A PROJECT REPORT

ON

RURAL AWARENESS WORK EXPERIENCE

SUBMITTED TO

LOKMANGAL COLLEGE OF AGRI – BUSINESS MANAGEMENT, WADALA

AFFLIATED TO

MAHATMA PHULE KRISHI VIDYAPEETH, RAHURI ,

DISTRICT-AHMEDNAGAR (M.S.) 413722

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR DEGREE OF

B.Sc. (HONOURS) AGRI – BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Mr. RAJSHEKHAR SUNIL BHOSALE

REG . NO.- BAW-2020/004

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely express my deep sense of gratitude and heartfelt respect to Dr B.N.Pawar Chairman and DI’s
Nominee from the College of Agriculture, Pune. whose comments and suggest me corrections, and encourage
me for completion of my project.

AWith great pleasure, I wish to express my deep sense of reverence and sincere thanks to N.K. Gosavi,
Principal of Lokmangal College of Agriculture Business Management, Wadala for his suggestion and
gratitude, cooperation and help rendered during project work.

I am grateful to Coordinator Prof. P.N. Shelake, Assistant Professor of Lokmangal College of Agricultural
Economics, Wadala for taking keep interest in the project work and ensuring at each stage that the targets
are achieved as per schedule, played a major role in checking out the project out line.

I place on record and warmly acknowledge the continuous encouragement, invaluable supervision, timely
suggestion and inspired guidance offered by our teacher Prof S.M. Dhaygude, (Module In charge) Assistant
Professor of Department of Agricultural Buisness Management, helped me for completion of my project and
also for help rendered during my project work.

I would like to express my heartfelt and profound thanks to my committee member, Prof S.R. Waghmode,
Assistant Professor Department of Agriculture Economics, Prof. S.T. Kadam, Assistant Professor of
Department of Agriculture Marketing and Prof. Jadhav Assistant Professor of Department Entomology
sincerely express my gratitude for their constant encouragement.

I am very happy to record my sincere appreciation to my father Mr. Sunil Bhosale mother Mrs. Archana
Bhosale for their continuous support and encouragement during my study.

Last but not least, I would like to express to my sincere thanks to Lokmangal College of Agriculture Business
Management, Wadala and the Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Dist. Ahmednagar for providing me
an opportunity to undertake my Graduate studies.

I would like to thanks known unknown persons who helped directly or indirectly for my study.

Place: LCABM Wadala Mr. Rajshekhar Sunil Bhosale

Date: Reg no. : BAW-2020/004

2
 ABSTRACT

Title of project : RURAL AWARENESS WORK EXPERIENCE

Student Name : Bhosale Rajshekhar Sunil
Registration No : BAW-2020/004
Degree to be awarded : B.Sc. (Honours) Agri. Business Management

Signature of student :

Principal,
LCABM,Wadala

3
 CANDIDATE DECLARATION

I hereby declared that this project report entitled “Rural Awareness Work
Experience’’ submitted to Lokmangal College of Agriculture Business Management, Wadala,
Solapur (Affiliated to M.P.K.V, Rahuri), no part of the project report has been submitted by
me or any other person to any other university or institute for a degree or diploma.

Place: LCABM, Wadala Mr. Rajshekhar Sunil Bhosale

Date:

4
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report “Rural Awareness Work
Experience” submitted to Lokmangal College of Agriculture Business
Management, Wadala, Solapur (Affiliated to M.P.K.V, Rahuri), in partial
fulfilment for the degree of B.Sc (Hons) Agri Business Management in
Agriculture embodies the result of a piece of bonafide project workcarried out
by Mr. Rajshekhar Sunil Bhosale.

No part of the project report has been submitted for any other degree,
diploma or any other form of publication. The assistance and help received
during the course of this investigation has been duly acknowledged.
Place -: LCABM , Wadala

Date -:

Co-ordinator Module Incharge

(P.N. Shelake) (P.N. Shelake)

SMS SMS
(S.M. Dhaygude) (G.V. Jadhav)

Di Nominee Principal

(Dr. B.N. Pwar) (N.K.

Gosavi)

5
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations Full Form

% Percentage
/ Per
Kg Kilogram
MSP Minimum Support Price
Rs. Rupees
gm. Gram
et.al. et alia (and his associates)
AO Food And Agricultural Organization
NCAER National Council of Applied Economic Research
ha. Hectaree
MMC Machine Maintenance Cost
GCA Gross Cropped Area
NCA Net Cropped Area
SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats
SLI Standard Research Institute
APMC Agriculture Produce Market Committee
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GMV Gross Merchandise Value
CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate
Qty. Quantity
BEP Break-even point
Qtl Quintals

6
 PROJECT ABSTRACT

Title of Project “Rural Agriculture Work Experience”

Full Name of student Bhosale Rajshekhar Sunil

Name of Module incharge Prof. S.M. Dhaygude

(Asst.Prof. of Agricultural Buisness Management)

Degree to be Awarded B.Sc (Hons) Agri-Business Management

Year of Award of Degree 2024

Total No. of Pages in
115
Project
Major Subject Agriculture Business Management

Signature of Student

The present study is an attempt to evaluate the “Rural Agriculture Work Experience”.
The data were collected between the periods of 31 july 2023 to 30 september 2023.

The agriculture production management is carried out in Ghodatanda village. The cropping
pattern of host farmer is analyzed which is ha. The cost of cultivation of different crops cultivated
by host farmer had been estimated. The results were obtained as follows. The highest gross income
of Grape Rs. 2869000and BCR 1.61

The gross income of Sugarcane Crop is estimated Rs. 937500 and BCR is 1.68 , followed by Onion
crop having gross income Rs. 540000 and BCR is 1.51 and followed by followed by Maize crop
having gross income Rs. 67200 and BCR is 1.57. Pigeon Pea contributing to gross income of Rs.
146400 and BCR is 1.34.

Processing management is evaluated for determining the performance of the firm; cost and returns
structures of finished goods and managerial efficiency of the firm with regards to inventory
control, break-even analysis, net present worth, and benefit cost ratio have been attempted .
Marketing Channel for Maize Commodity is Producer to Wholesaler to Retailer to Consumer
Which Includes Net Price received by Producer is Rs. 51120, Total Marketing Cost is Rs. . 6316.8,
Total Market Margin is Rs. 3763.2, Price Paid by the Consumer is Rs. 61200, Producer’s share in
Consumer rupee is 83.52%.

Marketing Channel for Grapes Commodity is Producer to Wholesaler to Retailer to Consumer Which
Includes Net Price received by Producer is Rs. 2574550, Total Marketing Cost is Rs. . 288410, Total Market
Margin is Rs. 247640, Price Paid by the Consumer is Rs. 3397500, Producer’s share in Consumer rupee is
75.77%
7
 OBJECTIVES
1) To familiarize the students with socio – economic conditions of agri-entrepreneurs and
problems come across in agribusiness and marketing of agricultural product.

2) To provide an opportunity to the students to study the organizational structure, functions

roles and responsibilities of marketing, processing co-operative and financial organizations in
agricultural development.

3) To provide opportunity to students to acquire practical management skills through working

with different marketing, processing, co-operative and financial organizations to develop
entrepreneurship.

4) To estimate the cost of cultivation and profitability of different crops, cultivated by farmer.

5)To analyze the marketing channels and price spread of major agricultural commodities.

6) To train the students in the collection, classification, tabularization, presentation and

interpretation of data

8
 INDEX

Sl. No. Particulars Page No.

I) Agricultural Production Management 12
1.1.1 Source of Livelihood 12
1.1.2 Contribution of National Revenue 13
1.1.3 Supply of food as well as fodder 13
1.1.4 Significance of the international trade 13
1.1.5 Marketable surplus 13
1.1.6 Source of Raw Material 13
1.1.7 Significance of Transport 13
1.1.8 Foreign exchange resource 13
1.1.9 Great Employment Economy opportunities 13
1.1.10 Economic development 14
1.1.11 Source of saving 14
1.1.12 Food Security 14
1.2 Present Agriculture Scenario 15
i) World scenario 15-20
ii) India scenario 15-20
iii) Maharashtra scenario 15-20
1.3 General information of Crop cultivation by host farmer 21
i) Maize 21-24
ii) Sorghum 25-27
iii) Grapes 28-30
iv) Pigeon pea 31-32
v) Wheat 33-34
vi) Soybean 35-36
1.3.2 Objective of study 37
II) Review Of Literature 38

9
III) Methodology 39
3.1 Sample Design 39
i) Selection of area 39
ii) Selection of Tahsil 39
iii) Selection of Village 39
2.2 Data Collection Method 39-40
2.2.1 Analytical framework 40-41
3.3 Silent features of Solapur 42
i) Location 42
ii) Soil 42
iii) Climate 42
iv) Condition 43
IV) Socio Economic Survey of Village 44
4.1 Members Of Village Council 44
4.2 Population Of Village 44
4.3 Demography of the village 45
4.4 Total No. of houses in the village 45
4.5 Geography of the village 45
4.6 Community building 45
4.7 Major crops grown in the village 46
4.8 Infrastructure of The Village 46
4.9 Schemes and programs implemented by village 46
V) Results And Discussion 47
5.1 Socio economic survey of host farmer 47
5.1.1 Information of the family members 47
5.2 Assets utilization by host farmer 48
5.2.1 Sources of irrigation and area irrigated 48
5.3 Buildings details 48
5.4 Livestock details 49
5.5 Assets details 49
5.6 Annual gross income of host farmer 49

10
5.7 Cropping pattern of host farmer 50
5.8 Land revenue 50
5.9 Allocation of depreciation on implements and machinery 51
5.10 Crops wise allocation of depreciation charges 52
5.10.1 Crops wise interest on fixed capital @10% 53
5.11 Crop wise irrigation charges 54-57
5.12 Cost of cultivation 58
5.12.1 Cost of cultivation of Sorghum crop 59-61
5.12.2 Cost of cultivation of Maize crop 62
5.12.3 Cost of cultivation of Soybean crop 62
5.12.4 Cost of cultivation of Grape crop 67
5.13 Marketing of agriculture commodities 71
5.14 Crop Loan Proposal 81
VI ) SWOT analysis 83
6.1 Alternative crop plan 84
VII) Problems And Suggestions 86
VIII) Summary And Conclusions 87
IX) Experience Gained 88
X) Photo Gallary 90
XI) Reference

XII) Vitae

11
 1.INTRODUCTION

1.1 Importance Of Agricultural Production:

Agriculture is the art and business of cultivating soil, producing crops and raising livestock.
According to a World Bank report in 2005, stated that about two thirds of the world population are
mainly concentrated in rural areas, which are predominantly agriculture-oriented areas. Therefore in
respect to poverty eradication and raising the welfare standards of the population; more focus should
be put on agricultural activities.

Agriculture is backbone of Indian economy and it plays a vital role in the Indian economy. Over 70
per cent of the rural households depend on agriculture as their principal means of livelihood.
Agriculture along with fisheries and forestry accounts for one-third of the nation’s Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) and is its single largest contributor. Agricultural exports constitute a fifth of the total
exports of the country.

As per estimates by the Central Statistics Office (CSO), the share of agriculture and Allied sectors
(including agriculture, livestock, forestry and fishery) was 15.35 per cent of TheGross Value Added
(GVA) during 2018-19 however, improved to 18.8 per cent in 2019-20 and 20.2 per cent in the year
2020-21 .
As per First Revised Estimates of National Income for 2019-20 released on on 29th January 2021,
Gross Capital Formation (GCF) in agriculture and allied sectors at current prices during 2017-2018
was ₹ 3,62,706 crore which was increase to ₹4,07,842 and ₹4,46,044 in 2018-19 and 2019-20 .

India’sfruit production has grown faster than vegetables, making it the second largest fruit Producer
in the world. Indian horticulture sector contributes about 33% to the agriculture Gross Value Added
(GVA) making very significant contribution to the Indian economy. Apart from ensuring nutritional
security of the nation, it provides alternate rural employment opportunities, diversification in farm
activities, and enhanced income to farmers. India is currently producing about 320.48 million tones
of horticulture produce which has surpassed the food grain production, that too from much less area
(25.66 million Ha. for horticulture against 127.6 M. ha. for food grains). Productivity of horticulture
crops is much higher compared to productivity of food grains (12.49 tones/ha against 2.23 tones/ha.).
India has emerged as world leader in the production of a variety of fruits like mango, banana, guava,
papaya, sapota, pomegranate, Lime & aonla and is the second largest producer of fruits and
vegetables. Besides, India has maintained its dominance in the production of spices, coconut and
cashewnut. Among the new crops, kiwi, gherkins, kinnow, date palm and oil palm have been
successfully introduced for commercial cultivation in the country. Launch of National Horticulture
Mission has spurred the production and productivity of horticultural crops. Productivity of
horticulture crops has increased by about 38.5% between 2004-05 and 2021-22(3rd Advance
Estimate).
According to the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) "Total milk
production in the country during 2021-22 is 221.06 million tonnes. In 2021-22, the milk production
has registered an annual growth rate of 5.29 per cent.
12
 India is the third largest fish producing country, contributing 8 percent to the global fish
production and ranks second in aquaculture production. The fish production in 2021-22 is 16.24
Million Tonnes comprising of marine fish production of 4.12 Million Tonnes 12.12 Million Tonnes
from Aquaculture. During 2021-22, India’s tea production stood at 1,344.40 million kg. Coffee
production during the same period was 3,420 lakh tonnes, a 2.39% YoY increase. During 2021-22,
oilseeds production of India crossed the estimated 37.15 million tonnes while other products such as
rice, wheat, maize, pulses, mustard, and sugarcane reached a record high production.
As per available WTO's Trade Statistical Review (2022), the share of India's agricultural
exports and imports in the world agriculture trade in 2021 were 2.4% and 1.7%, respectively. India
was in the top 10 ranking of the global Agri exporters.
Agriculture impacts society in many ways, including: supporting livelihoods through food,
habitat, and jobs; providing raw materials for food and other products; and building strong economies
through trade.

1.1.1 Source Of Livelihood:

2.6 BILLION PEOPLE DRAW THEIR LIVELIHOODS MOSTLY FROM AGRICULTURE .
Every day, agriculture produces an average of 23.7 million tons of food, provides livelihoods
for 2.5 billion people, and is the largest source of income and jobs for poor, rural households. In
developing countries, agriculture accounts for 29% of GDP and 65% of jobs.
Agriculture, with its allied sectors, is the largest source of livelihoods in India. 70 percent of its rural
households still depend primarily on agriculture for their livelihood, with 82 percent of farmers being
small and marginal. As per the Indian economic survey 2020 -21, agriculture employed more than
50% of the Indian workforce and contributed 20.2% to the country's GDP.

1.1.2 Contribution To National Revenue:

Agriculture contributes around 17-18% to the national income of India. Agriculture plays a vital role
in the Indian economy. As per the Second Advance Estimates of National Income, 2022-23 released
by Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation (MoSPI), the share of Gross value added
(GVA) of agriculture and allied sectors in total economy and growth of GVA of agriculture and
allied sectors for the years of 2020-21, 2021-22 and 2022-23 are as 20.3% , 19.0% and 18.3%.
Agriculture is the main source of national income for most developing countries. However, for
developed countries, agriculture contributes a smaller percentage to their nationalincome.

1.1.3. Supply of Food as well as Fodder :

Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry for food and non-
food products. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby
farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities. Agriculture
provides most of the world's food and fabrics.
Agricultural sector provides fodder for domestic animals. Cow provides people with milk which is a form of
protective food. Moreover, livestock also meets people’s food requirements. he total foodgrain production in
the country in 2022-23 is estimated to go up to a record 330.5 million tonnes (MT) from 315.6 MT with a
record production of wheat, rice, maize, oilseeds and sugarcane, according to the third advance estimate of the
Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare on Thursday.

13
 1.1.4. Significance to the International Trade:
International trade in agriculture is governed and managed by various bodies that can
affect the quantity of food produced by different countries. The international market and its related laws and
regulations have a significant impact on agricultural products and the gross domestic product (GDP) of a
country, and all of these determine whether a country enters the international agricultural trade market or only
sells its products for domestic consumption. International trade is more prominent in the developing countries
of the world because their economies are heavily dependent on agricultural production.
Agricultural products like sugar, tea, rice, spices, tobacco, coffee etc. constitute the major items of exports of
countries that rely on agriculture. If there is smooth development practice of agriculture, imports are reduced
while export increases considerably. This helps to reduce countries unfavorable balance of payments as well
as saving foreign exchange. This amount may be well used to import other essential inputs, machinery, raw-
material, and other infrastructure that is helpful for the support of country’s economic development. India has
developed export competitiveness in a range of specialized agricultural and related products, making it the
world’s 9th largest exporter. In 2021, India realized an $11.8 billion global trade surplus of agricultural and
related products. Leading exports consisted of Basmati rice, prawns, shellfish, carabeef, spices, and refined
sugar.
Table 1.1: Market Size of Indian Agricultural Products($ billion)

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Total Exports 32.2 32.7 31.0 33.4 43.2

Total Imports 27.8 22.3 22.7 22.1 31.4

Imports from the United

1.9 1.9 2.1 1.6 1.7
States

1.1.5. Marketable Surplus:

In agriculture, marketable surplus represents the surplus of a harvest that can be sold for profit after a farmer
sells their crop to cover the costs of maintaining and operating their farm. The farmer has set expenses,
including maintenance on machinery, labor costs, fertilizer and the mortgage payment on their land. The
marketable surplus is that quantity of the produce which can be made available to the non-farm population of
the country. It is a theoretical concept of surplus. The marketable surplus is the residual left with the producers
farmers after meeting his requirement for family consumption, farm needs for seeds and feed for cattle,
payment to labour in kind, payment to artisans, blacksmith, potter and mechanic payment to landlord as rent
and social and religious payments in kind. This may be expressed as follows:

MS = P – C Where ,

MS = Marketable surplus

P =Total production, and

C = Total requirements (family consumption, farm needs, payment to labour, artisans, landlord and payment
for social and religious work).
14
1.1.6. Source of Raw Material:

The main source of raw materials to major industries such as cotton and jute fabric, sugar, tobacco, textile
industries, oilseeds, and coconut for oil extraction, sugarcane for the sugar industry, tea leaves, coffee, edible
as well as non-edible oils etc. is agriculture. Moreover, many other industries such as processing of fruits as
well as vegetables and rice husking get their raw material mainly from agriculture. The demand for raw
materials rises as more businesses are established or expanded. This growing demand can only be met by
increasing agricultural production.

1.1.7.Significance in Transport:

The main role of transport is to deliver agricultural products from farms to markets and to cities
worldwide. Correct logistics is the key to managing the assets or goods from the point of origin to the
consumers. Moreover, the national well-being depends on transport.

Transport allows farmers to invest more, increase production and reach the international ranges.
Without transport, there is no option to develop business, as anything needs to be transported, sent or carried
to finally reach the customer. Also, large quantities could be wasted because if there is no efficient transport,
there is a deterioration in quality. In fact, a lot of the farmer’s reputation and his business depends on transport.

1.1.8 Foreign Exchange Resources:

The exports of agricultural products can also be a source of foreign exchange earnings. In the initial
stages of development when industrial sector has not yet developed much, agriculture is a source of foreign
exchange earnings from its exports of primary goods.

The target for exports under APEDA basket products has been fixed at USD 23,713 million in 2021-22.The
export of rice was the top forex earner at USD 5937 million during April-November 2021-22, growing 11 per
cent over the corresponding period in 2020-21 when it touched USD 5,341 million. Meat, dairy and poultry
products exports grew 12 per cent standing at USD 2665 million in April-November 2021-22 compared to
USD 2371 million in the corresponding eight-month period of 2020-21. Fruits and vegetables exports were up
by 12 per cent to touch USD 1720 million during April-November 2021-22 against USD 1536 million in April-
November 2020-21.Exports of cereal preparations and miscellaneous processed items grew by 26 per cent
during April-November 2021-22 to touch USD 1418 million against USD 1127 million in April-November,
2020-21. The cashew exports also grew by 29 per cent to USD 302 million in the first eight months of current
fiscal compared to same period previous year.

