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A standard format for power system studies

Conference Paper in Conference Record - IAS Annual Meeting (IEEE Industry Applications Society) · February 2000
DOI: 10.1109/IAS.2000.882620 · Source: IEEE Xplore

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 A Standard Format for Power System Studies

Peter E. Sutherland (SM) R. Gerald Irvine (SM)

Senior Engineer Principal Electrical Engineer
Power Systems Energy Consulting MTA Bridges and Tunnels
GE Power Systems Randall’s Island
Schenectady, NY 12345 USA New York, NY 10035-0035USA

-
Abstract The performance of industrial power system studies TABLE 1
POWER SYSTEM STUDY PROCEDURE
can be significantly improved in both speed and reliability by the
application of a similar format for all standard studies. The 1. Needs Assessment
major calculations and drafting work are performed using
packaged computer programs that provide results in accordance 1.1 When is a study required?
with industry standards. The collection of the initial data for the 1.2 Study specifications.
study is performed using computer-generated forms, which are 1.3 Use of the Internet.
then the same forms that are used for presenting the results of 1.4 Study specification included with equipment
the study. Incorporated into these forms are calculation routines specifications.
that simplify the performance of a complex study, such as look-
up tables, circuit breaker rating calculations, and initial circuit 2. Proposal Generation
breaker setting calculations. These standard formats will provide 2.1 Proposal text templates
a uniform appearance and reduce the possibility of error in data 2.2 Pricing spreadsheets
handling. These formats are the first step to a uniform database 2.3 Risk assessment
format for industrial power system studies. An initial outline for 3. Project Organization
a uniform database format is presented. 3.1 Facilities Group
3.2 System Study Group
I. INTRODUCTION
4. Project Management
The common types of power system studies for industrial
4.1 Planning
facilities [ 11 are fairly standardized products, where the type
4.2 Database management
of data which is collected, the type of analysis which is
4.3 Supervision
performed, and the results and conclusions produced follow a
4.4 Evaluation of results
consistent pattern. (Some previous work on the
standardization of studies can be found in [2]-[7].)This 5. Study Phase
pattern can be used to simplify the performance of a study 5.1 Input data formats
from the initial specification and quotation to the issuance of 5.2 Project database
the final report. The types of studies to be considered here 5.3 Data output formats
are: 5.4 Report formats
1) Short-circuit and Protective Device Evaluation 6. Post Study Activities
2) Protective Device Coordination 6.1 Facilities activities
6.2 Updating of study
3) Load Flow, including Voltage Drop, Demand Loading 6.3 Database maintenance
and Power Factor Correction
This paper will begin by describing various procedures that The advantages of a power system study may include:
have been used to simplify and standardize the production of
reports. It will then discuss a proposed method to further Improvements in power quality due to reductions in
improve the process by the use of a common database format. voltage dips from a program of replacing certain
It will conclude by presenting a detailed chart of the data overcurrent devices with current-limiting fuses and
handling procedures for power system studies. current-limiting circuit breakers.

The process of a power system study can be summarized as Reductions in plant outage time as improved selectivity
shown in Table 1. due to implementing the selective coordination program

