Field, Rimau Block,
Medco E&P Indonesia, Plan of Development Telisa
& Talang Akar Formation, Kaji Semoga Field,
Rimau Block, October 2005.
Priyantoro, Tri. Journey of Hydraulic Fracturing
Improvement to Increase Oil Recovery from
Sandstone Formation in Rimau Block. 2009.
SPE156550-PP.
 TABLE 1

PRELIMINARY STUDY OF TELISA INJECTION PROGRAM

Injection method % oil recovery factor

Gas injection 13.1

Water injection 12.7

Combination of gas-water injection 15.7

TABLE 2

CHARACTERISTICS OF FINE GRID 3-D GEOLOGIC MODEL

Parameter Value

Dimensions 101  148  217

X-Y grid 50 m  50 m
Number of layers 217

Total cells 3.24 million

Cells with defined values 821537

Fault representation Zigzag
Average cell bulk volume 0.611 acre-ft
 TABLE 3

COMPATIBILITY TEST RESULT BETWEEN INJECTION WATER-KAJI FIELD MANIFOLD

(WI KJ M) AND FORMATION WATER FROM TELISA RESERVOIR (TLS KJ) AT
TEMPERATURE 182 F

Formed Proportional
No Composition Deposit, Deposit, Explanation
mg/l mg/l
1 0% WI KJ M + 100% TLS KJ 14.9750 14.9750 ‐
2 25% WI KJ M + 75% TLS KJ 10.8000 13.2438 compatible
3 50% WI KJ M + 50% TLS KJ 9.6750 11.5125 compatible
4 75% WI KJ M + 25% TLS KJ 6.6750 9.7813 compatible
5 100% WI KJ M + 0% TLS KJ 8.0500 8.0500 ‐

TABLE 4

CACO3 SCALE FORMING TENDENCY

Scaling Index (SI)

No Sample Conclusion
@ 77 F @ 176 F
1 WI Kaji Field Manifold 0.85 1.6 Scale is likely
2 Telisa Formation Water ‐0.77 0.57 Scale is unlikely/likely

TABLE 5

CASO4 SCALE FORMING TENDENCY

Scaling Index (SI) Solution

No Sample Conclusion
@ 77 F @ 176 F Concentration
1 WI Kaji Field Manifold 41.67 39.62 0.7292 Scale is unlikely
2 Telisa Formation Water 54.32 51.69 0.375 Scale is unlikely

TABLE 6

BASO4 SCALE FORMING TENDENCY

Scaling Index (SI) Solution

No Sample Conclusion
@ 77 F @ 176 F Concentration
1 WI Kaji Field Manifold 0.012 0.038 0.0117 Scale is unlikely
2 Telisa Formation Water 0.0804 0.2162 0.0501 Scale is unlikely
 TABLE 7

SRSO4 SCALE FORMING TENDENCY

Scaling Index (SI) Solution

No Sample Conclusion
@ 77 F @ 176 F Concentration
1 WI Kaji Field Manifold 3.7947 4.1145 0.7292 Scale is unlikely
2 Telisa Formation Water 6.6539 6.3686 0.375 Scale is unlikely

TABLE 8

SUMMARY OF RETURN PERMEABILITY TESTING RESULTS

SCAL TESTING XRD

PETROGRAPHIC MODAL ANALYSIS
Change in permeability after Change in composition after
Change in composition after testing
Sample testing testing
Well
(ft) Return Core Visible
Grains C&R Matrix Clays Carbs Others
Permeability Compatibility Porosity
% % % % % %
% % %
Well‐1 2744.2 ‐6.1 na ‐4.4 ‐1.2 7.2 ‐1.6 ‐3.0 0.0 3.0
Well‐2 2742.2 na ‐38.1 ‐4.0 2.8 2.0 ‐1.2 1.0 ‐1.0 0.0
Well‐3 2786.1 na ‐31.2 ‐2.8 ‐0.8 4.4 ‐0.8 4.0 0.0 ‐4.0
Well‐4 2834.4 na ‐53.8 ‐2.8 0.0 3.2 ‐0.4 2.0 0.0 ‐2.0

TABLE 9

TELISA RESERVOIR PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Pore Size Distribution

Micro Meso Macro

r < 0.5 micron 0.5 < r < 1.5 micron r > 1.5 micron

19.7 12.5 67.8

 TABLE 10

RESULT OF KS-X INJECTIVITY TEST

Injected Volume, Injection Rate, Injection Rate,

Pump Pressure, psi Duration Time, min
bbls BPM BWIPD
400 5 6 1.2 1,728
600 5 6.5 1.3 1,872
800 5 14 2.8 4,032
1,000 5 21 4.2 6,048
1,200 5 31 6.2 8,928
Figure 1 - Area Covered by 3-D Seismic Survey in Rimau Block.

Figure 2 - Regional Geology of Kaji Field Area.

 Figure 3 - Telisa Kaji Porosity Map.

Figure 4 - Telisa Kaji Saturation Water Map.

GOC @ 2621 fss

GOC @ 2649 fss

Flow Unit I Flow Unit II

OWC @ 2840 fss

Figure 5 - Telisa Sand Model.

 Figure 6 ‐ Log Telisa Kaji.

Average Mineral Composition

16% calcite
24% clay 18% smectite
22% chlorite
9% illite
51% quartz
16% calcite 51% kaolinite

Figure 7 - Mineral and Clay Composition of Telisa Sandstone.

 Figure 8 - Fracturing Geometry of Telisa Sandstone.

Figure 9 - Faults and Polygon used in Fine Grid 3-D Model.

Figure 10 - Graph of formed deposit vs. mixture composition of injection water-Kaji field manifold (WI KJ
M) and formation water Telisa reservoir (TLS KJ) at temperature 182 F.

Figure 11 - Return Permeability Testing Result.

Figure 12 - Subsurface map of KS-X and KS-Y.

Figure 13 - Result of KS-X Fall Off Test.

Figure 14 - Subsurface map of injection well X and adjacent wells.

Well B Well A

Well C
Well X

Well D

Well E

Figure 15 - Subsurface Space of Injection Pattern.

 Figure 16 - Hall Plot of Injection Well X.

Figure 17 - Subsurface map of injection well Y and adjacent wells.

 Figure 18 - SBHP trend of wells adjacent to well Y.

Figure 19 - Production and Injection Data of Kaji Telisa.

 Figure 20 - Subsurface Pressure Profile of Kaji.

Do nothing
RF 9.3%

Pilot injection 6 wells

RF 10.1%

Injection 17 wells
RF 12.5%

Full scale 21 wells

RF 13.4%

Figure 21 - Production Forecast of Telisa Formation.