1.1.9 Great Employment Opportunities:

In India at least two-thirds of the working population earn their living through agricultural works. In
India other sectors have failed generate much of employment opportunity the growing working
populations. Construction of irrigation schemes, drainage system as well as other such activities in
the agricultural sector is important as it provides larger employment opportunities.The agriculture
sector provides more employment opportunities for the labor force. This, in turn, reduces the high
rate of unemployment in developing countries caused by the fast-growing population.

15
1.1.10 Economic Development:
Agricultural sector plays a strategic role in the process of economic
development of a country.It has already made a significant contribution to the economic prosperity of
advanced countries and its role in the economic development of less developed countries is of vital
importance. Agricultural progress is essential to provide food for growing non- agricultural labour force, raw
materials for industrial production and saving and tax revenue to support development of the rest of the
economy, to earn foreign exchange and to provide a growing market for domestic manufactures. Agriculture
is the most significant source of income for the central and state governments. The government of the
country has substantial revenue from rising land revenue. Also, the movement of agricultural goods helps
generate revenue for the Indian railways, which helps the government in revenue generation.

1.1.11 Source of Saving:

Development in agriculture may also increase savings. The rich farmers we see today started
saving particularly after the green revolution. This surplus quantity may be invested further in
the agriculture sector to develop the sector.

1.1.12 Food Security:

A stable agricultural sector ensures a nation of food security. The main requirement of any
country is food security. Food security prevents malnourishment that has traditionally been
believed to be one of the major problems faced by developing countries. Most countries rely
on agricultural products as well as associated industries for their main source of income.

16
1.2 PRESENT AGRICULTURE SCENARIO:
As the backbone of the Indian economy, the agriculture industry contributes to around 16.5% of India’s
GDP. As of 2022, the Indian agriculture market value stood at USD 435.9 billion and is expected to reach
USD 580.82 billion by 2028, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR)of around 4.9% between
2023 and 2028. A majority of the credit for this goes to the government’s focus on the sector and agritech
platforms and their constant innovations, because of which the sector has achieved steady growth, despite
there being room for improvement in many aspects.
Speaking of Agritech, it has been a game-changer to the Indian agriculture industry, which has been
relatively slow in terms of technology adoption and digitization compared to other sectors. Today, Agritech
has become a promising arena for investors, entrepreneurs, the agricultural community, and all other
stakeholders.
According to data by National Association of Software and Service Companies (NASSCOM), India had
around 450 agritech startups in 2022, with the number growing at 25% year-on-year. Further, a report estimates
that agritech startups in India offer a $24 billion opportunity, and the industry’s potential is still largely
untapped. So what have these agritech platforms done that has made them immensely popular in the industry?
To put it simply, they’ve been the pioneers in implementing state-of-the-art innovations for the betterment of
the community.

1.2.1 MAIZE:

Table 1.2 Area, Production & Productivity of Maize in world during 2020-21
Sl. Production Area Yield (Kg /
Country Percentage
no. (Tons) (Hectare Hectaree)
e)
United States
1. 38,47,77,890 3,51,06,050 1,09,604 36.29132
of America
2. China 23,18,37,497 3,89,79,528 5.947,7 21.86
3. Brazil 6,41,43,414 1,49,58,862 4,288 6.04
4. Argentina 3,97,92,854 53,46,593 74,427 3.75
5. Mexico 2,82,50,783 75,98,086 37,181 2.66
6. Ukraine 2,80,74,610 42,52,200 66,024 2.64
7. India 2,62,60,000 1,02,00,000 25,745 2.47
8. Indonesia 2,03,69,551 37,92,839 53,705 1.92
9. Russia 1,53,09,813 27,77,019 5,513 1.44
10. Canada 1,23,49,400 13,17,700 93,719 1.16
11. France 1,21,31,249 14,87,041 8,158 1.14
12. Romania 1,07,46,387 25,78,523 41,677 1.01
13. Nigeria 1,04,14,012 65,44,248 15,913 0.98
14. Egypt 80,01,411 10,82,766 73,898 0.75
15. Ethiopia 78,47,175 21,35,572 36,745 0.74
16. South Africa 77,78,500 19,46,750 39,956 0.73
17. Hungary 74,06,815 11,98,207 61,816 0.69
18. Serbia 73,76,738 10,10,097 7,303 0.69
19. Philippines 72,18,817 24,84,465 29,056 0.68
20. Italy 68,39,499 6,60,727 1,03,515 0.64
21. Other 12,33,21,312 36.29
17
 22. Total 1,060,247,727 100

F i g . n o . 1 . 1 . Percentage share of major maize producing countries in during 2020:

2

Table 1.3.Indian exports and imports of maize between 2010-11 to 2020-21:

Export Import
Qty (000' Value (Rs. Qty (000' Value (Rs.
Tonnes) Crore) Tonnes) Crore)
2010-11 3010.42 3359.46 16.31 40.01
2015-16 697.95 1162.01 181.77 291.77
2016-17 566.35 1030.13 83.22 162.46
2017-18 705.51 1228.46 30.70 102.06
2018-19 1051.86 1872.51 86.03 183.38
2019-20 370.07 1019.29 458.51 843.20
2020-21 (April-September) 922.66 1376.83 16.38 47.61

Export Qty (000' Tonnes)

2010-11 2015-16
2016-17 2017-18
2018-19 2019-20
2020-21 (April-September)

18
Table 1.5 Area and production of major maize producing states of India(Area(A) - lakh ha,
production(P) -lakh tonnes):

1950-51 1990-91 2000-01 2010-2011 2020-21 Total share

coarse of maize
cereals producti
A P A P A P A P A P* productio on to
n (2020- coarse
21)* cereals(
2020-21
Andhra
1.38 0.38 3.09 6.46 5.28 15.81 7.44 39.53 3.01 17.84 23.30 76.57
Pradesh
Bihar 5.66 3.12 6.65 10.38 6.21 14.97 6.46 14.40 9.26 27.55 27.60 99.80
Karnataka 0.10 0.05 2.52 6.37 6.69 21.36 12.88 44.44 14.67 43.88 66.82 65.67
Madhya
3.62 1.12 8.77 12.37 8.40 12.18 8.31 10.52 15.38 44.57 58.39 76.34
Pradesh
Maharashtra 0.30 0.13 1.09 1.35 3.30 3.03 8.91 26.02 11.09 19.30 39.57 48.77
Rajasthan 3.11 0.94 9.84 13.03 9.71 10.16 11.43 20.53 9.34 12.66 69.38 18.24

Uttar Pradesh 8.34 6.51 10.85 14.32 9.08 14.753 7.54 11.14 7.58 17.59 46.39 37.93

India 31.59 17.29 59.04 89.62 66.11 120.43 85.53 217.26 99.00 315.10 465.60 67.67

Chart Title
share of maize producti on to coarse cereals(
Total coarse cereals productio n (2020- 21)*

2020-21

2010-2011

2000-01

1990-91

1950-51
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Andhra Pradesh Bihar Karnataka Madhya

Pradesh Maharashtra Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh India

19
1.2.2 PIGEON PEA:

Table 1.6 Area and Production of Pigeon Pea crop in different states of India
State Area Production Yield

Karnataka 13.52 9.97 737

Maharashtra 12.81 11.74 916
Madhya Pradesh 4.04 4.72 1170
Telangana 3.27 2.47 756
Uttar Pradesh 2.90 3.09 1063
Andhra Pradesh 2.71 1.00 370
Gujarat 2.65 3.08 1163
Jharkhand 2.25 2.39 1060
Odisha 1.35 1.37 1016
Others 1.67 1.54 925
All India 47.17 41.37 877

Chart Title
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0

Area Production Yield

20
Table 1.7 Area , Production And Yield of Pigeon Pea in different Countries

1.2.3. ONION:

Table 1.8 State-wise Normal Area, Production and Yield of Onion (Average of 2016-17 to 2020-21)

Area Production Yield

State/ UT
( Hect.) (Tonnes) (Kgs./Hect.)

1 2 3 4
Andhra Pradesh 904.71 794.21 878
Arunachal Pradesh 35.52 37.02 1042
Assam 312.23 199.15 638
Bihar 108.15 124.80 1154
Chhattisgarh 248.60 143.86 579
Goa 0.78 1.81 2319
Gujarat 2863.64 5445.08 1901
Haryana 608.35 1177.65 1936
Himachal Pradesh 10.82 6.46 597
Jammu & Kashmir 51.77 39.91 771
Jharkhand 398.66 296.59 744
Karnataka 1112.92 969.60 871
Kerala 1.33 0.39 293
Madhya Pradesh 7191.20 7250.28 1008
Maharashtra 4450.30 5220.04 1173
Manipur 36.65 31.47 859
Meghalaya 14.27 15.10 1058
Mizoram 2.32 2.67 1148
21
Nagaland 66.33 69.72 1051
Odisha 149.44 107.99 723
Punjab 39.84 58.80 1476
Rajasthan 4746.93 6800.87 1433
Sikkim 6.30 5.81 923
Tamil Nadu 395.31 944.18 2388
Telangana 378.20 639.03 1690
Tripura 16.52 13.57 822
Uttar Pradesh 1195.70 1189.82 995
Uttarakhand 27.80 26.21 943
West Bengal 911.83 1066.87 1170
A & N Islands 0.00 0.00 529
D & N Havelli 0.03 0.02 493
Delhi 3.61 4.54 1258
Puducherry 0.39 0.89 2264
All India 26290.46 32684.41 1243
Source-Government of India Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare

Chart Title
All India
D & N Havelli
Uttarakhand
Telangana
Rajasthan
Nagaland
Manipur
Kerala
Jammu & Kashmir
Gujarat
Bihar
Andhra Pradesh
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000

Area ( Hect.) 2 Production (Tonnes) 3 Yield (Kgs./Hect.) 4

22
Table 1.9 Different Countries Normal Area, Production and Yield of Onion

STATE

Table1.10. State wise production and area covered for sugarcane:

Area Production Yield
State/UT
('000 Hect.) ('000 Tonnes) (Kgs./Hect.)
Andhra Pradesh 102.40 7958.25 77717
Arunachal Pradesh 1.89 40.38 21339
Assam 30.46 1140.10 37429
Bihar 233.36 14641.01 62739
Chhattisgarh 29.67 1057.08 35633
Gujarat 164.74 11607.68 70460
Goa 0.52 25.85 49777
Haryana 102.80 8156.66 79345
Himachal Pradesh 1.77 32.37 18295
Jammu & Kashmir 0.04 0.06 1500
Jharkhand 5.16 359.33 69606
Karnataka 423.50 35387.19 83559
Kerala 1.09 118.70 109202

23
Madhya Pradesh 105.20 5631.30 53529
Maharashtra 901.50 73601.21 81643
Manipur 4.69 271.81 57956
Meghalaya 0.12 0.37 3003
Mizoram 1.52 47.03 30865
Nagaland 4.42 192.43 43516
Odisha 6.78 416.86 61502
Punjab 92.00 7371.67 80127
Rajasthan 5.65 435.18 77007
Tamil Nadu 188.00 18578.99 98824
Telangana 33.00 2453.38 74345
Tripura 0.75 39.87 52882
Uttar Pradesh 2199.00 164368.28 74747
Uttarakhand 92.57 6380.24 68923
West Bengal 18.51 1584.94 85634
A & N Islands 0.07 2.94 41084
D & N Havelli 0.21 13.50 63778
Puducherry 1.20 153.09 127191
All India 4752.73 362067.75 76181

Chart Title
400000
350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0

Area ('000 Hect.) Production ('000 Tonnes) Yield (Kgs./Hect.)

24
1.2.5 GRAPES:
Table 1.11 Production of Grapes of Different Countries

Rank Country/region 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017

11,200,00
1 China 14,314,100 14,195,400 13,666,800 13,082,900
0

2 Italy 8,149,400 8,222,360 7,900,120 8,513,640 7,169,745

3 Spain 6,086,920 6,817,770 5,745,450 6,983,260 5,387,403

4 United States 5,488,470 5,479,400 6,314,915 6,890,980 6,698,520

5 France 5,073,580 5,884,230 5,489,650 6,267,790 5,011,054

6 Turkey 3,670,000 4,208,908 4,100,000 3,933,000 4,200,000

7 India 3,358,000 3,181,000 3,041,000 2,920,000 2,922,000

8 Chile 2,581,108 2,434,664 2,714,691 2,828,021 2,383,095

9 Argentina 2,241,420 2,055,746 2,519,886 2,573,311 1,965,206

10 South Africa 2,000,297 2,008,242 1,883,869 1,901,736 2,032,582

11 Iran 1,888,802 1,982,604 1,945,930 1,915,050 1,765,538

12 Australia 1,885,537 1,474,911 1,553,602 1,663,557 1,824,431

13 Brazil 1,748,197 1,435,596 1,485,806 1,592,031 1,743,430

14 Uzbekistan 1,695,259 1,606,942 1,603,308 1,589,784 1,625,511

Fig.1.2 Showing the countries producing Grapes

25
Table1.12 State-wise Area, Production & Productivity of Grapes during 2001-02.

Area
Production Productivity
State (‘000
(‘000 MT) (MT/Ha.)
Ha.)
Maharashtra 32.50 911.60 28.10
Karnataka 10.00 169.70 16.90
Tamil Nadu 2.40 51.70 22.00
Punjab 1.40 36.70 27.00
Andhra Pradesh 1.50 29.40 20.00
Haryana 1.10 6.40 5.70
Madhya Pradesh 0.10 2.60 25.00
Mizoram 0.20 0.60 3.20
Jammu & Kashmir 0.20 0.30 1.60
Others 0.10 0.60 -
TOTAL 49.50 1209.60 24.40
Source: Database of National Horticulture Board, Ministry of Agriculture , Govt. of India.

26
 Chart Title
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%

Area (‘000 Ha.) Production (‘000 MT) Productivity (MT/Ha.)

27
1.3.Crops Seleted with general Information

1.3.1 MAIZE -:

Scenario in world:
Currently, nearly 1147.7 million MT of maize is being produced together by over 170 countries
from an area of 193.7 million ha with average productivity of 5.75 t/ha (FAOSTAT, 2020). The global
consumption pattern of maize is: feed-61%, food-17% and industry-22%.
Present Agriculture Scenario in India:
During 2018-19 in India, the maize area has reached to 9.2 million ha (DACNET, 2020). During
1950-51 India used to produce 1.73 million MT maize, which has increased to 27.8 million MT by 2018-
19, recording close to 16 times increase in production.
Present Agriculture Scenario in Maharastra :
Maize production of Maharashtra rocketed by 26.55 % from 1.77 million tonnes in 2019 to
2.24 million tonnes in 2020. Since the 11.59 % slump in 2018, maize production plummeted by 26.56
% in 2020.

Fig.1.3 Maize Crop

Botanical name : Zea mays

Family : Gramineae (poaceae)

Common name:Makka, , Maize

Climate :
Maize does well on a wide range of climatic conditions, and it is grown in the tropical as
well as temperate regions, from sea-levels up to altitudes of 2500m. It is however
susceptibleto frost at all stages of its growth.
Soil:
28
 Maize can be grown successfully in variety of soils ranging from loamy sand to
clay loam. However, soils with good organic matter content having high water holding
capacity with neutral pH are considered good for higher productivity. Being a sensitive
crop to moisturestress particularly excess soil moisture and salinity stresses; it is desirable
to avoid low lying fields having poor drainage and also the field having poor drainage and
also the field having higher salinity. Therefore, the fields having provision of proper
drainage should be selected forcultivation of maize.
Land Preparation:
Maize requires a firm and compact seedbed free from stubbles and weed. One deep
ploughing should be given, followed by two or three harrowing to bring the soil to a fine
tilt. Add 10-15 tons of FYM or compost before last harrowing and mix thoroughly with
harrow.

SEED AND SOWING:

Selection of seed:
Seed should be free from insect, pest and disease free. It should be free from weed seed.
It should be purchased from reliable sources. It should be high germination percentage.
Seed treatment:
To protect the maize crop from seed and major soil borne diseases and insect-pests, seed treatment
with fungicides and insecticides before sowing is advisable/ recommended as per the below given
details.
Sowing method:
Maize seed should be sown with dibbling or drilling method. It is depending on
Purposeof sowing, type of maize, varieties and farm condition. Seed should not be sown
More 56 cm depth of soil.
Seed rate :
To achieve higher productivity and resource-use efficiencies optimum plant stand
Is thekey factor. The seed rate varies depending on purpose, seed size, plant type, season,
Sowing methods etc. seed rate – 20 kg/ha, Plant geometry (plant x row, cm) – 60 x 20, Plant
population-83333 seeds.
Nutrient management :
Among all the cereals, maize in general and hybrids in particular are responsive to
nutrients applied either through organic or inorganic sources. The rate of nutrient
Application depends mainly on soil nutrient status/balance and cropping system. For
Obtaining desirable yields, the doses of applied nutrients should be matched with the soil
Supplying capacity and plant demand (Site-specific nutrient management approach) by
Keeping in view of the preceding crop (cropping system). Response of maize to applied
Organic manures is notable and hence integrated nutrient management (INM) is very
Important nutrient management strategy in maize based production systems. Therefore,
For higher economic yield of maize, application of FYM 10 ton /ha, 10-15 days prior to
Sowing supplemented with 150-180 kg N,70-80 kg P2O5, 70-80 kg K2O and 25 kg ZnSO4
Ha-1 is recommended. Full doses of P, K andZn should be applied as basal preferably
Drilling of fertilizers in bands along the seed using seed-cum-fertilizer drills. Nitrogen
Should be applied in 5-splits as detailed below for higher productivity and use efficiency.
N application at grain filling results in better grain filling. Therefore, nitrogen should be
applied in five splits as per below mentioned for higher N use efficiency.
29
 Water management:
The irrigation water management depends on season as about 80 per cent of maize
Is cultivated during monsoon season particularly under rain fed conditions. However, in
Areas with assured irrigation facilities are available, depending upon the rains and
moisture holding capacity of the soil, irrigation should be applied as and when required
by the crop And first irrigation should be applied very carefully wherein water should not
overflow on the ridges/beds. In general, the irrigation should be applied in furrows up to
2/3rd height Of the ridges/beds. Young seedlings, knee high stage (V8), flowering (VT)
and grain filling (GF) arethe most sensitive stages for water stress and hence irrigation
should Ensure at these stages. Inraised bed planting system and limited irrigation water
Availability conditions, the irrigation water can also be applied in alternate furrow to save
More irrigation water. In rain fed areas, tied-ridges are helpful in conserving the rainwater
For its availability in the root zone for longerperiod. For winter maize, it is advisable to
Keep soil wet (frequent & mild irrigation) during 15 December to 15 February to protect
the crop from frost injury.
Weed management:
Weeds are the serious problem in maize, particularly during Kharif /monsoon
Season they compete with maize for nutrient and causes yield loss up to 35 %. Therefore,
Timely weedmanagement is needed for achieving higher yield. Atrazine being a selective
And broad- spectrum herbicide in maize checks the emergence of wide spectrum of weeds.
Pre-emergenceapplication of Atrazine are effective way for control of many annual and
Brod leaved weeds. While spraying, following precautions should be taken care by the
Person during spray, he should move backward so that the Atrazine film on the soil surface
may not be disturbed. Preferably three boom flat fan nozzle should be used for proper
ground coverage and saving time. One to two hoeing are recommended for aeration and
uprooting of the remaining weeds,if any. While doing hoeing, the person should move
backward to avoid compaction and betteraeration.
Diseases and Insect Pests:
Diseases:
Leaf Blight:
Manifestation of oval to round, yellowish-purple spots on leaves. The affected Leaves dry
up and appear as if burnt. In severe cases, the plants may become stunted, Resulting in
poorly- formed ears.
Control: The crop can be sprayed with Dithane M-45 or Indofil @ 35-40 gm or Blue
Copper @ 55 -60 gm in 18 liters water, 2 -3 sprays at 15 days interval, will effectively
control the disease.
Insect pests :
1. Stem borer: Chilo partellus (Crambidae : Lepidoptera)
Distribution and status : India, Pakistan, SriLanka, Indonesia, Iraq, Japan, Uganda,
Taiwan,Sudan,Nepal, Bangladesh and Thailand.
Hostr ange: Jowar, bajra, sugarcane and rice

30
Damage symptoms:
It infests the crop a month after sowing and upto emergence of cobs. Central shoot with erring
leading to“dead heart”is the typical damage symptom. Bore holes are visible onthe stem near
the nodes. Young larva crawls and feeds on tender folded leaves causing typical “shot hole”
symptom .Affected parts of stemmay show internally tunneling caterpillars.
Life History:The adult moth is medium sized, straw coloured.It lays flat oval eggs in batches
on the under surface of leaves near the midribs.The fecundity is about 25eggs per female. The
incubation period is 2-5 days.The larva is yellowish brown with a brown headwhich mines
the midrib enter the stem and feeds on the internal tissues.The larval period is 28-50 days with
7 instars.It pupates within the stem for 2-15 days. Theadult longevityis2-12 days.
ETL:10%dead hearts.
Management:
i) Grow resistant cultivars like Him 129, Ganga 4 ,5,7 and 9, Gangasafed 2, Deccan 101
and 103, Him 123, Ageti ,C1, 3and7,Kanchan, Kundan
ii) Sowlablaborcowpeaasanintercropto minimize the stem or er damage(4:1).
iii) Setup light trap till mid night to attract and kill the stem bore moths.
iv) Mix any one of the following insecticides with sand to make up the total quantityof 50
kg and apply in the leaf whorls - phorate 10 G 8 kg, carbofuran 3 G 17kg, carbaryl +
lindane 4G 20 kg, (or) carbary l50WP 1 kg (500L sprayfluid/ha).
v) Collect the stubbles after harvest and burn to destroy diapausing borers.