0 2000 IEEE
0-7803-6401-5/00/$10.00
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 Improvements in the electric bill as losses in the
electrical distribution equipment are identified and
changes made in operations or equipment or cabling
Improvements in electrical safety as increased fault
currents are identified and obsolete equipment replaced.
11. POWER SYSTEM STUDY PROCEDURE
1. Needs Assessmsnt
1.1 When is a study required?
Power system studies are required to be performed under
these conditions:
1) Utility changes in short-circuit duty
2) Plant changes in rotating equipment:
a) Installation of motors amounting to 20% or more of
the demand on any feeder
b) Installation of co-generation
c) Installation of emergency or standby generating
equipment:
Where b) and c) include
0 diesel-electric or turbine (gas or steam)-electric
generating units
fuel cells
Addition of loads on feeders that require load
calculations per NFPA 70-1999 NEC Section 220-35.
Compliance with NFPA 70B [ 101 recommendations for
studies to be performed at least every five years
When assuming control of a new facility at changes in
ownership or engineering management so as to establish
baseline conditions
When adding automatic transfer switching (ATS)
equipment, especially of the following types:
ATS equipped as closed circuit transition type
ATS equipped with bypass isolation switch of the
“No-Load-Break” type
When considering adding “load leveling” equipment or
systems such as battery-supplied inverter systems
When considering adding “Dynamic Voltage Restorers”
or similar voltage stabilization and load recovery systems
Compliance with NFPA 70E-2000 [9] requiring
knowledge of the fault duty for analyzing the effect of
short-circuit arcs and blasts on personnel and their
personal protective equipment
10) When considering specifications for “arc resistant
switchgear” conforming to ANSI C37 and EEMAC
standards.
1 I ) When investigating property and casualty losses for the
insurance underwriters
12) Compliance with IEEE Std 80 and IEC TC99
calculations for earthing (or grounding) of substations
and powerplants
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13) Compliance with ASHRAEWSNA 90.1-1999 [ I 11 that
limits voltage drops in conductors
14) When considering surge arresters so as to specify the
appropriate pressure relief rating
1.2 Study Specifications
1) A single-line diagram of the complete power system
should be established from the service point to thc
lighting and appliance panelboards or final distribution
points. Within the single-line diagram the following
should be shown:
1) Switching points
2) Transformers, reactors, current-limiting busway, and
power factor correction capacitors
3) Distribution equipment: switchgear, automatic
transfer switches, switchboards, panelboards, motor
control centers, and plug-in busway
4) Protective devices: frame sizes and device trip
ratings and whether the devices are the “current-
limiting” type
5 ) Cables and busway, including the type of raceway
and cable construction (insulation and metallic
shielding short-circuit rating)
6 ) Synchronous generators and synchronous condensers
7) Induction motors or groups of induction motors
depending upon sizes
8) UPS systems
9) Other equipment: Fuel cells, micro-turbines,
photovoltaic systems, and other
10) Utility short-circuit contributions: Three-phase and
phase-to-ground including the X-to-R ratios
2) Within the single-line diagram establish a system for bus
numbering:
a) Bus numbers should begin with the lowest number
used at the service point.
b) Bus numbers should identify each side of each
switch point with different numbers so that studies
can be run with the switches closed or open
c) Bus numbers should identify each main bus of a
distribution point
d) Bus numbers should identify each circuit breaker’s
(or fusible switch’s) line side and load side so that:
Studies can be run with the circuit breaker (or
fusible switch) open or closed
Currents and contributions can be established by
direction and quantity.
For example when a main bus is identified and
each feeder circuit breaker is separately identified
then the contributions from a feeder to a main bus
and then from the main bus down through other
feeders can be easily depicted.
 Currents and contributions across bus ties can
be traced
For example in a main-tie-main arrangement, with
the bus tie closed, the contribution of short-circuit
currents across the tie circuit breaker can be easily
identified.
3) Separate specifications are required for the three main
types of studies
a) Short-circuit calculations:
The short-circuit calculations need to use equations (and
not multipliers) as the basis for the calculations
The short-circuit studies need to produce the following
results:
Single-line-to-ground short-circuits
Arcing single-line-to-ground short-circuits
Three-phase bolted short-circuits
The rms values and the momentary values of short-
circuits
The X-to R ratio (so as to determine whether the
protective devices are operating within their rating or
require a derating)
b) Protective device coordination.
The protective device coodination needs to produce the
following appropriately graphical illustration of the protective
device characteristic curves:
Fuses: Minimum melt and the total clearing time curves
Ground-fault sensing equipment as used with fusible
devices: Minimum pickup and total clearing time curves
Circuit breakers:
Minimum pickup and total clearing time curves
Phase-overcurrent devices and ground-fault devices
Tolerances of long-time pickup to be indicated
Transformers:
Inrush point
Mechanical and thermal withstand curves
0 Full-load currents to be indicated at each of the self-
cooled ratings, for example 55 C and 65 C, and at
the forced cooled ratings, for example FA and FOA.
Motors:
Thermal damage curves for motors
Starting and running curves
0 Locked-rotor points
Cables:
Short-circuit withstand rating of the power cables:
Insulation short-circuit rating and metallic shield
short circuit rating
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Controllers:
Short-circuit withstand point
Full-load current rating point
The protective device coordination also needs to produce
the results in tabular form indicating the Coordinating Time
Interval (CTI) between devices and the contributions from
adjacent buses. Alternatively, the time to trip of each device
may be indicated at the coordinating current. (This is
somewhat of a wish list because many commonly used
programs do not include all of these features)
c) Load flow and load demand studies.
Load flow studies are generally based on a balanced three-
phase system and calculate an operating point where
generation equals load. Load demand studies add up loads on
feeders in accordance with standard procedures, and may
include single-phase and unbalanced loads. Both studies may
be performed using load flow software, although some
specialized load demand programs do exist as well.
The data input capability of the program should include
(this is somewhat of a wish list because many commonly used
programs do not include all of these features):
a) The capability for the analyst to describe the load on
each branch circuit within a panelboard, motor control
center, plug-in busway, or individual controller .
Panelboard descriptors should allow including ; the
number of sections; the main lug or main overcurrent
device(s) ratings; whether equipped with a through-feed,
double-lug, or sub-feed arrangement; the number of
branches supplied by each main lugs or device (including
in-use, spares, futures, and blanks). Switchboard
descriptors should allow radial or main-tie-main
arrangements; identifying section bus bar ampacity
ratings; identifying loads by section and compartments;
and whether the switchboard is equipped for gronp-
mounting or individual mounting of branch devices.
Provision should be made for describing the branch
devices as “100 % rated” or the typical “80 %” rated.
The descriptor field should allow including from
nameplate information the kilowatt, kilovoltampere, or
horsepower rating of loads or the full-load current,
power factor, and efficiency, and whether the load is a
constant kVA or other load, and the demand factor (or
coincidence factor) of the load.
Motor descriptions need to also include the motor type:
synchronous, induction, wound rotor and the method of
starting and running controller
Provision should be made for describing adjustable
speed drives and their associated motor drive
transformers, filters, and reactors
 e) Power transformer and reactor descriptions need to Voltage
include: type (substation, unit substation, pad-mount Current
network, submersible; liquid immersed, dry-type, gas-
Percent voltage drop
filled, totally-enclosed) cooling type (naturally
ventilated, forced air cooled, forced oil cooled), Percent voltage unbalance
number of windings and winding connections, kW demand
temperature rise (for example 55/65 C for liquid- Load Factor
immersed or 80, 115, 150 C for dry-type); the self- kVA demand
cooled full-load rating and the load ratings for other
Power Factor
temperature rises and cooling; efficiency at the quarter
points and at the forced cooled points, impedance Demand Factor
percent, percent loading (for use in calculations for Power losses, kW
load additions), and the type (on-load or no-load) b) For panelboards, switchboards, switchgear, and motor
number, rating, and position of the taps. control centers:
Cable descriptions need to allow descriptions sufficient Phase and neutral loads on branches and mains
f)
for the use of the cable ampacity tables within Chapter Total connected load in amperes, kW, and kVA
3 of the NFPA 70-1999 NEC [8] for the typical low- Total demand load in amperes, kW, and kVA
voltage and medium-voltage cables and other Chapters Comparison of the demand load with the allowable section
for other constructions as required. Special loading per the applicable NEMA Standards (for panelboards,
constructions (such as Insulated Gas Spacer and deadfront switchboards, and motor control centers; and, with
others) require the descriptor fields to be capable of the applicable ANSMEEE Standards for Switchgear)
allowing sufficient descriptions for the program to
select the appropriate Sections of the NFPA 70-1999 c) For power transformers and reactors:
NEC. Where the method of installation is not defined Loads on each winding
exactly to match the NFPA 70-1999 NEC Sections Total connected load in amperes, kW, and kVA
then the program should default to the ampacity Total demand load in amperes, kW, and kVA
calculations, such as the Neher-McGrath equations.
Comparison of the demand load with the allowable
Environmental influences that affect the cable ratings,
loading per the applicable NEMA or ANSIIIEEE
such as nearby heat sources (for example, location over
Standards
a roof top) should be explained. Conductor
temperature correction factors and impedance Recommended cooling stage in operation for thermal
characteristics need to be applied automatically. control of the demand load
Equipment ground conductors are required to be Recommended primary tap setting for voltage
included: The program capability should include control
verifying the equipment grounding conductor size d) For conductors:
according to the line-side overcurrent protective device Loads
and then re-sizing the equipment grounding conductor Losses
to account for voltage drop as required in Section 250-
Comparison of the expected conductor temperature
122(b) of the NFPA 70-1999 NEC.
with the listed temperature rating
g) Bus bar and busway conductor constructions need to e) The system report should indicate
include the material, thc rated temperature rise, the
Total losses within the distribution systetn and the
impedance characteristics exception reports:
h) Raceway descriptors should allow describing the
conduits, cable trays, and cable bus. Conduit types 1.2.1.1.l.1 Excessive voltage drops,
should default to the types within Chapter 9 of the NFPA 1.2.1.1.1.2 Excessive voltage unbalances
70-1999 NEC.
1.2.1.1.1.3 Equipment loadings in excess of ratings or
i) Provision for describing power factor control equipment
standards;
j) Provision for describing uninterruptible power supply
equipment of the power electronic type and of the 1.2.1.1.1.4 Other parameters as required by the designer.
rotating machine type 1.3 Use of the Internet
The reporting capability of the program should include: Using the internet as a means of communication enables
a) At each bus: facility engineers to transmit their requests for services to
consultants in an orderly manner, where each request is