2. Pink stem borer: Sesamia inferens (Noctuidae:Lepidoptera)

Distribution and status: India, Pakistan, Malaysia, Taiwan, Burma, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,
South East, Asia, China, Korea, Japan and Indonesia.
Host range: Sorghum, maize, rice, wheat, sugarcane, bajra, ragi and guinea grass.
Damage symptoms: Pink larva enters into the stem causing dead heart symptom smilar to
that of stem borer.
Life History : The adult moth is straw-coloured with white wings.The larva is pinkish brown
with darkhead.The life cycle is completed in 45-75 days. There are 4-6 generations per year.
Management:
i) Grow resistant cultivars like Deccan 101 and 103
ii) Spray endosulfan 35 EC 1.0 L/ha at every 20 days interval after germination of the crop.
3. Cornworm / Earworm: Helicoverpa armigera, (Noctuidae : Lepidoptera)
Damage symptoms: Larva feeds on silk and developing grains.
Life History: Adult is brown coloured moth with a ‘V’ shaped speck on fore wings and has
a dull black border on the hind wing . Larva is green with dark broken grey lines and dark
pale bands; shows color variation from greenish to brown.
Management: Apply at silk drying stage either carbaryl 10 D 25 kg/ha (or) spray carbary
l50% WP 1.0 kg/ha in 500-600 L of water per ha. Repeat the insecticidal application15
dayslater

31
Harvesting :
Cobs which are to be utilized as grain should be harvested when the grains are almost dry or
containing roughly 20 % moisture. The appearance in the grains of Composite and highyielding
varieties however may be misleading as grains become dry While the stalk and leavesare still green.
The cobs are removed from the standing crop And sun dried before shelling, otherwise retained in
their jackets, if kept for seed or to be Consumed or utilized at a later stage.For sweet corn harvesting,
harvest when tassels begin To turn brown and cobs start to swell
Kernels should be full and milky. Pull ears downward And twist to take off stalk. For the Babycorn,
harvested young cobs, especially when the Silks have either not emerged or just emerged,and no
fertilization has taken place, Depending on the cultivar grown.

Yield:
Officials said the world average of maize yield was 2,357 kg per acre although it was much
higher in the United States of America (USA) at 4,262 kg per acre. In the country, the average maize yield
during 2019-20 was 1,973 kg per acre and in Telangana in the last five years yield of maize has been 2,600
kg per acre.
Top 3 Country of maize production in world :
1) USA (31.52 %)
2)China (22.38%)
3) Brazil (9.52%)
Top 3 State of maize production India :

32
1)Andhra Pradesh (20.9 %) 2)Karnataka (16.5 %)
3)Madhya pradesh (11.37 %)

1.3.2 PIGEON PEA :

Botanical name: Cajanus cajan

Family: Fabaceae
Common name:
TurOrigin: India

Climate:
Climate Requirement Pigeon pea is
predominantly a crop of tropical areas mainly
cultivated in semi arid regions of India. Pigeon pea can be grown with a temperature ranging
from 26°C to 30°C in the rainy season (June to October) and 17°C to 22°C in the post rainy
(November to March) season
Soil :
It is successfully grown in black cotton soils, well drained with a p H ranging from 7.0
– 8.5. Pigeon pea responds well to properly tilled and we ll drained seedbed.
Seed and sowing:
Sowing of pigeon pea should be done from 15 June to 15 July according to varieties. Seeds
should be treated with captan or thiram before sowing. Sowing should always be done in
rows. Distance from plant to plant should be kept at 30 cm and row to row should be kept at
60-75 cm at the time of sowing

33
 Nutrient management :
Pigeonpea requires heavy doses of the nutrients, hence care should be taken that the crop
does not suffer due to lack of nutrients. A crop of pigeonpea yielding 2 t/ha grains and 5.4t/ha
sticks removed 115 kg N and 16 kg P on sandy loam soils of AIRI .

Water management:
Pigeon pea uses about 20-25 cm water to produce about 11 ha-1 of grain under
traditional production systems. Most pigeon pea-growing regions in India receives 60-140
cmannual rainfall. The moisture available in soils is generally sufficient to meet pigeon pea’s
requirements in northern and central India.
Weed management :
Among the pulses, pigeon pea is only crop that has characteristically slow initial
growthrate making it less competitive with weeds are not controlled in time. In traditional
productionsystems, intercropping is able to reduce weed infestation by 50 to 70 percent.
Disease management:
1. Pod borer Helicoverpa armigera Noctuidae : Lepidoptera
It is a polyphagous and cosmopolitan pest, widely distributed in India it is serious pest of
gramand tur crops.
Marks of Identification: The moths are stout, light yellowish brown with a wing expanse of
about 37mm. The forewings are pale brown with some black dots and the hind wings are lighter
in colour with smoky dark margins. The caterpillar are greenish with darker broken grey line
along the sides ofthe body. They are 37 to 50 mm in length, when full grown.
Nature of Damage: The caterpillars feed on tender foliage and young pods. They make holes in
thepods and eat the developing seed by inserting the anterior portion of their body inside the pods.
Singlelarva is capable of damaging many pods. Thus, heavy losses in yields are incurred under
heavy infestation level.
Host Plants: Besides, gram it infests cotton, tomato, peas, tobacco, safflower, jowar, maize etc.
Life History: The females lay shining greenish whitish yellow eggs, spherical in shape, singly on
thetender parts of the plants or flower buds. A single female may lay as many as 741 eggs in 4
days. Theeggs hatch in about 6 to 7 days. On hatching, the caterpillars start feeding on tender
leaves and shootsand after pod formation begins, they bore into the pod and eat developing
grains and become fullgrown in 14 to 15 days and descend to the ground and pupate in earthen
cocoons in the soil near theplants. Their pupal period lasts from one week to a month. The
pest is active from November toMarch. There may be as many as 8 generations in a year on
different crops
Management Practices :
A) Preventive: Ploughing the field after harvest of crop to destroy the pupae. Hand
picking ofcaterpillars during initial stages of attack. Use of light trap or pheromone traps.

34
 B) Chemical control :
i) Application of formothion or quinalphos or phosalone 0.05% spray, or or phenthoate 2% or
quinalphos 1.5% or phosalone 4% or malathion 5% or methyl paration 2% dust at 50%
flowering stage or as soon as pest incidence is noticed, if necessary second spraying / dusting
should be undertaken 15 days after the first application.
ii) Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus of Helicoverpa armingera (HaNPV) @ 250 LE/ha be applied
instead of insecticidal application in alternation with insecticide.
2. Tur pod caterpillar (Tur plume moth)
Marks of Identification: The moths are slender, about 12 mm long and are grey with long
narrow wings. The fore wings are divided into two parts and the hind wings are cut into three
parts and provided with fringed border. The full grown catrpillars are about 12 mm long
greenish brown in colour, covered with short hairs and spines.
Nature of Damage: The caterpillar cuts hole in pod, insert the head and feed from outside on
developing seed.
Host Plants: Tur and wal.
Life History: Minute eggs are laid singly on the tender shoots, leaves, flowers or pods and they
hatchin about 5 days. On hatching the caterpillars first scrape the surface of pods and gradually
cut holes and thrust their heads into the pods and feed on seeds. They become full grown in about
4 weeks andpupate on the surface of the pods. The pupal period lasts for 2 weeks. The total life
cycle is completedin about 7 weeks.
Management Practices of pod borer complex (Pod borer, plume moth, pod fly and spotted pod
borer:
i) Apply any one of the recommended insecticides commencing the first application at bud
formation stage. Recommended insecticides are phenthoate 0.07% or quinalphos. 0.04%
or phosalone 0.07% or monocrotophos 0.04% or dusting with methyl parathion 2% dust
@ 20 kg/ha.
ii) HaNPVbe applied to suppress the attack of H. armigera when 50 % flower buds are
noticed and next spray of endosulfan 0.07 % be preferably applied.
When severe tur pod fly attack is noticed, dimethoate 0.03% or monocrotophos 0.04% spray
be applied.

35
Harvesting:
The plants are usually cut with a sickle within 75 cm above the ground. Harvested
plantsshould be left in the field for sun drying for 3-6 days depending on season. Threshing
is done either by beating the pods with stick or using Pullman thresher.
Yield –
Yield With use of improved technology of agronomic practices pigeon pea may yield
about 25-30 q/ha from irrigated condition and 15-20 q/ha from un-irrigated condition.
(depending upon maturity group of variety and climate) and 50-60 q/ha of sticks for fuel, as
well.

36
1.3.3 ONION-:

Botanical Name: Allium cepa

Family: Amaryllidacea

Origin: Iran

Common Name: Onion

Fig.1.5 Onion Crop

Varieties: Bhima Super, Bhima Red, Bhima Raj, Bhima Dark Red

Climate:
Onion is a temperate crop but can be grown under a wide range of climatic conditions Such as
temperate, tropical and subtropical climate. The best performance can be obtained in a mild weather
without the extremes of cold and heat and excessive rainfall.
Land Preparation:
Maize requires a firm and compact seedbed free from stubbles and weed. One deep Ploughing
should be given, followed by two or three harrowing to bring the soil to a fine tilt. Add 10-15 tons of FYM
or compost before last harrowing and mix thoroughly with harrow.

Nutrient Management:
Taking into account the stock of plant available mineral nutrients in the top 60 cm soil layer
(onions also may effectively acquire mineral nutrients from up to 60 cm soil depth) a total supply of 120
to 140 kg N, 22–26 kg P and 150 kg K is recommended for onion production.
Sowing:
For direct sowing, the seed required in the main field is about 1.6-20 kg of certified seed.
In Maharashtra, seed for early kharif crop is sown in nursery in early June and transplanted by the end
of July, whereas the usual kharif onion seed IS sown in late August in nurseries and transplanted in mid-
October.
Water Management:
Water is the main limiting factor for low bulb yield in onion. The crop requires 350-500mm of water
over the growing season; hence, adequate moisture through irrigation is important in the production of
onions.

Weed Management:
1)Planting early maturing onion varieties.
2)Using clean seeds that are free from weed seeds.

37
3)Using irrigation water that is free from weed seeds.
4)Mulching.
5)Crop rotation.
6)Hand pulling/uprooting the weeds.

Pest And Disease In Onion:

1. Thrips(Thrips tabaci, Caliothrips indicus)

Distribution: Cosmopolitan pest.

Host range: Many vegetables, especially onion and garlic, ornamental plants, field crops as well
as many weeds and some grasses.
Marks of identification: The adult is pale yellow to dark brown, about 1-2 mm long, with
brownishblotches on the thorax and the median portion. The wings are yellow, fringed with long
hairs. The nymphs are whitish to green, about 0.25 mm long, with red eyes.
Bio-ecology:Reproduction is parthenogenetic. Females and nymphs occur throughout the year on
andaround host plants; the wingless males are rare. Females lay about 10-20 eggs and thrust
them into leaf and stem tissue. They live for several weeks. Nymphs hatch within 5 to 10 days,
and develop through four stages (instars) including a prepupal and a pupal stage, during a period
of 15-30 days. The first two instars are spent on the host plant whereas the later, non-feeding
stages hide in the soil.Up to eight generations can occur annually, dependent on the weather.
Nature of damage : Damage is caused by the feeding of nymphs and adults, who scrape the
surfaceof the center leaves and/or terminal buds and suck the exuding plant juices. This results
in silvery- white, mottled lesions on the leaves, which become distorted and curl upward; plant
growth is delayed.
Management practices: Spray with Dimethoate 30 EC @ 20 ml or Fenvelarate 20 EC @ 3.75
ml/10lit. water.

2.Purple blotch:
Disease symptoms

The symptoms occur on leaves and flower stalks as small, sunken, whitish flecks with purple coloured
centres.

The lesions may girdle leaves/stalk and cause their drooping. The infected plants fail to develop bulbs

Survival and spread

The disease is soil borne and fungus survives in soil, infected bulbs and may persist in plant debris or on
roots of weeds

38
Favourable conditions

Hot and humid climate with temperature ranging from 21-30°C and high relative humidity (80-90%)
favour the development of the disease.

Yield
Irrigated onion crop in rabi season gives an yield of 25-30 t/ha while under rainfed conditions it yields only
about 0.7-1.0 t/ha. Onion raised as an intercrop in sugarcane and turmeric, in alleys of young fruit garden
and banana garden, gives a yield of 5-9 t/ha. The small sized, pungent, local cluster type onion yields half
as compared to the large sized varieties.

39
40
1.3.4 Sugarcane:

Sugarcane, (Saccharum officinarum), perennial grass of the family Poaceae, primarily cultivated for its
juice from which sugar is processed. ... Other sugarcane products include molasses, rum, and cachaça (a
Brazilian alcohol), and the plant itself can be used as thatch and as livestock fodder.
Botanical Name: Saccharum officinarum

Family: Poaceae

Variety: Co.M.0265. Co-86032, Co-8371, Co-85004, Co-740, CoM-7125, Co-8014.

Soil And Climate:

Soil :
Acid soil -pH 5.6
Alkline Soil-pH 8.0
A well-drained loamy soil with neutral soil reaction (pH 6.5 to 7.5) and adequate nutrients and
without soil compaction is considered an ideal soil for sugarcane production.
It can grow on a variety of soils including black, alluvial, loamy and reddish loam.

Climate :
It is a tropical as well as a subtropical crop. It grows well in hot and humid climate with a temperature
of 21°C to 27°C and an annual rainfall between 75cm.

41
Preparation of land :
Plough the land deeply and level properly. Prepare furrows 25cm deep and 75cm apart for short
duration and 90cm apart for medium duration varieties. In hills tracts prepare pits in rows along the contour
at spacing of 30cm in the row and 75cm between the rows. For mid late varieties, an inter row spacing of
75cm is recommended.

Sowing :
Planting of sugarcane is done in three seasons that is suru- January-February, adsali - July-August
and pre seasonal- October-November for planting generally ridges and furrows are prepared on 100-120cm
spacing. For planting one Hectaree area 25-30 thousand three eye buded cane setts are required.

Nutrient management:
To provide all micronutrients to sugarcane, 50 kg /ha of micronutrient mixture containing 20 kg
Ferrous sulphate,10 kg Manganese sulphate, 10 kg Zinc sulphate, 5 kg of Copper sulphate, 5 kg of Borax
mixed with 100 kg of well decomposed FYM, can be recommended as soil application prior to planting.

Water Management:
The crop sown in trenches needs relatively less water but sandy soils and application of more
fertilizers increase the water uptake. On an average 1 ton cane needs about 60-70 tons of water or thin
varieties of cane need 150 cm thick canes and need 200 cm water and Adsali planted canes 200 cm, in
addition to 75 cm rainfall. The crop should be irrigated when available water reaches to 50% level

Weed management:
Pre- plant application of glyphosate at 2.0 kg ha-1 along with 2% ammonium sulphate at
21 days before planting of sugarcane followed by post emergence direct spraying of glyphosate at 2.0 kg ha-
1 along with 2% ammonium sulphate with a special hood on 30 DAP suppressed the nut sedges (Cyperus
rotandus) and provided weed

Disease management:
1. Early shoot borer
Economic importance: It is cosmopolitan and most serious pest of the sugarcane crop. The pest
is wide spread in all the cane growing areas of the state. It is more serious in the crop grown on
light soils and losses to the extent of 20 to 30% have been recorded.
Marks of identification : Adult moth is greyish brown or straw coloured with a wing expanse
of about 25 mm to 30 mm. Front wings are greyish brown with row of white dots along its apical
margin.
Hind wings are whitish. Full grown larva is cylindrical in shape with a dark brown head and dirty
white body and measures about 20 to 25 mm in length.
Nature of Damage: The attack of this pest is mostly noticed in the early stage of the crop. i.e.
up to 3 weeks after germination. The minute caterpillar on hatching initially feeds on the leaves
and later on enters into the young shoot and tunnels downwards.
In some cases the caterpillars enter the plants from the side of ground level by making
holes in the stalk and may bore either or both ways. Thus the central shoot dries up causing dead
heart which is characteristic sign of presence of the pest within the plant. The damage on the

42
 inner surfaceof a first leaf sheath, biting on the inner surface of stem and offensive smell emitted
by dead heart. Such dead hearts can be easily pulled out. If the attack is heavy immediately after
planting, replantingbecomes necessary for gap filling.
Host Plants: In addition to sugarcane crop this pest infests crops like jowar, maize and grasses.
Life History : A female lays about 300 or more eggs in groups of around 40 eggs on the
underside of the leaves and egg masses are covered with crimpson coloured hairs. The egg
period is about 6 days.The caterpillar becomes full fed within 4 to 6 weeks and pupates in a
larval tunnel in a silken membrane. Pupa is brownish and the pupal period continues for 7 to 10
days. Depending in a year. The pest hibernates over winters in larval stage in stubbles and is
more active during kharif.

2. Internode borer
Economic Importance: This pest was to be considered as a minor pest in Maharashtra but now
a days it is becoming a serious menace to the cultiviation of sugarcane crop.
Marks of Identification : Moths are medium sized with 12 mm long and 25 mm wing expanse,
strawcoloured with marginal dark line on the forewings and hind wings are white, full grown
caterpilars pink coloured with dark spots on the body.
Nature of Damage: The borer firstly acts as an early shoot borer causing dead hearts and later
as internode borer. The activity as an internode borer starts 3 to 4 months after planting and
continues till the harvest. However, 80% attack is on the first five internodes. Due to feeding of
caterpillar in the stem, galleries are formed inside the cane, they are filled by excreta leading to
reddish appearanceand canes become hard. The processing cost of damaged hard cane is more.
The juice quality and weight of canes are adversely affected.
Host plants : Besides sugarcane this pest attacks jowar, maize, bajra, grasses etc.
Life History:Oval scale like whitish eggs are laid in clusters of 16 to 55 overlapping each other on the under
surface of leaves, by the side of midribs. On an average a female lays about 11 to 20 such egg masses. The
egg stage lasts for 3 to 6 days. The larval period is about one month during which itmoults 5 times during
optimum conditions. Pupation takes place in pupal cell in the stem. The pupal stage lasts for about a week.
Depending upon the climatic conditions the life cycle is completed in about 30 to 40 days. There are about
8 generations in a year.