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logged in a database. An example of a portion of such a form
is shown in Figure 1 . This form enables the facilities
engineer to think through the need for consulting services
before calling for service, and makes the option of a power
system study a necessary part of this evaluation. Most internet
based services can be handled with third-party providers,
eliminating the need for programming and hosting of servers
[121.
1.4 Study specificationsincluded with equipment
specifications
Another technical means is the availability of “Guide Form
Specifications for Power System Studies.” An engineer
preparing specifications for electrical equipment will often
refer to standard specifications as a guide for the detailed
specifications for the specific equipment needed. If
engineers who perform power system studies prepare their
own standard specifications to use as a guide, then the
equipment specifier will be able to use these when preparing
the equipment specifications. The guide form specifications
will also include a brief description of the need for each
particular type of study, and when it should be requested.
2. Proposal Generation
The writing of power system study proposals has long been
aided by the use of “boilerplate” proposal texts and pricing
spreadsheets. If the Guide Form specifications are used
together with the proposal “boilerplate,” then it becomes a
simple matter to sort out what is requested in the study. The
pricing spreadsheet can be used for the standard types of
studies where all new equipment is used. By the use of
standardized specifications and pricing, elements of
uncertainty which increase the risk of power system studies
can be reduced.
3. Project Organization
3.1 Facilities Group:
Mandatory participation of the following is required for the
full cooperation of the staff employees:
Facility manager of engineering (or facilities director)
Maintenance foreman or superintendent
Operations foreman or superintendent
Contracting and budgeting department staff
3.2 System Studies Group
The engineer who is assigned the power system study project
is responsible for all steps from the initial customer contact
through the issuance of the final report. Other engineers and
support personnel may be called upon to assist in various
phases of the project. Project web sites have become popular
in recent years as a means of maintaining continuity and
cohesion by having all important project documents located in
one place, which is accessible to all project personnel. The
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assigned engineer will be the “webmaster” and keep updated
copies of all relevant documents in the web site location.
These are not the “working copies” of documents, but are the
most recent updates. Examples of the documents to be made
available include:
Data collection forms
Drawings
Time-current Curves
Circuit Breaker Duty Tables
Drafts of report text
Database files
An example of a project web page is shown in Figures 2-4
4. Project Management
Project management is the responsibility of the Facility
Engineering Manager or Facilities Director and often
delegated to the Plant Electrical Engineer.
4.1 Planning.
Planning for the Power System Studies is delegated to the
Plant Electrical Engineer. The planning effort includes:
Preparation of “as-built” drawings used for development
of the single-line diagram.
Obtaining utility data for the short-circuit and
coordination studies
Obtaining the settings of protective devices and their
ratings
Obtaining the nameplate ratings of all cquipment
Obtaining the time-current coordination curves for the
protective devices
Obtaining the other rating information of the equipment
that may not be on the nameplate. This includes the
withstand ratings and other limitations of the equipment.
4.2 Database management
Database management for the collected information needs to
be established at the early meetings of the project team.
Several options include:
Use of spreadsheets in a common format with the
equipment and cable/conductor characteristics.
Use of barcodes on equipment and cables/conductors that
can be used by the field data gathering team. The
barcodes would be keyed to the common database.
Use of on-site installed power measurement
instrumentation that captures in real time the load on
 selected panelboards, motor control centers, switchgear,
and transformers.
4.3 Supervision
The plant engineer coordinating the project would expect to
receive timely reports on these phases of the report:
Data gathering
Single-line drawing
Calculation engine presentation and a description of the
traceability of the calculation to manual methods. This
would include a discussion of the reliability of the
calculation as confirmed by peer review and comparison
of results with other methods
Preliminary results presentation including a confidence
check
Final presentation of results including recommendations