43
Harvesting:
The crop is harvested by cutting the plants with a sickle close to the ground, in March-April.
Thrashing is the next process, and this involves the separation of the grain from the spike. Thrashing is
generally done under the feet of bullocks or by Thrashing machines. After Thrashing the wheat is winnowed
and sifted.

Yield:
The average cane yields of the major states of the region including Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat is around 80 tonnes per Hectaree.

Sugarcane Producing States of India:

Apart from Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Karnataka, the other sugarcane-producing states in India are
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Gujarat, Bihar, Haryana, Goa, and Punjab. Sugar is produced from
sugarcane. Please find below the statistics on sugar production in different states.

• Uttar Pradesh produced 105.62 lakh tonnes of sugar till April 2021.
• Maharashtra produced 105.63 lakh tonnes of sugar till April 2021.
• In the same time period, the third-largest producer of sugar, Karnataka, produced 41.67 lakh tonnes
of sugar.
• The sugar production in Gujarat stood at 10.15 lakh tonnes, and Tamil Nadu’s production stood at
6.04 lakh tonnes.
• The states of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Punjab,
Rajasthan, and Chhattisgarh collectively produced 30.04 lakh tonnes by April 30, 2021.

44
 1.3.5 Grapes:

Botanical Name: Vitis vinifera.

Family: Vitaceae
Common Name: Grape
Variety: Manikchaman, SSN, Clone, Super Sonaka.
Origin:
Grape cultivation is believed to have originated in Armenia near the Caspian Sea in Russia, from
where it spread westward to Europe and eastward Iran and Afghanistan. Grapes was introduced in
India in 1300 AD by invaders from Iran and Afghanistan.
Soil And Climate:
The crop performs best in well-drained rich loamy soil with a pH of 6.5 - 7.0 with lowwater table
with EC less than 1.0. Soil depth should be at least 1 m.
Field Preparation And Planting:
Land is leveled by a tractor or bulldozer as per the requirement, soil type and gradient.Incase of drip
irrigation, leveling need not be perfect.Grape is usually propagated by hard wood cuttings, though
propagation by seed, soft wood cuttings, layering, grafting and budding is also used in some cases.
The grapevines are usually planted in pits. The size of the pit dependsupon the spacing of the vines
and also on the he specific requirements of the variety. The depth may vary from 60 to 90 cm.
depending upon the soil type. Wider spacing (1.2 m. X 1.2 m.) is required in case of vigorous
varieties like Anab-e-Shahi and Bangalore Blue.
A little less than that is (i.e. 90 X 90 cm.) is required in case of varieties viz. ThompsonSeedless,
Perlette and Beauty Seedless. In central Maharashtra and northern parts of Karnatakathe spacing
adopted for Thompson seedless and its mutants is 1.8m X 2.4 m. Open the trenchesof 2.5’ depth and
2.5’ width in North – South direction of desired length This should be done at least one month prior
to planting. The recommended spacing between rows is about 9 - 10 ft. Fill the trenches with top

45
soil, FYM, green manure, super phosphate, etc. and irrigate copiously. The pits need to be opened
about a month before planting. At the time of planting, open the pits at the desi red planting distance
(5 - 6 ft for table grapes). Plant the rooted cuttingsin the opened pits irrigate immediately to avoid
transplanting shock and field mortality. Planting is usually avoided during the rainy season. The
best time for planting is February- March in North India November-January in the peninsular India.
In Karnataka and Tamil Naduit is usually planted during December-January, due to the fact that
rainy season lasts upto end of November.
Irrigation:
Irrigation practices vary considerably in different regions of India depending upon the rainfall
pattern, time of pruning, different growth stages, water-holding capacity of soil, variety grown,
training system followed and spacing of vines. Irrigation is provided once in every three days in
newly planted vineyards by allowing water into a small circular basin of50 cm. radius.With the
increase in growth rate the size of the basin increases to a radius of 2m. In case of dripirrigation, only
one emitter is placed at the base of the vine. The number emitters gradually increases to two and
then four which are shifted about 30 or 40cm. away from the stem depending upon the variety and
spacing of the vines. Heavy irrigation is provided soon after pruning in order to wet the entire root
zone thoroughly and induce active growth in the vine. Light irrigation of 50-75mm. (5.0-7.5 L./ha.)
is given is given at an interval of 10-12 days during winter and 5-7 days in summers. In the event
of rainfall during that interval, the next irrigation is either omitted or delayed Irrigation frequency
is reduced during anthesis, fruiting stage and also after berry softening to improve fruit quality.

Manures And Fertilizers:

The manures should be applied twice after pruning. Apply half the dose of potash immediately after
pruning and the other half after 60 days of pruning. Foliar spray of 0.1% Boric acid + 0.2% ZnSO4
+ 1.0% Urea twice before flowering and 10 days after first spray should be done to overcome
nutrient deficiency. Application of growth regulators also helps in improving the fruit quality.
Application of 20 ppm. of Gibberellic acid (GA) (2g./100 l. water) at full. bloom followed by
dipping of bunches in 75 ppm. of GA solution at fruit set stage increases the bunch and berry size
of seedless varieties. Similar kind of treatment given to seeded varieties does not give the same
kind of result. Pre-bloom application of SADH (1500 ppm.) and CCC (1200 ppm.) increases fruit
set and yields in Thompson Seedless and Anab-e-Shahi cultivars of grapes.
Pest and Disesaes:
1. Flea beetle or Udadya Beetle (Scelodonta strigicollis)
It causes severe damage to buds and tender shoots. The damage may extend from11 to 31%.
Distribution: It is widely distributed all over India.
Host range: Specific to grapevine, however recorded on pangara.
Marks of identification :Adult is small, shining flea beetle with metallic bronze colourand 6
dark spots on the elytra. Grub is small, dirty white. Bio-ecology: A female lays 200-600 eggs in her
lifetimeof about 8 months. Eggs are laid in crevices of vines and under bark and hatch within 4-8
days. Larvagrows in 35-45 days and pupates in soil, 6-8 cm deep in earthen cells. Pupal period is
7-10 days. Adultbeetles hibernate under the bark from November - March. Pest is very

46
 destructive to fresh flush afterpruning. Four overlapping generations are completed in a year.
Nature of damage: Adults feed voraciously on sprouting buds and tender shoots soon after
pruning.Buds dry up and do not develop. Beetles also feed on mature leaves giving shot hole
appearance. Grubs feed on roots but do not cause severe damage.
Management practices :
i) Remove the loose bark and spray with Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 3 ml or Lamda
cyhalothrin 4.9 @ 2.5 g or Malathion 50 EC @ 10 ml/10 lit. water.
ii) First spraying immediately after pruning and second spraying 10 days aftersprouting.

2. Thrips(Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus)
Host range: It feeds on mango, pomegranate, rose, guava, jackfruit, cashew. Marks of
identification:Adults are minute with black wings having fringes. Females are dark brown, males
bright yellow. Nymphs are reddish.
Bio-ecology: Both sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction occurs. A female lays about 50 eggs. Eggis
laid in leaf tissues which hatch in 3-8 days. Nymphal period is 11-22 days. Pupation takes place in
soil. Pupal period is 2-5 days. Adult longevity of male is 2 to 6 days while female 18-20 days. Life
cycle is completed in 14-33 days. There are 5-8 generations in a year. Pests overwinter in pupal stagein
soil. Pest is active in summer.
Nature of damage : Both nymphs and adults scrape the ventral surface of leaves, flower stalks,
berriesand suck the oozing cell sap. As a result affected leaves show silvery white scorchy patches
with curlytips, flowers shed and scab formation noticed on infested berries.
Management practices:-
i) Spray Fipronil 80 WG @ 0.625 g or Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 3 g or Emamectin benzoate 5
SG @ 2.2 g or Lamda cyhalothrin 4.9 CS @ 2.5 g/10 lit. water.
First spray immediately after in April and

47
Yield:
In North India, plants start fruiting after two years of planting. Berries start ripening
from the end of May in early varieties. However, most of the varieties are harvested after they
have changed colour near the tip and have become sweet. A day prior to picking, the broken,
decayed, deformed, under-sized berries are removed. The clusters are usually harvested during
the early hours of the day before the temperature rises above 200 C.
Yield varies according to variety and climatic conditions etc. The average yield of
Anab-e-Shahi and Bangalore blue is 40-50 tonnes/ha while that of seedless varieties is 20
tonnes/ha. Average yield of 20-25 tonnes/ha. is considered good.

48
 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Navadkar et.al.(2012) studied economic analysis of Kharif maize in Pune District. From study it has observed
that the economics of production marketing of kharif maize in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra state and
concluded the per Hectare gross income receivedFrom maize was Rs. 42350, Rs. 43580 and Rs. 43320 in
small, medium and large holding Respectively. The input – output ratio of total cost for kharif maize was
1.06 indicated that Maize is a profitable crop enterprises.
Jain et.al.(2019) studied economic analysis of Karif maize cultivation in Solapur District of
Maharashtra, India . From study it has observed that the result revealed that Cost – A was Rs.49631.66 in
which share of Cost –B was Rs.65483.72 while that of Cost – C was Rs.71276.94. Gross return was found to
be Rs.92475.42 and net profit was Rs.21198.48. The B:C ratio was 1.29.
Karthick et.al. (2022) studied Co-Integration for Onion Market in Tamil Nadu,India. This study
is aimed to examine onion market integration in tamil nadu. Fluctuation in market arrivals and consistent
deman largely contribute to the price instability and market integrationof onion market. onion is an important
horticultural commodity cultivated in india, which has strategic and economic values. The onion was
cultivated an area of 14.30 lakh Hectares duringthe year 2019-20 accounting for 13.87 percent of country
vegetable area (Ministry of agriculture and farmers welfare, GOI, 2019-20). Globally, India occupies the
second position after china in onion Karnataka (9.78 %), Gujarat (5.44%) and Tamil Nadu (4.16 %) (Ministry
of Agriculture and farmers welfare, GOI, 2021-22). Onion is grown in 33800 ha. with a production of 2.6
lakh tonnes during 2019-2020 in Tamil Nadu (season and crop report of Tamil Nadu, 2019-20). The major
supplier of onion to Tamil Nadu state is Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Gujarat. the onion
supply to Tamil Nadu is highly fluctuating and stable during the month of May-July. Theoretically, this
commodity is categorized like rice, eggs, or meat that is not too sensitive to price changes (inelastic)
(Damanhuri and Findi,2014) but regulated by a policy to stabilize food sovereignty, that is targeted to escalate
production, market stabilization, and improve prosperity of business actors.

Kumar et.al (2014) studied economic analysis of sugarcane in Meerut District. From study it has
observed that the estimated per hectare cost of sugarcane (planted) was Rs. 89712.33, net returns amounted
to Rs. 16914.66/ha, the cost of production per quintal was estimated to be Rs 160.91 and the profit margin
was Rs. 42.35. The estimated per hectare cost of sugarcane (ratoon) was Rs. 78668.60, net returns
amounted to Rs. 85741.30/ha, the cost of production per quintal was estimated to be Rs. 98.00 and the
profit margin was Rs. 106.94. The benefit cost analysis of the sugarcane (planted) fetched 1.18 times return
over cost invested, whereas in sugarcane (ratoon) fetched 2.08 times returns over cost invested.

Janjire et.al (2015) studied economic analysis of sugarcane in Pune District. From study it has
observed that Cost-C was highest Rs. 193177.47 on drip farm followed that of Rs. 164498.02 on surface
farm. Returns from main produce were higher Rs. 360888.00 in drip sugarcane farm as compared with Rs.
242924.00 on surface sugarcane farm. The returns from by produce were higher Rs. 15402.00 in drip farms
as compared with Rs. 11764.00 in surface sugarcane farms. Output-input ratio was higher as 1.95 on drip
sugarcane farms than that of 1.55 on surface sugarcane farms, because production was greater on drip
irrigation farm as compared to surface irrigation farm. Per tonne cost of sugarcane production was higher
Rs. 2200.00 on surface sugarcane farms, while that was Rs. 1083.73 in drip sugarcane farms.
Jawanjal et.al.(2015) studied economic analysis of sugarcane cultivation in konkan region . From
study it has observed that in suru sugarcane group per hectare cost ‘A’ was Rs. 75,423, cost ‘B’ was Rs.
1,15,600 and cost ‘C’ was Rs. 1,43,664 while in ratoon sugarcane group per hectare cost ‘A’ was Rs. 48,228,
cost ‘B’ was Rs. 71,693 and cost ‘C’ was Rs. 88,873, respectively. The net returns in suru sugarcane group

49
were Rs. 1,63,286, Rs. 1,23,109 and Rs. 95,045 at cost ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’, respectively while in ratoon sugarcane
group net returns were Rs. 91,339, Rs. 67,874 and Rs. 50,694 at cost ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’, respectively .

Attri et al. (2015) Significant variation among the 47 genotype of onion was observed for all the traits plant
height, leaf length, leaves per plant, polar and equatorial diameter of bulbs, average bulb weight, total soluble
solids and total yield quintal/hectare. Onion is most important crop cultivated throughout the world and utilized
as spice and condiment.

Chhina et al. (2015) Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the major vegetable crops grown in different parts of
India mainly by small and marginal farmers. Generally, the onion seeds are sown in nursery and transplanted
with row to row spacing of 15cmand plants to plants spacing of 7.5cm to get optimum yield.

Fitiwy et. al. (2015) Two chemical insecticides including Dimethoate 40% E.C and Lambda-
Cyhalothrin(Karate 5 E.C), and five botanical extracts obtained from neem(Azadirachta indica), Mexican
marigold (Tagetus minuta), and Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) and Jimson weed (Datura stramonium) were use
to tested for their controlling effect on onion thrips.

Sugarcane pricing in Karnataka State (Chavan 1997)) has studied that the most pressing problem faced by the
sugar industry is to ensure cane supplies’ at stable price. The cultivators find it easy to change their cropping
pattern from years depending upon market fluctuations. The study is related to the pricing policy of Central
Government, State Government the bases of price fixation in Karnataka. The main objective ofto study the
Central Government policy ofsugarcane prices and to study the system under which sugarcane price’s are
determined in Karnataka and to evaluate the trends of sugarcane prices in Karnataka and India and to a certain
the effect of price policy on cost structure of the factories under private and co-operative hands. The data were
collected by personally by conducting field work. There are inter-regional, inter-sectoral & inter-class
differences in the process of formation of the price offered by cane by the sugar industry for the more at factory
level. The prices are fixed differently, the pricing of sugar cane has always been a controversial issue leading
to bone of contention among the experts. The price of sugarcane should be lined to cost of cultivation. In
harvesting ofsugarcane, plenty ofsugarcane growers are forced to delay for 4 to 5 month’s for supply of rotoon
crops thus affecting the yield and delay in further cultivation. Therefore timely letting of sugarcane is needed.

G.R. Chintala.(2022) studid Creating Agricultural Markets of Future and Way Ahead At the outset I
would like to thank the Indian society of agricultural marketing for inviting me to deliver the in
agricultural address in its 35th National conference of Indian society of agricultural and then an
agricultural and then an agricultural development banker I have been keenly following the
improvement in agricultural marketing system over the years and I would like to share a few of my
thoughts in this address. The novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic which had rapidly spread
across the world last year adversely affected the livesand livelihoods of millions across the globe.
During this tumultuous financial year 2020-21, Indian economy shrank by 7.3%. agricultural has
emerged as the silver lining with record – breaking agricultural production and agri-GDP rising by
3.63% providing the cushion to the economic shock induced by covid. the economic contraction is
generally expected to have a profound adverse impact on standard of living, poverety levels and other
socio-economic indicators. However highest ever food grain production and growth in agri-GDP have
workedas a panacea preventing a bad situation from turning much worse.

50
 .
3.METHODOLOGY

Scientific investigation in Agriculture economics need method of data collection,analytical technique,

etc. to arrive at proper conclusions. The purpose of study was to discover the truth underlying a particular
phenomenon with the help of actual data and interpreting then appropriately.
3.1 Sample Design:

District Solapur Tahsil South Solapur Village Ghodatanda

3.1.1 Selection of area for study:

In study area farmers are economically stable and agriculture production was at increasing rate.
Therefore was purposively select GHODATANDA for the present study.
3.1.2 Selection of Tahsil:
South Solapur tahsil for RAWE . program for the purpose of village study , variety of crops cultivated
by farmers and cultivation practice they follow in their area.
3.1.3 Selection of village:
GHODATANDA village was selected to carry out RAWI module. The survey was conducted
in Ghodatanda village in taluka South Solapur. It had been observed that most of the farmer from
Ghodatanda village had more than 4 to 5 acres of land in which they grow multiple crops. There was
suitable climatic condition, Adequate marketing facilities, Transport and other facilities in Ghodatanda
area. There are many progressive farmers in Ghodatanda who produces good quality produce with higher
yield. All farmers used modern technology for fruit production. They have better knowledge about
marketing management.

3.2 Data Collection Method:

There are two types of data – primary data and secondary data. Primary datawas collected with
the help of interview method during

51
3.2.1 Primary data:
The information was collected about assets, irrigation sources, cropping patterns,input utilization
and cultivation practices of host farmer. Also information about the vegetable cultivator farmers and
market intermediaries were collected through observation and interview method.3.2Secondry data
The secondary data means data that which is already available. The data whichhave been already
collected, analyzed. It was collected from the of the Village gram panchayat office.

3.2.2 Secondary data:

The secondary data means data that which is already available. The data which have
been already collected, analyzed. It was collected from the old maintained records of the
industry’s accountant department, their own survey reports and also from web sites.

3.2 Analytical Framework:

The collected data were analyzed by keeping in view the objectives of the study. The data were arranged in
suitable tables and cross tables.
3.3.1 Estimation of per hectare cost of cultivation:
The total working capital of crop included cost of human labour both family and hiredlabour, interest
on working and fixed capital and rental value of land.
For hired labour, actual wages paid were considered. For purchased manures, actual purchase prices
were taken, whereas for home produced manures, market values were taken. In case of chemical
fertilizer and plant protection chemicals, actual purchase prices were considered.
The interest on working capital was out at the rate of 6 per cent and on fixed capital 10 per centper
annum.

Depreciation on machinery and implements was calculated by straight line method.

Depreciation = (Purchase value of Implement - Junk Value)/ Total life of Implement Rental value
of land was estimated at 1/6th of gross value of produce.

Rental value of land = 1/6th Gross Income – Land revenue

The estimate of the total cost cultivation was obtained was by adding together the costsof all
components mentioned above as per standard cost concepts.
1.Cost A1 = Total working capital +Interest on working capital + Land revenue and otheraccess
+ Depreciation on implements and machinery
2.Cost A2 =Cost A1 + Rent paid for leased land
3.Cost B1 = Cost A1 + Interest on fixed capital excluding land + Amortization cost in fruitcrop
4.Cost B2 = Cost B1 + Interest on fixed capital + Rental value of owned land
5.Cost C1 = Cost B1 +Imputed value of family labour
6.Cost C2 = Cost C1 + Managerial allowances
3.3.2 Analytical tools or estimated income measures:
The analytical tools or estimated return to all unpaid labour and on their capital investedin the farm
business, including land and building.
A) F.B.I. = Gross income - Cost A 1
52
 B) Family labour income = F.L.I. = Gross income - Cost B 2
C) Net income N.I. = Gross income – Cost C 3
D) Farm investment income=F.I.I. = Farm business income– Imputed value of family labour
E) Benefit – Cost ratio = B.C. Ratio = Gross income ÷ Cost C3
F) Per quintal cost of production = Per quintal cost of production = (Cost C3 – Value of by
Produce) ÷ Yield (in qtl.)

G) Per hectare cost of cultivation=Per hectare cost of cultivation = (Cost C3 – Value of by

Produce) ÷ Area
H) Amortization cost (A) = P {I +(1+i)^n/(1+i)n-1}
Where,
A = Annual amortize cost
P = Establishment cost
n = Economic life of gardenn-12 year)
i = interest rate 12 %

3.4 Marketing of Agriculture Commodities:

1 Definition
i. Marketing channel
Marketing channels are routes through which agricultural products move from
producers to consumers.
ii. Producer’s price
This is price received by the farmer at time of sale. This is equal to the wholesale price
at the primary assembling center, minus the charges borne by the farmer in selling produce.
iii. Net price received by the farmer
Price received by farmer – Marketing charges incurred by the farmer
iv. Total cost of marketing
The total cost incurred on marketing either in cash or kind by the producer, seller and
various intermediaries involved in the sale and purchase of the commodity till the commodity
reaches the ultimate consumer.
C = CP + Cmi + Cmii +………+Cmn
Where,
C = Total marketing cost
CF = marketing cost incurred by the producer
Cmi = Cost incurred by various middlemen.
v. Marketing margin of middlemen
This is the difference between total payments ( cost + purchase price ) and receipts (
sale price) of the middlemen .
Absolute margin of middlemen = PRi – ( PPi + Cmi ) Where,
PRi = Total value of receipts per unit (sales price)
PPi = Purchase value of goods per unit (purchase price)
Cmi = Cost incurred on marketing per unit
vi. Producers share in the consumers rupee
It is the price received by the farmer expressed as a per centage of retail price. Producers
share in the consumer’s rupee = Net price received by the farmer Price paid by the consumer×
100
vii. Price spread
53
 The difference between the price paid by the consumer and price received by the
producer for an equivalent quantity of farm produce is known as price spread. It involves
various costs incurred by the various intermediaries and their margin.

3.5. Sailent Features of Selected Village

a) Location
Ghodatanda is located in the south-western region of the Indian state of Maharashtra, close to its
border with Karnataka. Solapur is located on major highway, rail routes between Mumbai, Pune, Bangalore
and Hyderabad, with a branch line to the cities of Kalaburagi and Vijayapura in the neighbouring state of
Karnataka. Solapur International Airport is under construction .It is classified as A1 Tier and B-1 class city
by House Rent Allowance (HRA) classification by the Government of India.It is the seventh biggest
Metropolis Urban Agglomeration and 11th most populated city in Maharashtra as well as 43rd largest urban
agglomeration and 49th most populous city in India.
b) Soil
The soil is medium to deep black and of rich quality. Jawar, Bajra and Pulses are the main crops of
this zone. Central or Tansitional Zone : This comprises of Barshi , Solapur North ,Solapur South And
Akkalkot Talukas are covered by this zone. Like to moderate soil and uncertain rainfall marks this zone.
c) Climate
The climate of Ghodatanda is tropical, with a rainy season from June to October, due to the
monsoon, and a dry season from November to May.
The Ghodatanda located in south-central India, in the state of Maharashtra, at 17 degrees north latitude and
479 meters (1,572 feet) above sea level. Due to the distance from the sea, the rains are not abundant, moreover,
the dry season is long, so the landscape is semi-arid. Before the monsoon the temperature rises, and from
April to early June, on the hottest days, it can reach 44/45 °C (111/113 °F). On the other hand, owing to the
altitude, nights can be cool from November to March. Solapur is in the path of tropical cyclones. Typically,
cyclones occur from April to December, with two intensity peaks before and after the monsoon (from late
April to early June and in October-November). Since we are far from the coast, the city is not hit by cyclones
at full strength, however, they can bring heavy rainfall.
d) Condition
Ghodatanda is blessed with a moderate and decent climate. Ghodatanda falls under category of dry
(Arid and semiarid) climate. The city experiences three seasons and these are summer, monsoon and
winter. The months from March to May come under summer period and the maximum temperature
in this period ranges from 30 to 40 degree Celsius. The warmest period in Ghodatanda is in April and
May. Even though summer does not end until May or even mid of June, locally developed heavy
thundershowers are received in May. However, being the hottest month, May is not an Agro-
climatically, Khavni comes under the rain shadow area. Rainfall is scanty and uncertain here. You
can experience monsoon period from the second fortnight of June to the end of September that brings
rains from South –west monsoon. Even though Ghodatanda gets an average rainfall of 617.3 mms,
the scanty and non-uniform rains result in scarcity conditions in the district. It has affected the socio-
economic condition of people adversely. The Ujani dam,which has been built to provide water to the
drought-prone areas, could solve this situation upto a limit.
54
 4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY OF THE VILLAGE

4.1 General Information About Village:

1)Name of Grampanchayat : Grampanchayat Ghodatanda

2)Year of Establishment : 1982
3) Total Number of Members of Village Council : 09

Table No. 4.1.1 Member of village council

Sr. Name of the member Designation
No.
1 Mrs. Anusaya Chenu Pawar Sarpanch

2 Mr. Mithun Pandu Rathore Deputy Sarpanch

3 Mr. Phulchand Lalu Chavan Member

4 Mrs. Sunita Manik Pawar Member

5 Mr. Vinod Hiru Rathore Member

6 Mrs. Premabai Dashrath Rathore Member

7 Mr. Sanjay Revansiddha Rathore Member

8 Mrs. Ranibai Meghu Chavan Member

9 Mrs. Minakshi Chndrakant Chavan Member

10 Mr. M.G. Kamble. Gramsevak

Table 4.1.1 shows information about the elected member of the Ghodatanda grampanchayat Mrs Anusaya
Chenu Pawar is the sarpanch of the village. There are 5 female members and 4 male members. There are
Total 9 members in Ghodatanda grampanchayat.

Table No. 4.1.2 Population of village

Sr. Gender Total population Per-centage (%)
No. (No.)
1 Male 1270 53.60
2 Female 1099 46.40
Total population 2369 100
Table 4.1.2 shows that the population of the village total population of Ghodatanda village is 2369

55
 Table No. 4.1.3 Demography of the village
Sr. Family category Total number Per-centage (%)
No.
1 APL families 064 24.24
2 BPL families 200 75.76
Total No. of families 264 100

Table 4.1.3 shows that demography of the Ghodatanda village. There are 064 APL (Above Poverty Level)
Families and 200 BPL (Below Poverty Level), the No. of BPL families is more than APL families.

Table 4.1.4 Total House in the Village

Sr. Particular Numbers

No.
1 No. of houses 321
Kacha houses 198
Pakka houses 118
2 No. of houses in wadi /vasti 5
Total no. of houses 321

Table 4.1.4 shows that total 321 no. of houses in the village out of which there are 198 kacha houses and118
pakka houses and 5 houses in vasti .

Table 4.1.5 Geography of the village

Sr. No. Particulars Area (Ha.) Per-centage (%)

1 Agriculture area 550.61 67.89

A) Irrigated area 467.64 57.66
B) Unirrigated area 82.97 10.23
2 Gavthan area 134.44 16.57
3 Barren land 80.29 9.90
4 Forest area 45.66 5.63
5 Total area of village 811 100

Table 4.1.5 shows information of total area of village. Total area of Ghodatanda village is about ha. Total
agriculture area is 550.61ha in that irrigated area 467.64ha, Unirrigated area 82.97ha and Gavthan area
134.44ha and Forest Area is 45.66ha.

56
 Table No.4.1.6 Community building
Sr. Particulars Numbers
No.
1 Village panchayat 1
2 Anganwadi 1
3 Z.P. primary school 1
4 Govt. Hospital 0
5 Private human clinics 0
6 Veterinary clinic 0
7 Secondary Schools and Colleges 0

Table 4.1.6 shows that the information of the community buildings. There is a Village panchayat,
anganwadi, 1 Z.P primary school, 0 Gov.hospital, 0 veterinary clinic and 0 Secondary school and college etc.

Table No. 4.1.7 Major crops grown in the village

Sr. Types of Crop Name of Crop

No.
1 Cereals Maize, Jawar, Wheat, Bajra
2 Pulses Tur, Moong, Urad
3 Oil seeds Groundnut
4 Flowers Marigold
5 Vegetables Brinjal, Onion, Coriander, Carrot, Guar

6 Fruits Grape ,Sapota , Pomegranate , Papaya

7 Spices Chilli, Garlic

8 Cash Crops Sugarcane

Table 4.1.7 shows the information of crops grown in the Ghodatanda village, there are various cereals, pulses,
oil seed, fruit,and cash crops are cultivated in the village.

57
Table No. 4.1.8 Infrastructure of the village
Sr. Particulars Numbers
No.
1 No. of roads 9
Kacha 5
Pakka 4
2 Markets 0
3 Financial institutes 0
4 Temples 3
5 Post office 0
6 Biogas plant 0
7 Cooperative society 1

Table 4.1.8 shows the information of the infrastructure of the village, there are 9 roads, 3 temples, a post
office, with one co-operative societies & no financial institutions.

Table No. 4.1.9 Schemes and program implemented by village

Sr. Name of Scheme/ Program
No.
1
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA)
2
Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana (PMAY)
3
Ramai Awas Gharkul Yojana (RAGY)
4
Mhatma Gandhi National Rural Gurantee
5
Dalit Vasti Sudhar Yojna

Table 4.1.9 shows various schemes and program implemented by Ghodatanda village. Which include
Pradhan Mantri Gramsadak Yojana, Swatch bharat mission, and Ramai Gharkul Yojana..

Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awas Yojana previously Indira Awas Yojana is a social welfare programme, created
by the Indian Government, to provide housing for the rural poorin India. A similar scheme for urban
poor was launched in 2015 as Housing for All by2022. Indira Awas Yojana was launched in 1985 by Rajiv
Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India, as one of the major flagship programs of the Ministry of Rural
Development to construct houses for the Below Poverty Line population in the villages.

58
 5.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Result and discussion includes general information of the host farmer such as, his age,category,
address, etc. and the general information of the host farmer includes information of the family
members of Mr. Sambhaji Bhagwat Bhopale, assets possessed by Mr.Sambhaji Bhagwat
Bhopale like land, building, source of irrigation, implements and machinery, household assets,
etc. and marketing management of wheat crop. Detail data was collected and represented in
following table:

5.1 Socio Economic Survey of Host Farmer

Table 5.1: Information of host farmer

Name of the host farmer : Sambhaji Bhagwat Bhopale
Sex - Male / Female : Male
Age - (years) : 48 Years
Education : 1st year civil engineer dropout.

Category of the hostfarmer : Large Farmer

Land- 5.8ha

Address : Village :- Ghodatanda , Tehsil :- North

Solapur.
District :- Solapur
Phone No.- 7558367212

5.1.1 Information of the family members of host

farmer:

Table 5.2: Information of the family members

Sl. Name Gender Relation with Age Education Occupation
No. head
of family
1 Sambhaji Bhagwat Bhopale Male Self 48 12th Farming
2 Vasanti Sambhaji Bhopale Female Wife 43 12th Housewife
3 Sanket Sambhaji Bhopale Male Son 22 Pesuing Student
MBA
4 Swapnali Sambhaji Bhopale Female Daughter 20 Bcom 3rd Student
year

59
5.2Assets Utilization By Host Farmer:

5.2.1 Land Information:

Table 5.3: Information of land

Area(ha.) Land
Sl. Plot/Survey Soil type Presentvalue revenue
No. No. (Rs.) and other
Irrigated Un-irrigated
taxes
(Rs.)
1 215-1,2 5.8 0 Black soil 26100000 -

5.2.2 Sources of irrigation and area irrigated:

Table 5.4: Sources of irrigation

Sl. Source Number Area Irrigated (ha.)
No.
4 months 8 months Perennial

1 Wells 1 - 2.1 -

2 Borewe 3 - - 3.5
lls

5.2.3.Buildings details

Table 5.5: Information of buildings

Sl. No. Category Type of Year of Useful Constructio Depreciation
construction construction life n value (
Rs.)
1 Farm RCC 2023 80 200000 2250
House
2 Cattle byre RCC 2008 30 50000 1500

60
 5.2.4.Livestock details:

Table No. 5.6: Livestock of host farmer

Sr.no. Category Breed No. of animals Present Value
1. Cow
a.Adult Khilar 1 200000
b.Calf Khilar 2
2. Buffalo Mura 2 200000
Total 4

5.2.5: Assets details:

Table 5.7: Information of assets

Sl. Particulars Number Value (Rs.)
No.
1 Two-wheeler- motorcycle 2 195000
2 Four-wheeler 1
3 Television 1 50,000/-
4 Refrigerator 1 25000
5 Mixer cum grinder 1 2,500/-
6 Others
i) Water purifier 1 7000
ii) A.C. 1 15000
iii) Inverter 1 20000
iv) Ceiling fan 2 2000

5.2.6 Annual gross income of host farmer:

Table 5.8: Information of annual gross income of previous year

Sl. No. Sources Amount (Rs.)
1 Crops 4350220
2 Livestock 260000
3 Wage earning -

61
5.3 Cropping Pattern of Host Farmer:

Table 5.9: Cropping pattern of previous year

Season No. Crop Variety Irrigated
Area Yield Gross
(ha.) value(Rs.)
Main Bye
(qtl.) Produce
Kharif
1) Maize Adv-759 0.4 24 760 67200
bunch
2) Pigeon pea Godavari 1.2 24 146400

1) Onion Elorawonder 1.6 300 540000

101
Rabi
1) Sugarcane Co.265 2 3750 937500

Perennial 2) Grapes Clone - 2 2 755 2869000

GCA 7.2 4560100

5.4Land Revenue:

Table 5.10: Information of land revenue

Sl. No. Name of the crop Area of crop(ha.) Rate / ha. Land revenue/ Crop (Rs.)
(Rs.)
1. Maize 0.4 90 36
2. Pigeon Pea 1.2 90 108

3. Onion 1.6 90 144

4. Sugarcane 2 90 180
5. Grapes 2 375 750
Total 5.6 735 1218

62
 5.5Allocation of Depreciation on Implements and Machinery:
Table 5.11 Depreciation On Implements And Machinery With Drip Irrigation
Sr. Category No. Purchasing Purchase Junk Useful life Depreciation Present
No. year value (Rs.) value (Years) (Rs.) value
(Rs.) (Rs.)
A Equipment
a) Sprayer 1 2016 5500 550 8 618.75 1168.75

B Machineries

a) Electric 1 2014 11000 1100 15 660 5060

motor
b)tractor 1 2015 420000 42000 10 37800 117600
D Hand tools
a) Khurpi 10 2016 500 50 10 45 185
b) Sickle 5 2018 500 50 8 56.25 218.75
c) Spade 1 2019 250 25 10 22.5 115
d) Axe 1 2016 300 30 10 27 111

F Implements

a) Iron plough 1 2016 35000 3500 10 3150 12950

b) Harrow 1 2017 20000 2000 10 1800 9200

c) Trolly 1 2016 25000 2500 12 1875 11875

E Drip irrigation 1 2015 220000 22000 15 13200 114400

system
Total 738050 59254.5 272883.5

Depreciation
• Depreciation = Original cost of asset – Junk value /Expected life of the asset

• Junk value = 10% value of original cost of asset

• Depreciation charges/ha = Total depreciation charges / GCA

Depreciation charges (with drip) = 59254.5/7.2 ha

=7900.6/ha.

63
 5.12.Depreciation On Implements And Machinery Without Drip Irrigation

Sr. Category No. Purchasing Purchase Junk Useful life Depreciatio Present
No. year value (Rs.) value (Years) n(Rs.) value
(Rs.) (Rs.)
A Equipment
b) Sprayer 1 2016 5500 550 8 618.75 1168.75

B Machineries

a)Electric 1 2014 11000 1100 15 660 5060

motor
b)tractor 1 2015 420000 42000 10 37800 117600
D Hand tools
a) Khurpi 10 2016 500 50 10 45 185
b) Sickle 5 2018 500 50 8 56.25 218.75
c) Spade 1 2019 250 25 10 22.5 115
d) Axe 1 2016 300 30 10 27 111

F Implements

d) Iron plough 1 2016 35000 3500 10 3150 12950

e) Harrow 1 2017 20000 2000 10 1800 9200

f) Trolly 1 2016 25000 2500 12 1875 11875

Total 518050 46054. 158483.5

5

Depreciation charges/ha (without drip) = 46054.5/7.2

= 6396.45/ha

64
 5.5.1 Crops wise allocation of depreciation charges:

Table 5.13 Crops wise allocation of depreciation charges

Sr.no. Crop Plot area(Ha) Crop wise
Depreciation
(Rs)
1 Maize 0.4 2558.58
2 Pigeon pea 1.2 7675.74
3 Onion 1.6 10234.32
4 Grapes 2.0 15801.2
5 Sugarcane 2.0 12792.9
Total 7.2 49062.74

5.6 Crop Wise Interest On Fixed Capital @ 10%:

Table 5.14 Crops wise interest on fixed capital @10

Sl. No. Name of crops Land (ha.) Interest on fixed
capital (Rs. / plot)
1. Maize 0.4 2878.05
2. Pigeon pea 1.2 8634.17
3. Onion 1.6 11512.22
4. Sugarcane 2.0 14390.28
5. Grape 2.0 20501.4
TOTAL 7.2 57916.12

5.7 Crop Wise Incidental Charges:

Total Incidental charges (Rs) = 4200
Gross cropped area (Ha) = 7.2

Crop Wise Incidental Charges = (Total Incidental Charges)/ (Gross Cropped Area) × Plot Area

Table 5.15 Crop wise Incidental Charge

Sr. Crop Plot area(Ha) Crop wise incidental
No. charges
1 Maize 0.40 233.34
2 Pigeon pea 1.20 700.01
3 Onion 1.60 933.34
4 Sugarcane 2.00 1166.68
5 Grape 2.00 1166.68
Total 7.2 4200.05

65
5.8 Crop Wise Land Revenue :

Total Land Revenue: 1218

Gross Crop Area- 7.2 Ha

Crop Wise Land revenue = (Total Land Revenue) / (Gross Cropped Area) × Area under Crop

Table 5.16 Crop wise land revenue

Sr. Crop Plot area(Ha) Crop wise land
No. revenue
1 Maize 0.40 36
2 Pigeon Pea 1.20 108
3 Onion 1.60 144
4 Sugarcane 2.00 180
5 Grapes 2.00 750
Total 7.2 1218

5.9 Irrigation Charges:

A) Maize –

1 Hp = 0.746 unit /hour

5Hp = 5 × 0.746 = 3.73 unit / hour

For 1 unit of electricity charges is Rs. 3

Total units = Unit / hour × Total irrigation hours

= 3.73×20
=74.6

Electricity Bill = Total units × Charge / unit

= 74.6×3
= Rs.223.8

Repairing cost = 5% initial cost of motor

=11000×5%
= 550

Irrigation charges = Repairing cost + Electricity Bill

= 550 + 223.8
= Rs. 773.8

66
 B) Pigeon Pea –

1 Hp = 0.746 unit /hour

5Hp = 5 × 0.746 = 3.73 unit / hour

For 1 unit of electricity charges is Rs. 3

Total units = Unit / hour × Total irrigation hours

= 3.73×20
=74.6

Electricity Bill = Total units × Charge / unit

= 74.6×3
= Rs.223.8

Repairing cost = 5% initial cost of motor

=11000×5%
= 550

Irrigation charges = Repairing cost + Electricity Bill

= 550 + 223.8
= Rs. 773.8

C) Onion –

1 Hp = 0.746 unit /hour

5Hp = 5 × 0.746 = 3.73 unit / hour

For 1 unit of electricity charges is Rs. 3

Total units = Unit / hour × Total irrigation hours

= 3.73×160
=596.8

Electricity Bill = Total units × Charge / unit

= 596.8 × 3
= Rs 1790.4.