4.4 Evaluation of results
The evaluation of results would include:
Utility participation on any report comments concerning
the service entrance equipment or changes in load.
Suppliers participation on report comments concerning
switchgear or transformer equipment changes.
Plant engineer’s analysis of advantages and
disadvantages of strategies for modifications to in-service
equipment, for new facilities, or for operational changes.
5. Study Phase
The study phase is illustrated in the flowchart of Figure 5.
5.1 Input data formats.
Data collection for Power System Studies is still largely a
manual process, involving the inspection of drawings and
equipment nameplates. Facilities often may have equipment
databases as part of their maintenance management system,
but the formats and the data entered for each device usually
will not correspond to what is needed for a study. Drawings
are now produced in electronic format, but many analysis
programs require the user to create a new one-line drawing in
a proprietary format in order to use the program. The analysis
programs used in studies usually do not have database import
functions available in any case. (Many programs will have
database export functions, which will produce a table of the
input data.) Because of the need for standardized reports
which a uniform and attractive appearance, it is not good
practice simply to use computer program output in the body
of a report, but only in appendices. The trend is for these
appendices to be supplied in electronic format to reduce the
volume of the printed report. Thus forms are used for data
input and the presentation of results. These are created using
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spreadsheet, word processing or database software. One form
will be used for initial data entry and for presentation of input
data in the report.
5.2 Project database.
The data used by the analysis programs and that used in the
data collection and presentalion of the report may be in
different formats. One database must be kept as the
consistent and updated repository of system information.
This will usually be that used by the major analysis program,
such as the short circuit program. It is one purpose of this
paper to encourage the development of a common format for
these various data storage locations.
5.3 Data Output Formats.
Portions of the data from this will be transferred to output
forms, where the results from the analysis programs are
added. Using computer capabilities, some of the data analysis
can be performed in the forms themselves. Examples are
determining the interrupting rating of a medium voltage
circuit breaker or the ampacity of a cable. The format of the
form allows for easy transfer of the results to the final output
form, after the protective device coordination analysis is
performed.
5.4 Report Formats.
Study reporting has traditionally been performed with paper
reports. Electronic reporting on CD-ROM or Internet Web
Page formats is rapidly evolving. This will require the output
of analysis programs to be available in HTML or .pdf format
as well as the standard text .txt and .dxf file formats.
Paper reports often contain large tables that may cover several
pages, or are printed on wide format paper. A means should
be developed to easily view these tables on a computer screen
in a readable type size. Establishment of the “standard screen
size” for this purpose is also needed.
6. Post Study Activities
Post study activities will include updates and revisions as
changes are made to the facility. Alternatives for future
changes may be evaluated. Questions regarding the original
study will be researched and answered. All of these activities
require a formatted and easily accessible source of
information. This cannot be done anymore by refcrring to
paper reports. Neither can it be done by using the databases
produced by the analysis programs. Programs change, and
users change programs, with the result that an old database
may no longer be readable. It is therefore essential that
engineers maintain their data in a standard database format
which is not specific to any analysis program.
111. CONCLUSIONS
 The performance of Power System Studies can be greatly
enhanced by the use of computer data storage and
presentation formats. Some of the advantages that have been
realized already include:
Standardized specifications for power system studies.
Internet based data transfer and report presentation.
A standard set of project data which stays constant
from data collection through final reporting.
Data preparation which is integrated with analysis.
Certain changes are necessary, however, before the full
benefits of this technology can be realized. These include:
Data transfer capabilities from maintenance
management software into a power system study
database.
Data transfer capabilities from Computer Aided
Drafting (CAD) formats into a power system study