Repairing cost = 5% initial cost of motor

= 11000 × 5%
= 550

Irrigation charges = Repairing cost + Electricity Bill

= 550 + 1790.4
= Rs. 2340.4

67
 D) Sugarcane –

1 Hp = 0.746 unit /hour

5Hp = 5 × 0.746 = 3.73 unit / hour

For 1 unit of electricity charges is Rs. 3

Total units = Unit / hour × Total irrigation hours

= 3.73×775
=2890.75

Electricity Bill = Total units × Charge / unit

= 2890.75 × 3
= Rs 8672.25

Repairing cost = 5% initial cost of motor

= 11000 × 5%
= 550

Irrigation charges = Repairing cost + Electricity Bill

= 550 + 8672.25
= Rs. 9222.25

E) Grapes -

1 Hp = 0.746 unit /hour

5Hp = 5 × 0.746 = 3.73 unit / hour

For 1 unit of electricity charges is Rs. 3

Total units = Unit / hour × Total irrigation hours

= 3.73×625
=2331.25

Electricity Bill = Total units × Charge / unit

= 2331.25 × 3
= Rs. 6993.75

Repairing cost = 5% initial cost of motor

= 11000 × 5%
= 550

Irrigation charges = Repairing cost + Electricity Bill

= 550 + 6993.75
= Rs. 7543.75

68
 Table.5.17 Crop wise Irrigation Charges
Sr. Crop Plot area Number Irrigation
No. (Ha) of hours charges
1 Maize 0.40 20 773.8
2 Pigeon Pea 1.20 20 773.8
3 Onion 1.60 160 2340.4
4 Sugarcane 2.00 775 9222.25
5 Grapes 2.00 625 7543.75
Total 7.20 980 20654

5.10 Overhead Costs:

Table 5.18 Crop wise Overhead Cost
Crop wise
Crop wise Land
Sr. Plot Depreciat Crop wise Crop wise Revenue Irrigation
No Crop Area ion (Rs) interest on incidental charges
. (Ha) fixed charges
capital
1 Maize 0.40 2558.58 2878.05 233.34 36 773.8
2 Pigeon 1.20 7675.74 8634.17 700.01 108 773.8
Pea
3 Onion 1.60 10234.32 11512.2 933.34 144 2340.4
2
4 Sugarcane 2.00 12792.9 14390.2 1166.68 180 9222.25
8
5 Grapes 2.00 15801.2 20501.4 1166.68 750 7543.75
0
Total 7.2 49062.74 57916.1 4200.05 1218 20654
2

69
 5.11 Input Utilization and Cost of Cultivation of Crops:
5.11.1 Input used and Cost of cultivation of Maize crop:

a) Input utilization in maize crop:

Table 5.19 Input utilization in maize crop
Crop: Variety: Season: Area
Maize ADV-759 Kharif : 0.4
Per Plot Per Hectare Value Rs.
Qty
Sr.no. Item of Cost Unit . Rate Value(Rs.) Qty. Rate Value(Rs.)
Hired Human
1 Labour
I) Male Days 5 400 2000 12.5 1000 5000
II) Female Days 10 250 2500 25 625 6250
I) Hired
2 Machinery Used Hours
a) Sowing Hours 1 1000 1000 2.5 2500 2500
b) Threshing Qnt. 24 100 2400 60 250 6000
Owned
3 Machinery Used Hours 2 850 1700 5 2125 4250
4 Seed Purchased Kg. 9 45 405 22.5 112.5 1012.5
5 Fertilizers 2.5
I) Urea Kg. 50 4.5 225 125 11.25 562.5
Complex 2.5
I) 10:26:26 Kg. 50 20 1000 125 50 2500
II) 18:46:00 Kg. 50 25 1250 125 62.5 3125
Water Soluble Kg. 0 0 0 0 0
6 Micronutrients
7 Insecticide
proclaim gm 150 6 900 375 15 2250
8 Fungicide 2.5
M45 Kg. 1 450 450 2.5 1125 1125
9 Weedicide
120.7
Tynzer ml 28 48.3 1352.4 70 5 3381
Irrigation
10 Charges 773.8 1934.5
Incidental
11 Charges 233.34 583.35

70
b)Cost of cultivation for maize crop:
Table 5.20 Cost of cultivation of maize crop
Crop: Variety: Season:
Maize ADV-759 Kharif Area: 0.4
Per Hectare
Per Plot Value Rs.
Sr.no. Item of Cost Unit Qty. Rate Value(Rs.)
1 Hired Human Labour
I) Male Days 5 400 2000 5000
II) Female Days 10 250 2500 6250
2 I) Hired Machinery Used Hours
a) Sowing Hours 1 1000 1000 2500
b) Threshing Qnt. 24 100 2400 6000
3 Owned Machinery Used Hours 2 850 1700 4250
4 Seed Purchased Kg. 9 45 405 1012.5
5 Fertilizers 2.5
I) Urea Kg. 50 4.5 225 562.5
Complex 2.5
I) 10:26:26 Kg. 50 20 1000 2500
II) 18:46:00 Kg. 50 25 1250 3125
Water Soluble Kg. 0 0 0 0
6 Micronutrients
7 Insecticide
proclaim gm 150 6 900 2250
8 Fungicide 2.5
M45 Kg. 1 450 450 1125
9 Weedicide
Tynzer ml 28 48.3 1352.4 3381
10 Irrigation Charges 773.8 1934.5
11 Incidental Charges 233.34 583.35
Total Working Capital ( 1 to
12 11) 16189.54 40473.85
13 Interest on working Capital % 6 971.3724 2428.431
Total Operational Cost (
14 12+13) 17160.912 42902.281
Land Revenue and other
15 cesses Rs. 36 90
Depreciation on implements
16 Machinery And Building 2558.58 6396.45
Rental value of land 1/6th of(
17 gross Return) 8920 22300
18 interest on Fixed Capital 2878.05 7195.125
19 Total fixed cost (15 to 18) 14392.63 35981.575
20 Total Cost (14+ 19) 31553.542 78883.856

71
 Cost Concept
21 Total Operation Cost 17160.912 42902.281
22 Land Revenue and other cesses 36 90
23 Depreciation on implements Machinery And Building 2558.58 6396.45
24 COST A1 ( 21+22+23 ) 19755.492 49388.731
25 Rent Paid for Leased in Land
26 COST A2 ( 24+25) 19755.492 49388.731
27 Interest On Fixed Capital Excluding Land 2878.05 7195.125
28 Rental value of land 1/6th of( gross Return) 8920 22300
29 Amortization Value im Case of Fruit Crop
30 COST B1 ( 24+27+28+29 ) 31553.542 78883.856
Rental value of land - Land Revenue and other cesses (
31 28-22) 8884 22210
32 COST B2 ( 30+31+25) 40437.542 101093.856
33 Input value of family Labour 500 1250
34 Supervision Charges (10% of COST A) 1975.5492 4938.8731
35 COST C1 ( 30+33+34) 34029.092 85072.7291
36 COST C2 ( 32+33+34) 42913.092 107282.7291

b) Yield:

Table 5.21 Yield of the Maize crop

PER PLOT PER
HECTARE
SR. NO. ITEM UNIT QTY. RATE VALUE(RS.) E
1) Main Produce Qtl 24 2230 53520 133800
2) By Produce Bunch 760 18 13680 0
Gross Income 67200 33600

72
 c) Analytical tools or estimated income measures used:

Table 5.22 Estimates income Measures of Maize Crop

Sr. Income
no. Measures Formula Values Total (Rs.)
Gross
Income/ Gross
1) Returns Main Produce + By Produce 67200 67200
Farm Buisness
2) Income (FBI) Gross Income - Cost A1 67200-19755.4924 47444.5076
Owned Farm
Business
3) Income Gross Income- Cost A2 67200-19755.4925 47444.5076
Family Labour
Income
4) (F.L.I.) Gross Income - Cost B2 67200-40437.5424 26762.4576
Net Income
5) (N.I.) Gross Income - Cost C2 67200-42913.09164 24286.90836
Farm
Investment FBI - Imputed Value of Family
6) Income (FII) labour 47444.5076-500 46944.5076
Net Income + Rental Value of
Intensive Owned Land + Interest on fixed
7) Income capital 24286.90836+8920+2878.05 36084.95836
Benefit -Cost
8) Ratio Gross Income ÷ Cost C2 67200/42913.09164 1.565955689
Cost of (Cost C2- Value of by Product) ÷
9) Production Yield (in qtl.) (42913.09164-13680)/24 1218.045485
Cost of (Cost C2 -Value of by Product) ÷
10) Cultivation Area (in Ha.) (42913.09164-13680)/0.4 73082.7291

In the cultivation of Maize crop where Cost A1 is Rs. 19755.4924,A2 is 19755.4924, B1

Rs. 31553.542, B2 is Rs. 40437.5424 and C1 Rs.34029.094, C2 is Rs. 42913.09164
respectively. Grossincome of the host farmer from Maize crop was Rs. 67200. The results
showed that the benefit- cost ratio of Maize crop was 1.56 and per quintal cost of
production was Rs. 1218.045485, also per Hectare cost of cultivation was Rs 73082.7291.

73
 5.11.2 Input used and Cost of cultivation of Pigeon Pea crop:

a) Input Utilization of Pigeon Pea Crop:

Table 5.21 Input utilization in Pigeon Pea Crop
Crop:
Pigeon Variety:
Pea Godavari Season: Kharif Area:1.2ha
Per Plot Per Hectare Value Rs.
Sr.no. Item of Cost Unit Qty. Rate Value(Rs.) Qty. Rate Value(Rs.)
Hired Human
1 Labour
I) Male Days 4 400 1600 3.32 332 1333.333333
II) Female Days 30 250 7500 24.9 207.5 6250
I) Hired Machinery
2 Used Hours
a) Sowing Hours 2 1000 2000 1.66 830 1666.666667
b) Threshing Qnt. 24 100 2400 19.92 83 2000
Owned Machinery
3 Used Hours 3 850 2550 2.49 705.5 2125
4 Seed Purchased Kg. 18 80 1440 14.94 66.4 1200
5 Manures Tons 10 800 8000 8.3 664 6666.666667
6 Fertilizers
Mixed
I) Urea Kg. 100 5.6 560 83 4.648 466.6666667
II) MOP Kg. 100 8 800 83 6.64 666.6666667
Complex
I)DAP Kg. 100 28 2800 83 23.24 2333.333333
II) 10:26:26 Kg. 100 20 2000 83 16.6 1666.666667
Water Soluble Kg. 0 0 0
7 Insecticide
proclaim gm 300 5.8 1740 249 4.814 1450
8 Fungicide
M45 Kg. 2 450 900 1.66 373.5 750
9 Weedicide
10 Irrigation Charges 773.8 644.8333333
11 Incidental Charges 700.01 583.3416667

74
 b) Cost Of Cultivation for Pigeon pea Crop:
Table 5.22 Cost Of Cultivation for Pigeon pea Crop
Crop:
Pigeon Variety:
Pea Godavari Season: Kharif Area: 1.2
Per Hectare Value
Per Plot Rs.
Sr.no. Item of Cost Unit Qty. Rate Value(Rs.)
1 Hired Human Labour
I) Male Days 4 400 1600 1333.333333
II) Female Days 30 250 7500 6250
2 I) Hired Machinery Used Hours
a) Sowing Hours 2 1000 2000 1666.666667
b) Threshing Qnt. 24 100 2400 2000
3 Owned Machinery Used Hours 3 850 2550 2125
4 Seed Purchased Kg. 18 80 1440 1200
5 Manures Tons 10 800 8000 6666.666667
6 Fertilizers
Mixed
I) Urea Kg. 100 5.6 560 466.6666667
II) MOP Kg. 100 8 800 666.6666667
Complex
I)DAP Kg. 100 28 2800 2333.333333
II) 10:26:26 Kg. 100 20 2000 1666.666667
Water Soluble Kg. 0 0 0
7 Insecticide
proclaim gm 300 5.8 1740 1450
8 Fungicide
M45 Kg. 2 450 900 750
9 Weedicide
10 Irrigation Charges 773.8 644.8333333
11 Incidental Charges 700.01 583.3416667
Total Working Capital ( 1 to
12 11) 35763.8 29803.175
13 Interest on working Capital % 6 2145.83 1788.1905
Total Operational Cost (
14 12+13) 37909.6 31591.3655
Land Revenue and other
15 cesses Rs. 108 90
Depreciation on implements
16 Machinery And Building 7675.74 6396.45
Rental value of land 1/6th
17 of( gross Return) 24400 20333.33333
18 interest on Fixed Capital 8634.17 7195.141667
19 Total fixed cost (15 to 18) 40817.9 34014.925

75
 20 Total Cost (14+ 19) 78727.5 65606.2905
Cost concept
21 Total Operation Cost 37909.6 31591.3655
Land Revenue and other
22 cesses 108 90
Depreciation on implements
23 Machinery And Building 7675.74 6396.45
24 COST A1 ( 21+22+23 ) 45693.4 38077.8155
25 Rent Paid for Leased in Land
26 COST A2 ( 24+25) 45693.4 38077.8155
Interest On Fixed Capital
27 Excluding Land 8634.17 7195.141667
Rental value of land 1/6th
28 of( gross Return) 24400 20333.33333
Amortization Value im Case
29 of Fruit Crop
30 COST B1 ( 24+27+28+29 ) 78727.5 65343.86534
Rental value of land - Land
Revenue and other cesses (
31 28-22) 24292 20243.33333
32 COST B2 ( 30+31+25) 103020 85587.19867
Imputed value of family
33 Labour 1500 1250
Supervision Charges (10%
34 of COST A) 4569.34 3792.550424
35 COST C1 ( 30+33+34) 84796.9 70386.41576
36 COST C2 ( 32+33+34) 109089 90907.40538

c) Yield:
Table 5.23 Yield Obtained from Pigeon Pea Crop
SR. PER PLOT PER
NO. ITEM UNIT QTY. RATE VALUE(RS.) HECTAREE
1) Main Produce Qtl 24 6100 146400 121512
2) By Produce 0 0
Gross Income 146400 121512

76
 d) Analytical tools or estimated income measures used:

Table 5.24 Income Measures of Pigeon Pea Crop

Sr. Income
no. Measures Formula Values Total (Rs.)
Gross Income/
1) Gross Returns Main Produce + By Produce 146400 146400

Farm Buisness
2) Income (FBI) Gross Income - Cost A1 146400-45693.3786 100706.6214

Owned Farm
3) Business Income Gross Income- Cost A2 146400-45693.3787 100706.6213

Family Labour
4) Income (F.L.I.) Gross Income - Cost B2 146400-103019.5486 43380.4514
Net Income
5) (N.I.) Gross Income - Cost C2 146400-109088.8865 37311.1135

Farm Investment FBI - Imputed Value of Family

6) Income (FII) labour 100706.6214-1500 99206.6214
Net Income + Rental Value of
Owned Land + Interest on fixed
7) Intensive Income capital 37311.1135+2440+8634.17 48385.2835
Benefit -Cost
8) Ratio Gross Income ÷ Cost C2 146400/109088.8865 1.342024882

Cost of (Cost C2 - Value of by Product) ÷

9) Production Yield (in qtl.) (109088.8865-0)/24 4545.370271

Cost of (Cost C -Value of by Product) ÷

10) Cultivation Area (in Ha.) (109088.8865-0)/1.2 90907.40542

In the cultivation of Pigeon pea crop where Cost A1 is Rs. 45693.37 A2 is 45693.37, B1
Rs. 78727.5, B2 isRs. 103019.55 and C1 Rs. 84796.9, C2 is Rs. 109088.88 respectively.
Gross income of the host farmer from Pigeon Pea crop was Rs. 146400. The results showed
that the benefit- cost ratio of Pigeon Pea crop was 1.34 and per quintal cost of production
was Rs. 4545.37, also per Hectare cost of cultivation was Rs 90907.40542.

77
 5.11.3 Input used and Cost of cultivation of Onion crop:
a) Input Utilization in Onion Crop:

Table 5.25 Input utilization in cultivation of onion

Crop: Variety:Elora Season: Area:
Onion Wonder 101 Rabi 1.6 ha
PER PLOT Per hectare
Sr.no. Item of Cost Unit Qty. Rate Value(Rs.) Qty. Rate Value(Rs.)
Hired Human
1 Labour
I) Male Days 45 400 18000 28.125 250 11250
II) Female Days 110 250 27500 68.75 156.25 17187.5
I) Hired
Machinery
2 Used Hours 4 1100 4400 2.5 687.5 2750
II) Owned
machinery
Used
a) Harrowing Hours 2 1500 3000 1.25 937.5 1875
b) Rotar Hours 2 3500 7000 1.25 2187.5 4375
Seed
3 Purchased Kg. 9 1600 14400 5.625 1000 9000
4 Manure tons/Cl 17 850 14450 10.625 531.25 9031.25
5 Fertilizers Kg.
Straight Kg.
Mixed Kg.
I) Urea Kg. 190 5.5 1045 118.75 3.4375 653.125
II) SSp Kg. 380 7.5 2850 237.5 4.6875 1781.25
Complex Kg.
I) 10:26:26 Kg. 390 20 7800 243.75 12.5 4875
II) 18:46:00 Kg. 400 25 10000 250 15.625 6250
Water Soluble Kg.
6 Micronutrients Kg. 2 870 1740 1.25 543.75 1087.5
7 Insecticide
Karate Lit 1.1 720 792 0.6875 450 495
Solomom Lit 0.5 2500 1250 0.3125 1562.5 781.25
8 Fungicide
M-45 Kg. 0.5 400 200 0.3125 250 125
Antracol Kg. 0.4 800 320 0.25 500 200
Cabrio top Lit. 0.4 1100 440 0.25 687.5 275
9 Weedicide
Goal Lit. 0.5 1150 575 0.3125 718.75 359.375
Society Lit 0.9 1900 1710 0.5625 1187.5 1068.75
Irrigation
10 Charges 2340.4 1462.75

78
 Incidental
11 Charges 11512.22 7195.1375

b) Cost of Cultivation In Onion Crop:

Table 5.26 Cost Of Cultivation for Onion Crop:
Crop: Variety:Elora
Onion Wonder 101 Season:Rabi Area:1.6 ha
PER PLOT
Sr.no. Item of Cost Unit Qty. Rate Value(Rs.) Per hectare
Hired Human
1 Labour
I) Male Days 45 400 18000 11250
II) Female Days 110 250 27500 17187.5
I) Hired
Machinery
2 Used Hours 4 1100 4400 2750
II) Owned
machinery Used
a) Harrowing Hours 2 1500 3000 1875
b) Rotar Hours 2 3500 7000 4375
3 Seed Purchased Kg. 9 1600 14400 9000
4 Manure tons/Cl 17 850 14450 9031.25
5 Fertilizers Kg.
Straight Kg.
Mixed Kg.
I) Urea Kg. 190 5.5 1045 653.125
II) SSp Kg. 380 7.5 2850 1781.25
Complex Kg.
I) 10:26:26 Kg. 390 20 7800 4875
II) 18:46:00 Kg. 400 25 10000 6250
Water Soluble Kg. 0 0 0
6 Micronutrients Kg. 2 870 1740 1087.5
7 Insecticide
Karate Lit 1.1 720 792 495
Solomom Lit 0.5 2500 1250 781.25
8 Fungicide
M-45 Kg. 0.5 400 200 125
Antracol Kg. 0.4 800 320 200
Cabrio top Lit. 0.4 1100 440 275
9 Weedicide
Goal Lit. 0.5 1150 575 359.375
Society Lit 0.9 1900 1710 1068.75
Irrigation
10 Charges 2340.4 1462.75

79
 Incidental
11 Charges 11512.22 7195.1375
Total Working
Capital ( 1 to
12 11) 131324.62 82077.8875
Interest on
13 working Capital % 6 7879.4772 4924.67325
Total
Operational
14 Cost ( 12+13) 139204.0972 87002.56075
Land Revenue
15 and other cesses Rs. 144 90
Depreciation on
implements
Machinery And
16 Building 10234.32 6396.45
Rental value of
land 1/6th of(
17 gross Return) 90000 56250
interest on
18 Fixed Capital 11512.22 7195.1375
Total fixed cost
19 (15 to 18) 111890.54 69931.5875
Total Cost (14+
20 19) 251094.6372 156934.1483
Cost concept
21 Total Operation Cost 139204.0972 87002.56075
22 Land Revenue and other cesses 144 90
Depreciation on implements Machinery
23 And Building 10234.32 6396.45
24 COST A1 ( 21+22+23 ) 149582.4172 93489.01075
25 Rent Paid for Leased in Land
26 COST A2 ( 24+25) 149582.4172 93489.01075
27 Interest On Fixed Capital Excluding Land 11512.22 7195.1375
28 Rental value of land 1/6th of( gross Return) 90000 56250
29 Amortization Value im Case of Fruit Crop
30 COST B1 ( 24+27+28+29 ) 251094.6372 156934.1483
Rental value of land - Land Revenue and
31 other cesses ( 28-22) 89856 56160
32 COST B2 ( 30+31+25) 340950.6372 213094.1483
33 Input value of family Labour 2000
34 Supervision Charges (10% of COST A) 14958.24172
35 COST C1 ( 30+33+34) 268052.8789 167533.0493
36 COST C2 ( 32+33+34) 357908.8789 223693.0493

c) Yield:

80
Table 5.27 Shows yield Produced of an Onion Crop
SR. NO. Item Unit Per plot
Qty. Rate Value (rs.) Per hectare
1) Main Produce Qtl 300 1800 540000 337500
2) By Produce 0 0
Gross
Income 540000 337500

d) Analytical tools or estimated income measures used:

Table 5.28 Estimated Income Measures of Onion Crop
Sr.
no. Income Measures Formula Values Total (Rs.)
Gross Income/ Main Produce + By
1) Gross Returns Produce 540000 540000
Farm Buisness
2) Income (FBI) Gross Income - Cost A1 540000 - 149582.4172 390417.5828
Owned Farm
3) Business Income Gross Income- Cost A2 540000 - 149582.4173 390417.5828
Family Labour
4) Income (F.L.I.) Gross Income - Cost B2 540000 - 340950.6372 199049.3628
5) Net Income (N.I.) Gross Income - Cost C2 540000 - 357908.8789 182091.1211
Farm Investment FBI - Imputed Value of
6) Income (FII) Family labour 390417.5828 - 2000 388417.5828
Net Income + Rental
Value of Owned Land +
7) Intensive Income Interest on fixed capital 182091.1211+90000+11512.22 283603.3411
Benefit -Cost
8) Ratio Gross Income ÷ Cost C2 540000/357908.8789 1.508763911
(Cost C2- Value of by
9) Cost of Production Product) ÷ Yield (in qtl.) (357908.8789 - 0) / 300 1193.029596
(Cost C2 -Value of by
10) Cost of Cultivation Product) ÷ Area (in Ha.) (357908.8789 - 0) / 1.6 223693.0493

In the cultivation of Onion where Cost A1 is Rs. 149582.42 A2 is 149582.42, B1

Rs. 251094.6372, B2 is Rs. 340950.63 and C1 Rs. 268052.87, C2 is Rs. 357908.87
respectively. Gross income of the host farmer from Onion crop was Rs. 540000. The results
showed that the benefit- cost ratio of Onion crop was 1.5 and per quintal cost of production
was Rs. 1193.02, also per Hectare cost of cultivation was Rs 223693.04.

5.11.4 Inputs Utilization and Crop of cultivation in Sugarcane Crop:

81
a) Input Used In Cultivation Of Sugarcane:

Table 5.29 Input used for sugarcane

Season:
Crop: Variety: Perinnia
Sugarcane Co.265 l Area:2 ha
Per Plot Per Hectare
Sr.no. Item of Cost Unit Qty. Rate Value(Rs.) Qty. Rate Value(Rs.)
Hired Human
1 Labour
I) Male Days 20 400 8000 10 200 4000
II) Female Days 10 250 2500 5 125 1250
I) Hired
Machinery
2 Used Hours 28 800 22400 14 400 11200
II) Owned
machinery
Used Hours 15 300 4500 7.5 150 2250
Seed Seed 3200 1600
3 Purchased linges 0 1 32000 0 0.5 16000
4 Manure Tons/Cl 28 850 23800 14 425 11900
5 Fertilizers
Straight
I) Urea Kg. 570 4.5 2565 285 2.25 1282.5
II) ssp Kg. 600 7.5 4500 300 3.75 2250
III) MOP Kg. 280 22 6160 140 11 3080
Complex
I) 10:26:26 Kg. 570 20 11400 285 10 5700
II) 18:46:00 Kg. 580 25 14500 290 12.5 7250
Water Soluble Kg. 0 0 0 0
6 Micronutrients
I)Yara mila Kg. 180 88 15840 90 44 7920
II)
Ammonium
sulphate Kg. 180 12 2160 90 6 1080
7 Insecticide
Hamala 550 Lit 2 600 1200 1 300 600
8 Fungicide 0.5
Tyrant Gm 500 4 2000 250 2 1000
Propiconazolel ML. 110 1.1 121 55 0.55 60.5
9 Weedicide
2,4,D Lit. 3 700 2100 1.5 350 1050
Adama Tamer Lit 4 1400 5600 2 700 2800
Irrigation
10 Charges 9222.25 4611.125
Incidental
11 Charges 1166.68 583.34

82
 c)Crop of Cultivation of Sugarcane Crop:

Table5.30 Shows crop of cultivation in sugarcane crop

Crop: Variety: Season:

Sugarcane CO. 265 Perinnial Area:2 ha
Per Plot
Sr.no. Item of Cost Unit Qty. Rate Value(Rs.) Per Hectare
Hired Human
1 Labour
I) Male Days 20 400 8000 4000
II) Female Days 10 250 2500 1250
I) Hired
2 Machinery Used Hours 28 800 22400 11200
II) Owned
machinery Used Hours 15 300 4500 2250
Seed
3 Seed Purchased linges 32000 1 32000 16000
4 Manure Tons/Cl 28 850 23800 11900
5 Fertilizers
Straight
I) Urea Kg. 570 4.5 2565 1282.5
II) ssp Kg. 600 7.5 4500 2250
III) MOP Kg. 280 22 6160 3080
Complex
I) 10:26:26 Kg. 570 20 11400 5700
II) 18:46:00 Kg. 580 25 14500 7250
Water Soluble Kg. 0 0 0 0
6 Micronutrients
I)Yara mila Kg. 180 88 15840 7920
II) Ammonium
sulphate Kg. 180 12 2160 1080
7 Insecticide
Hamala 550 Lit 2 600 1200 600
8 Fungicide 0.5
Tyrant Gm 500 4 2000 1000
Propiconazolel ML. 110 1.1 121 60.5
9 Weedicide
2,4,D Lit. 3 700 2100 1050
Adama Tamer Lit 4 1400 5600 2800
10 Irrigation Charges 9222.25 4611.125
Incidental
11 Charges 1166.68 583.34
Total Working
12 Capital ( 1 to 11) 171734.93 85867.465
Interest on
13 working Capital % 12 20608.1916 10304.0958
Total Operational
14 Cost ( 12+13) 192343.122 96171.5608

83
 Land Revenue
15 and other cesses Rs. 180 90
Depreciation on
implements
Machinery And
16 Building 12792.9 6396.45
Rental value of
land 1/6th of(
17 gross Return) 125000 62500
Interest on Fixed
18 Capital 14390.28 7195.14
Total fixed cost
19 (15 to 18) 152363.18 76181.59
Total Cost (14+
20 19) 344706.302 172353.1508

Cost concept
21 Total Operation Cost 192343.122 96171.5608
22 Land Revenue and other cesses 180 90
Depreciation on implements
23 Machinery And Building 12792.9 6396.45
24 COST A1 ( 21+22+23 ) 205316.022 102658.0108
25 Rent Paid for Leased in Land
26 COST A2 ( 24+25) 205316.022 102658.0108
Interest On Fixed Capital
27 Excluding Land 14390.28 7195.14
Rental value of land 1/6th of( gross
28 Return) 156250 78125
Amortization Value im Case of
29 Fruit Crop
30 COST B1 ( 24+27+28+29 ) 375956.302 187978.1508
Rental value of land - Land
31 Revenue and other cesses ( 28-22) 156070 78035
32 COST B2 ( 30+31+25) 532026.302 266013.1508
33 Input value of family Labour 5000 2500
Supervision Charges (10% of
34 COST A) 20531.6022 10265.80108
35 COST C1 ( 30+33+34) 401487.904 200743.9519
36 COST C2 ( 32+33+34) 557557.904 278778.9519

84
 c)Yield:

Table 5.31 Shows the yield obtained from sugarcane crop:

SR. Per plot

NO. Item Unit Quantity Rate Value(Rs.) Per Hectare
1) Main Produce Qtl 3750 250 937500 468750
2) By Produce 0 0 0 0

Gross Income 937500 468750

d)Analytical tools or estimated income measures used:

Table 5.32 Shows estimated measure used for sugarcane crop

Sr. Income
No. Measures Formula Values Total (Rs.)
Gross Income/
1) Gross Returns Main Produce + By Produce 937500 937500
Farm Buisness
2) Income (FBI) Gross Income - Cost A1 937500-205316.0216 732183.9784
Owned Farm
Business
3) Income Gross Income- Cost A2 937500-205316.0216 732183.9784
Family Labour
4) Income (F.L.I.) Gross Income - Cost B2 937500-532026.3016 405473.6984
Net Income
5) (N.I.) Gross Income - Cost C2 937500-557557.9038 379942.0962
Farm
Investment FBI - Imputed Value of
6) Income (FII) Family labour 732183,9784-5000 727183.9784
Net Income + Rental Value of
Intensive Owned Land + Interest on
7) Income fixed capital 379942.0962+156250+14390.28 550582.3762
Benefit -Cost
8) Ratio Gross Income ÷ Cost C2 937500/557557.9038 1.68143971
Cost of (Cost C2 - Value of by
9) Production Product) ÷ Yield (in qtl.) (557557.9038-0)/3750 148.6821077
Cost of (Cost C2 -Value of by
10) Cultivation Product) ÷ Area (in Ha.) (557557.9038-0)/2 278778.9519

In the cultivation of Sugarcane crop where Cost A1 is Rs. 205316.02 A2 is 205316.02, B1

Rs.375956.302, B2 is Rs. 532026.30and C1 Rs. 401487.904, C2 is Rs. 557557.90
respectively. Gross income of the host farmer from Sugarcane crop was Rs. 937500. The
results showed that the benefit- cost ratio of Sugarcane crop was 1.68 and per quintal cost of
production was Rs. 148.68, also per Hectaree cost of cultivation was Rs 278778.95.

85
 5.11.4 Input utilization and cost of cultivation of grape crop:

a) Estabilishment Cost:

Table 5.34 Shows estabilishment cost incurred by farmer in grape cultivation:

Amount
Period Particular of Expenses Unit Quantity Rate/unit (Rs.) (Rs.)

Mar-11 Ploughing Hr. 10 1800 18000

Mar-12 FYM Ton 28 850 23800
Plantation seed material (grafting
Mar-13 Plants) Plants 5500 85 467500

Mar-14 Planting (Female Labours) Day 38 250 9500

Apr-15 Irrigation (Male labours) Day 1 400 400

May Irrigation (Male labours) Day 1 400 400

June Irrigation (Male labours) Day 1 400 400

July I) Irrigation Day 1 400 400

II) Weeding Day 40 250 10000

Aug Irrigation (Male labours) Day 1 400 400

Sep Irrigation (Male labours) Day 1 400 400

Oct Irrigation (Male labours) Day 1 400 400

Nov Layout Preparation 0

1) Pillars No. 1100 135 148500
2) Angles Kg. 6000 85 510000
3) Wires Kg. 3800 50 190000
4) Labours (Male) Day 540 400 216000
5) Irrigation Charge Day 1 400 400

Dec 1) Drip Layout Day 10 400 4000

2) Irrigation ( Male Labours) Day 1 400 400
3) Weeding (Female Labours) Day 42 200 8400
Total Expenses 1609300

86
b)Amortization cost :
(𝟏 + 𝒓)𝒏
𝑨 = (𝑷 × 𝒓)
(𝟏 + 𝒓)𝒏 − 𝟏

Where,
P = Total Establishment Cost =1278440
R = Rate of Interest = 12% i.e.12/100 = 0.12
N = Economic life period of = 15 Years A=
Amortization Cost (Annual Establishment Cost)

(1 + r)n
A = (P × r)
(1 + r)n − 1

(1 + 0.12)15
A = (1609300 × 0.12)
(1 + 0.12)15 – 1

(1.12)15
A = (1609300 × 0.12)
(1.12)15 − 1

A =(193116)5.47/4.47
A= 236318.68

87
c) Input used in grape crop :

Table 5.35 Inputs used for cultivation of grapes

Crop: Variety Season:
Grape : Clone Perinnia
s -2 l Area:2 ha
Per Plot PER HECTER
Qty
Sr.no. Item of Cost Unit . Rate Value(Rs.) Qty. Rate Value(Rs.)
Hired Human
1 Labour
I) Male Days 260 400 104000 130 200 52000
II) Female Days 265 250 66250 132.5 125 33125
I) Hired Machinery
2 Used Hours 8 300 2400 4 150 1200
II) Owned
machinery Used Hours 50 350 17500 25 175 8750
4 Manure Tons/Cl 40 850 34000 20 425 17000
5 Fertilizers
I) N Kg. 150 22 3300 75 11 1650
II) P Kg. 300 36 10800 150 18 5400
14.2
III) K Kg. 280 28.5 7980 140 5 3990
Complex
I) 0:52:34 Kg. 13 90 1170 6.5 45 585
I) 13:00:45 Kg. 12 170 2040 6 85 1020
Mixed 580 25 14500 290 12.5 7250
I)19:19:19 Kg. 22 92 2024 11 46 1012
6 Insecticide
I) Chlorophyrophos Lit 7 1050 7350 3.5 525 3675
II) Imidacloprid Lit 7 1030 7210 3.5 515 3605
III) Karate Lit 5 620 3100 2.5 310 1550
IV) Bio-100 Lit 5 1600 8000 2.5 800 4000
V) Super confider Lit 1.25 1040 1300 0.625 520 650
Vi) Nim oil Lit 3 1300 3900 1.5 650 1950
8 Fungicide
I) Antracol Kg. 15 650 9750 7.5 325 4875
II) Blue copper Kg. 4 650 2600 2 325 1300
III) Kocide 2000 Kg. 4 1600 6400 2 800 3200
IV) M-45 Kg. 12 450 5400 6 225 2700
V) Acrobat Kg. 10 4000 40000 5 2000 20000
VI) Luna Lit. 2 4220 8440 1 2110 4220
VII) Revus Lit. 4 3500 14000 2 1750 7000
VII) Cuman-L Lit. 2 660 1320 1 330 660
9 Weedicide
I) Roundup Lit. 3 620 1860 1.5 310 930
10 Harmonal Spray
A) I) Uracil Gm 370 4 1480 185 2 740
II) 6BA Gm 30 40 1200 15 20 600
88
 III) GA Gm 37.5 35 1312.5 18.75 17.5 656.25
B) Mix- Lit +
micronutrient gm 13265 6632.5
C) Hydrogen
cyanamide Lit. 35 520 18200 17.5 260 9100
D) Bordeaux
Mixture
I) Copper Sulphate Kg. 15 250 3750 7.5 125 1875
II) Lime Kg. 6 25 150 3 12.5 75
10 Irrigation Charges 7543.75 3771.875
11 Incidental Charges 1166.68 583.34

d) Cost of cultivation of grape:

Table 5.36 Cost of cultivation of grapes

Crop:
Grape Variety: Season:
s Clone - 2 Perinnial Area:2 ha
Per Plot Per Hectare
Sr.no. Item of Cost Unit Qty. Rate Value(Rs.)
Hired Human
1 Labour
I) Male Days 260 400 104000 52000
II) Female Days 265 250 66250 33125
I) Hired Machinery
2 Used Hours 8 300 2400 1200
II) Owned
machinery Used Hours 50 350 17500 8750
4 Manure Tons/Cl 40 850 34000 17000
5 Fertilizers
I) N Kg. 150 22 3300 1650
II) P Kg. 300 36 10800 5400
III) K Kg. 280 28.5 7980 3990
Complex
I) 0:52:34 Kg. 13 90 1170 585
I) 13:00:45 Kg. 12 170 2040 1020
Mixed 580 25 14500 7250
I)19:19:19 Kg. 22 92 2024 1012
6 Insecticide
I) Chlorophyrophos Lit 7 1050 7350 3675
II) Imidacloprid Lit 7 1030 7210 3605
III) Karate Lit 5 620 3100 1550
IV) Bio-100 Lit 5 1600 8000 4000
V) Super confider Lit 1.25 1040 1300 650
Vi) Nim oil Lit 3 1300 3900 1950
8 Fungicide
I) Antracol Kg. 15 650 9750 4875
II) Blue copper Kg. 4 650 2600 1300
III) Kocide 2000 Kg. 4 1600 6400 3200
89
 IV) M-45 Kg. 12 450 5400 2700
V) Acrobat Kg. 10 4000 40000 20000
VI) Luna Lit. 2 4220 8440 4220
VII) Revus Lit. 4 3500 14000 7000
VII) Cuman-L Lit. 2 660 1320 660
9 Weedicide
I) Roundup Lit. 3 620 1860 930
10 Harmonal Spray
A) I) Uracil Gm 370 4 1480 740
II) 6BA Gm 30 40 1200 600
III) GA Gm 37.5 35 1312.5 656.25
B) Mix-
micronutrient Lit + gm 13265 6632.5
C) Hydrogen
cyanamide Lit. 35 520 18200 9100
D) Bordeaux
Mixture
I) Copper Sulphate Kg. 15 250 3750 1875
II) Lime Kg. 6 25 150 75
10 Irrigation Charges 7543.75 3771.875
11 Incidental Charges 1166.68 583.34
Total Working
12 Capital ( 1 to 11) 434661.93 217330.965
Interest on working
13 Capital % 12 52159.4316 26079.7158
Total Operational
14 Cost ( 12+13) 486821.3616 243410.6808
Land Revenue and
15 other cesses Rs. 750 375
Depreciation on
implements
Machinery And
16 Building 15801.2 7900.6
Rental value of
land 1/6th of( gross
17 Return) 478166.6667 239083.3333
Interest on Fixed
18 Capital 20501.4 10250.7
Total fixed cost (15
19 to 18) 515219.2667 257609.6333
20 Total Cost (14+ 19) 1002040.628 501020.3141

Cost concept
21 Total Operation Cost 486821.3616 243410.6808
22 Land Revenue and other cesses 750 375
Depreciation on implements
23 Machinery And Building 15801.2 7900.6
24 COST A1 ( 21+22+23 ) 503372.5616 251686.2808
25 Rent Paid for Leased in Land
90
 26 COST A2 ( 24+25) 503372.5616 251686.2808
Interest On Fixed Capital
27 Excluding Land 20501.4 10250.7
Rental value of land 1/6th of(
28 gross Return) 478166.6667 239083.3333
Amortization Value im Case of
29 Fruit Crop 236318.68 118159.34
30 COST B1 ( 24+27+28+29 ) 1238359.308 619179.6541
Rental value of land - Land
Revenue and other cesses ( 28-
31 22) 477416.6667 238708.3333
32 COST B2 ( 30+31+25) 1715775.975 857887.9875
33 Imputed value of family Labour 5000 2500
Supervision Charges (10% of
34 COST A) 50337.25616 25168.62808
35 COST C1 ( 30+33+34) 1293696.564 646848.2822
36 COST C2 ( 32+33+34) 1771113.231 885556.6155

e)Yeild:

Table 5.37 Yield obtained from grape crop

SR.
NO. Item Unit Per Plot Per Hectare
QTY. Rate Value(Rs.)
Main
1) Produce Qntl. 755 3800 2869000 1434500
By
2) Produce 0 0 0 0
Gross
Income Qntl. 755 3800 2869000 1434500

91
 f)Analytical tools or estimated income measures used:

Table 5.38 Estimated income mesure used in cultivation of grapes crop

Sr. Income
No. Measures Formula Values Total (Rs.)
Gross Income/ Main Produce + By
1) Gross Returns Produce 2869000 2869000
Farm Buisness Gross Income - Cost
2) Income (FBI) A1 2869000-503372.5616 2365627.438
Owned Farm Gross Income- Cost
3) Business Income A2 2869000-503372.5617 2365627.438
Family Labour Gross Income - Cost
4) Income (F.L.I.) B2 2869000-1715775.975 1153224.025
Gross Income - Cost
5) Net Income (N.I.) C2 2869000-1771113.231 1097886.769
Farm Investment FBI - Imputed Value
6) Income (FII) of Family labour 1153224.025-5000 1148224.025
Net Income + Rental
Value of Owned Land
+ Interest on fixed 1097886.769+478166.6667+20501.
7) Intensive Income capital 5 1596554.936
Benefit -Cost Gross Income ÷ Cost
8) Ratio C2 2869000/1771113.231 1.619885138
(Cost C2 - Value of by
Cost of Product) ÷ Yield (in
9) Production qtl.) (1771113.231-0)/755 2345.845339
(Cost C2 -Value of by
Cost of Product) ÷ Area (in
10) Cultivation Ha.) (1771113.231-0)/2 885556.6155

In the cultivation of Sugarcane crop where Cost A1 is Rs. 503372.5616 A2 is 503372.5616, B1

Rs. 1238359.308, B2 is Rs1715775.975 and C1 Rs. 1293696.564, C2 is Rs. 1771113.231
respectively. Gross income of the host farmer from Sugarcane crop was Rs. 2869000. The results
showed that the benefit- cost ratio of Sugarcane crop was 1.61 and per quintal cost of production
was Rs. 2345.84 , also per Hectaree cost of cultivation was Rs 885556.6155

92
5.12 Marketing of Agriculture Commodities

Definitions-:

Marketing channel Marketing channel are routes through which agriculturalproducts move
from producer to consumer.