database.
Utilization of existing CAD formatted drawings in
power system analysis programs.
Database import functionality in power system analysis
programs.
Database formats that are preserved as software
changes.
Means of viewing large format tables on a computer
screen.
Therefore, it is recommended that a standard database for
power system studies be developed.
IV. REPERENCES
[1] IEEE Recommended Practice for Power System
Analysis (IEEE Brown Book), IEEE Standard 399-1997.
[2] St. Pierre, C.R., Wolney, T.E., “Standardization of
Benchmarks for Protective Device Time-Current Curves,”
IEEE Trans. on Ind. App., Vol IA-22, No. 4, July/Aug. 1986,
pp. 623-633.
[3] Sutherland, P.E., “Protective Device Coordination in an
Industrial Power System with Multiple Sources,” IEEE Trans.
on Ind. App., Vol IA-33, No. 4, July/Aug. 1997, pp. 1096-
1103.
[4] Rodolakis, A.J., “Computer-Aided Selection and
Verification of Circuit Breakers,” IEEE Industry Applications
Magazine, Vol. 1, Issue 6 , Nov.-Dec. 1995, pp. 26-32.
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[ 5 ] Fleck, H.A., Mercede, F.J., “Short-Circuit Currents to
Perform a Protective Device Coordination Study,” 1998 IEEE
IBCPS Technical Conference, May 3-8, 1998, pp. 165-171.
[6] Gates, G., Shipp, D., Vilcheck, W., “Electrical
Distribution System Analysis for Off-Shore Oil Production
Facilities,” 45th Annual PCIC 1998, Sept. 28-30, 1998, pp.
129- 137.
[7] Cardinal, P.G., “Automated Coordination Programs do
not Make Coordination Automatic,” 1996 IEEE I&CPS
Technical Conference, May 6-9, 1996, pp. 97-102.
[8] NFPA 70-1999 National Electrical Code
[9] NFPA 70E-2000 Electrical Safety Requirements for
Employee Workplaces
[ 101 NFPA 70B Electrical Equipment Maintenance
[ l l ] ASHRAEDESNA Standard 90.1-1999 Energy
Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential
Buildings
1121 Bransten, L., “Blueprints for Change”, Wall Street
Journal, Special Report: Technology & ComputerdPCs, Nov.
15, 1999.
BIOGRAPHIES
Peter E. Sutherland (M ‘83, SM ’97) received
the A.S. Degree in Electrical Engineering
Technology (‘79) and the B.S. degree in Electrical
Engineering (‘83) from the University of Maine at
Orono. In 1986 he received the M3c.E degree in
Electrical Engineering from the University of New
Brunswick (Canada).
He has worked as a Test Engineer and a Design Engineer for Accutest
Corp. of Chelmsford, Mass., a manufacturer of automatic test equipment for
the semiconductor industry. For a sholt time he worked as a Planning
Engineer for an Electric Utility Company. In 1987 he joined General
Electric Company, and has been employed as an Engineer in the GE
Industrial Power Systems Engineering Operation in Schenectady, N.Y., as an
Instructor in the GE Training and Development Center, and as a Power
Systems Engineer in Albany, N.Y. His current position is Senior Engineer
in the GE Power Systems Energy Consulting Department, where he performs
a variety of power system studies for industrial clients.
Mr. Sutherland is currently enrolled as a part-time student in the Ph.D.
program in Electric Power Engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
Troy, N.Y. Mr. Sutherland is a member of Eta Kappa Nu and Tau Beta Pi.
He is a Registered Professional Engineer in Maine and in New York.
R. Gerald Irvine (SM ) received the B.S.E.E. degree (with honors) from
Norwich University, the M.B.A degree (with distinction) from Long Island
University, and studied in the graduate electrical engineering program at
Polytechnic University. He has worked as an electrical engineer for industry
and government since 1960. MI. b i n e is presently the Principal Electrical
Engineer for the MTA Bridges and Tunnels in New York City. Mr. lrvine is
a registered engineer in New York and other states, a member of Tau Beta
Pi, and is active in the National Fire Protection Association, the Illuminating
Engineering Society and the IEEE.
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Figure 1: Example of internet based engineering services request.

Power System Study

Web Page
This web page Is designed tor Intormation interchange and keeping 01 the latest updated files tor
Ihe Power System Sludy.
All tiles are in a read-onlydireclory. Please email updates to the iY&"&

DownloadablaCompressed Flies:

Figure 2. Example of Power System Study Project Web Page

Figure 5. Data flow in Power System Study.

-
System Data
The iatesl Syslem data tiles are iisled here.
One-Line Diagrams -
Access Shared Directory 'Drawings" on this computer
Q$&mla
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Figure 3. Example of System Data Web Page

Study Results
The latest study resuits files are listed here.

I.ow Vollaos Breaker Pe

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Prolective Relay Settings Sheds:
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Figure 4. Example of Study Results Web Page.

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