Marketing cost The cost involved in moving the product from point of producerto the point of
consumer.

Total marketing cost = Cf + Cm1 + Cm2 + ..........+ Cmn

Where,

Cf = Total cost paid by the producer or farmer Cm1 = Cost incurred by the middlemen (first)

Cm2 = Cost incurred by the middlemen (second)

Market margin = Selling price – (Purchasing price + Cost incurred)

Net price received by producer = Producer price – Total cost incurred byproducer

Price spread In the marketing of agriculture commodities the difference betweenthe price paid
by consumer and price received by producer for an equivalent quantity of farm produce is
known as price spread. Price spread = Price paid by consumer – Net price received by producer

Producer share in consumer rupee

Ps = (Pf /Pr) × 100
Where
Ps = Producer share
Pf = Net price received by the farmer
Pr = Price paid by the consumer

93
 5.12.1 Marketing channel for Maize
Producer Wholesaler Retailer Consumer
• Commodity name: Maize
• Total quantity of produce 24 qtl = 2400Kg
• Selling price of farmer Rs.2230/qtl
• Selling price of wholesaler Rs.2430/qtl
• Selling price of retailer Rs. 2550/qtl
• The 1 bag of Maize containing 50kg of Maize, so for 24qtl of Maize require 48 bags.

Table 5.39 Channel Wise Marketing Cost Of Maize

Rate/Unit Total Amount
Sr. no. Particular Unit Quantity (Rs.) (Rs.)
1 Marketing cost incurred by producer

I) Cost of jute bag Bag 48 30 1440

II) Transportation Bag 48 15 720

III) Loading charges Bag 48 5 240

Sub total 2400
Selling price of the producer 24 2230 53520
Marketing cost incurred by the
2) wholesaler

I) Loading/Unloading/Charges Bag 48 10 480

II) Market fee (3%) 1605.6

III) Commission (1%) 535.2

IV) Weighing charges Qtl. 24 2 48

V) Transportation 48 20 960
Sub total 3628.8
Selling price of the Wholesaler Qtl. 24 2430 58320

3) Marketing cost incurred by the retailer

I) Unloading Charges Bag 48 5 240

II) Weighing charges Qtl. 24 2 48

Sub total 288
Selling price of the retailer Qtl. 24 2550 61200

94
 Table 5.38. shows that, in the marketing of Maize. The selling price of producer is Rs.2230/-
for the 24qtl.In that marketing cost incurred by the producer is Rs.2400/-Wholesaler paid
loading, unloading charges. Total cost incurred by the wholesaler was Rs.3628.8/-,Wholesaler
sale it to be the retailer for 2430/-,The retailer sells it to the consumer at Rs.2550/-,Where the
marketing cost incurred by the retailer was Rs. 288/- which includes transportation charges,and
storage.

(a) Net price received by Farmer

= Producing selling price-Cost incurred by farmer
= 53520-2400
= 51120

(b) Total Marketing Cost

= Cost incurred by farmer + Cost incurred by wholesaler +
Cost incurred by retailer
= 2400+3628.8+288
= 6316.8

(c)Margin of wholesaler = wholesaler selling price –(Purchasing price + Cost incurred

by the wholesaler
= 58320-(53520+3628.8)
= 1171.2

(d) Margin of retailer = Retailer selling price – (Purchasing price + Cost incurred by
retailer)
= 61200-(58320+288)
= 2592

(e)Total Marketing Margin= Margin of wholesaler + Margin of retailer

= 1171.2+ 2592
= 3763.2

(f) Price spread =Price paid by consumer-Net income received by farmer

=61200 - 51120
=10080

(g) Producer’s share in consumer’s rupee

=Net Price Received by Producer /Price Paid by Consumer
×100
= 51120/61200×100
= 83.52941

95
 Price spread of Maize:

Table5.40
Gives price spread of
grapes
Per centage share in
Rate /Unit Amount for price paid by
Sr.no. Particulars Unit(Qtl) (Rs.) whole lot (Rs.) consumer

1 Producer price 24 2130 51120 83.52941176

2 Total marketing cost 24 263.2 6316.8 10.32156863

3 Total marketing margin 24 156.8 3763.2 6.149019608

4 Price spread 24 420 10080 16.47058824

5 Price paid by consumer 24 2550 61200 100

Result
1. Net Price received by Producer = Rs. 51120 /-
2. Total Marketing Cost = Rs. 6316.8/-
3. Total Market Margin = Rs. 3763.2 /-
4. Price Paid by the Consumer = Rs. 61200/-
5. Producer’s share in Consumer rupee = 83.52%

96
 5.12.2 Marketing channel for grapes:

PRODUCER WHOLESALER RETAILER CONSUMER

Commodity name: Grape
• Total quantity of produce: 7550 crates= 75500Kg
• Selling price of farmer: Rs.380/crate
• Selling price of local wholesaler: Rs.420/crate.
• Selling price of retailer: Rs. 450/crate.
1 crate contain 10kg of grapes

Table 5.41 Channel Wise Marketing Cost of Grapes

Sr. Rate/Unit
no. Particular Unit Quantity (Rs.) Total Amount (Rs.)
Marketing cost incurred by
1 producer

I) Cost of Box Crates 7550 30 226500

II) Transportation Crates 7550 5 37750

III) Loading charges Crates 7550 3 22650

IV) Packaging 7550 1 7550

Sub total 294450
Selling price of the producer Crates 7550 380 2869000
Marketing cost incurred by
2) the wholesaler

I) Loading/Unloading/Charges Crates 7550 3 22650

II) Market fee(3%) Crates 7550 86070

III) Commission(1%) Crates 7550 28690

IV) Weighing charges Crates 7550 1 7550

V) Transportation Crates 7550 5 37750

Sub Total 182710
Selling price of the Wholesaler Crates 7550 420 3171000
Marketing cost incurred by
3) the retailer

I) Unloading Charges Crates 7550 3 22650

II) Weighing charges Kg 75500 1 75500

Sub Total 98150
Selling price of the retailer Crates 7550 450 3397500

97
 Table 5.41. shows that, in the marketing of Maize. The selling price of producer is Rs.3800/-
for the 755qtl.In that marketing cost incurred by the producer is Rs.294450/-Wholesaler paid
loading, unloading charges. Total cost incurred by the wholesaler was Rs. 3171000/-
,Wholesaler sale it to be the retailer for 420/-,The retailer sells it to the consumer at Rs.450/-
,Where the marketing cost incurred by the retailer was Rs. 98150/- which includes transportation
charges,andstorage.

(a)Net price received by Farmer

= Producing selling price-Cost incurred by farmer
= 2869000 - 294450
= 2574550

(b) Total Marketing Cost

= Cost incurred by farmer + Cost incurred by wholesaler +
Cost incurred by retailer
= 294450+182710+98150
= 575310

(c)Margin of wholesaler = wholesaler selling price –(Purchasing price + Cost incurred

by the wholesaler
= 3171000-(2869000+182710)
= 119290

(d)Margin of retailer = Retailer selling price – (Purchasing price + Cost incurred by

retailer)
= 3397500-(3171000+98150)
= 128350

(e)Total Marketing Margin= Margin of wholesaler + Margin of retailer

= 119290+ 128350
= 247640

(f) Price spread =Price paid by consumer-Net income received by farmer

=3397500 - 2574550
=822950

(g) Producer’s share in consumer’s rupee

=Net Price Received by Producer /Price Paid by Consumer
×100
= 2574550/3397500×100
= 75.77778

98
Table 5.42. Price spread of grapes
Table5.Price spread
Rate Amount for
SR.NO /Unit whole lot Per centage share in
. Particulars unit(Qtl) (Rs.) (Rs.) price paid by consumer
1 Producer price 755 3410 2574550 75.77777778
2 Total marketing cost 755 762 575310 16.93333333
3 Total marketing margin 755 328 247640 7.288888889
4 Price spread 755 1090 822950 24.22222222
5 Price paid by consumer 755 4500 3397500 100

Result
1. Net Price received by Producer = Rs2574550 /-
2. Total Marketing Cost = Rs. 288410/-
3. Total Market Margin = Rs. 247640/-
4. Price Paid by the Consumer = Rs. 3397500/-
5. Producer’s share in Consumer rupee = 75.77%

99
5.13 Loan Proposal
5.13.1 Preparation of Bankable Proposal
The loan application is the initial document involved in a loan proposal. It includes date,
personal information i.e. name and address and family information, purpose of loan amount ofloan,
repayment plan, security with guarantors, etc. along with the loan application, following basic
document are required.
1.Financial or net worth statement
It should contain information previous to the year of submission of loan application.
a)Current assets
It includes the cash in hand and in bank, grain and fodder,livestock, stores and spare parts and
other current assets, if any their values are determined at current market prices.
b) Working assets
It includes machinery, implements, equipment's, tractor,electric motor, bullocks and cattle's.
Their values were determined by calculating depreciation.
c) Fixed cost
It includes land and buildings. After computation of value of fixed assets, make the totalvalue
of all assets, i.e. current, working and fixed for total assets value.

d) Current liabilities
It includes outstanding liabilities in cash and kind, unpaid taxes and amount payable toother
creditors.
e) Other liabilities
It includes mortgage loans taken from banks and others. By totaling the current and
other liabilities, the total liabilities can be worked out.
f) Net worth
The excess of total assets over total liabilities is the net worth debtors.in the second part, the
net worth statement contains information on assets given by 1 security, legal proceedings, insurance,
etc.
2.Income statement or record of past performance
An economic statement is a record of receipts and gains, expenses and losses and net income
or net loss, during a specified period, usually a year.it is a statement of all crop raised during the
previous year with area, yield and returns, total cost of inputs and net income loss. It is given crop-
wise and farm as a whole and complied at least for last 23 to 3 years,

100
 3 .Particulars of fixed and working assets owned
It is required for fixed capital loans. It includes description of land a building in terms of area,
location, title, date of purchase, original cost, depreciation and estimated market value.In working
assets depreciation of machinery, equipment, bullock, etc. in terms of use, date of purchase,
ownership is required for cash assets.
4.Particulars of presently outstanding loans or debts
in this nature of loan or debts, nature of security given, original amount, unpaid balanceand
how to pay the unpaid balance, etc. are shown.
5.Future crop loans, technical and economic potential of scheme/project
In this statement, the information is to be supplied on the crops proposed to be taken upduring
next year with area under crops, inputs used, crop-wise and total anticipated cost, projected crop
yields, grass income and net profit. Fixed capital loans such as purchased of tractors and equipment's,
land development programs, constructions of dug well and tube wells.Dairy and poultry enterprises,
etc. project should be accompanied by technical and economic feasibility, financial aspects and
facilities available, working capital requirement,cost of operation and profitability.
Table 5.43 The loan proposal should consist of
following
Fixed Capital Loans (Long And Medium Working Capital Loans (Short Term
Term Loans) Loan)
Loan application with Loan application with
a) Amount required a) Amount of loan
b) Purpose and duration b) Purpose and duration
c) Securities offered c) Security offered
d) Repayment plan
Document To Be Furnished
1.Financial of net worth statement. 1.Financial statement.
2.Income or record of past 2.Income or record of past.
performance statement.
3.Particulars of presently outstanding 3.Particulars of presently outstanding loans.
Loans.
4.Paticulars of technical and economic 4.Particulars of future crop plans.
potentialities of scheme or project.
The security of loan proposed includes the following
1.Inspection report on financial statement.
2.Report on the assessment of past performance.
3.Appraisal report on the technical and economic feasibility
of the scheme/project
.4.Appraisal report on feasibility of future crop plan.
5.Analysis of loan limit.

101
 5.13.2 Information About Loan Proposal
Agriculture is the most important sector in India. But, the farmers face a lot of difficulties
with regard to procuring the best seeds to buying the best fertilizer and machinery.To help the farmers
and agriculturists with the finances, the lenders are offering crop loans. Crop loan is a short term
advance that is given to the farmers and agriculturists by banks and co-operative societies. The loan
amount can be used to purchase improved seeds, fertilizers, machinery etc. The crop loans are
provided as agriculture is a priority sector. The loan is usually repaid in single installment after the
crop production. Crop loan is a Secured Loan andthe interest is debit on a half- yearly basis at simple
rate of interest. The loans provided by anylenders and co-operative societies can be refinanced by
Documents required for obtaining crop loan:
A) Land should be owned.
B) 7 ‘A’, ‘B’ 12 should be on the name of applicant.
C) Applicant should be member of society or to be a member of the society.

D) Valuation of land from talathi.

E) N.O.C. from other Bank.
F) Valuation Project Report
G) Two Guarantors should necessary.
H) Bank statement of applicant &
guarantor.
I) Project Report
J) ID Proof
K) Address Proof
L) Income Proof

102
103
104
 5.44 Alternative Farm Plan
While preparing alternate farm plan first of all, the existing farm plan is given. Alternate
farm plan is suggested over an existing farm plan if existing farm plan is not Profitable to the
host farmer. When gross income obtained from existing plan is not satisfying for farmer, the
existing farm plan is replaced by the alternate farm plan
Table 5.44
Particulars Pigeon Soyabe
Pea an
(Kharif) (Khari)
Plot no. - -
Area(ha) 1.2 1.2
Variety Godavari JS-335
Seed Rate 18kg 70kg
Yield (Qnt.) 24 26
Cost A1 45693.3786 50340.39
Cost A2 45693.3786 50340.39
Cost B1 78727.55 64585.78
Cost B2 103019.5486 66600.61
Cost C1 84796.88 68659.56
Cost C2 109088.8865 70688.54
Gross Income 146400 118000
Net Income 37311.1135 33311.46
B:C Ratio 1.34 1.67

Table 5.44 shows that the alternate farm plan suggested to the farmer. In the alternate farm
plan, will suggest to farmer to replace 1.20ha Pigeon Pea wiyh 1.20 ha Soybean crop. Soyabean
crop of variety JS-335 gives yield of 26 qtl in 1.20 ha area. It gives net income of Rs. 33311.46/-
and it’s B:C ratio is 1.67 which is greater than the Soybean crop.

105
 6.SWOT ANALYSIS:

6.1 SWOT Analysis of Host Farmer:

1) Strength:
1) Availability of
market
2) Close to consumers
3)Good technical skills .

2 Weaknesses:
1) Lack of co-
operation.
2) Lack of investement.

3 Opportunities :
1) Employment
generation.
2) Increased food and nutrition security
3) Potential use of alternative feed
resource.

4 Threats:
1) Price Fluctuation.
2) Competition in
market.

106
 7. PROBLEMS AND SUGGESTIONS

Problems:
1) High prices of fertilizers and pesticides.
2) Reduced Productivity of soil.

Suggestions:
1) Adaption of use Organic Fertilizer to increase Productivity and Fertility of soil.
2) Regularly testing of a soil in the laboratory.

107
 8.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Summary

In this Rural Awareness Work Experience Programme, I studied the Socio economic condition of
Ghodatanda village. I got the information regarding total population of Ghodatanda village,
information regarding APL and BPL families in Ghodatanda village. In this Rural Awareness Work
Experience, I study cultivation practices of crops under the host farmer Mr.Sambhaji Bhagwat
Bhopale , I was placed in the Ghodatanda Village. The selected farmer cultivated Maize, Pigeon pea
,Onion, Sugarcane ,Grapes etc .The data was arranged in tables and the farm business income, family
labour income, net income, farm investment income, Benefit - Cost Ratio, per quintal cost of
production, per Hectare cost of cultivation etc.was calculated for per plot and per Hectare.

Conclusions
Ghodatanda village is socially and economically developed. Various Governmentschemes are
implementing in Ghodatanda Village. Analyzed the cropping pattern of host farmer Mr.Sambhaji
Bhagwat Bhopale which included Maize, Onion, Sugarcane,Grapes ,Pigeon pea crop. Studied the
input utilization of host farmer for the Maize, Soyabean, Wheat, Pigeon pea,Sorghum, Grapes crop.
Calculated per Hectare cost of cultivation.

108
 9.EXPERIENCE GAINED

1. Got practical knowledge about production of Agricultural crops and growing techniques
2. Got knowledge about different Inputs used for cultivation of crops.
3. Also Got information about spraying techniques
4. Also get knowledge regarding The how agricultural products are packed.
5. Also got knowledge about disease managment techniques like covering of fruit or plant
6. Also gain experience in program managment like tree plantation,seed treatment

109
10.PHOTO GALLERY

110
 11.REFERENCES

Website
1) www.google.com
2) www.indiastat.com
3) www.wikipedia.com
4) www.googlescholar.com
5) https://aps.dac.gov.in/APY/Public_Report1.aspx

Books
1) Acharya, S.S. and N. L. Agarwal. Agricultural Marketing in India. Oxford and IBH
publishing company Pvt.66, Janpath, New Delhi-1.
2) S. Subba Reddy, P. Raghu Ram, T. Y. Neelakanta Sastry and I. Bhavani Devi.
Agricultural Economics.

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