PROJECT REPORT ON

EVALUATION OF CAPITAL AT SOUTH CENTRAL RAILWAY

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

THE DEGREE AWARDED AT

B.COM (FINANCIAL MARKET )

SEMESTER VI

SUBMITTED TO

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

FOR ACADEMIC YEAR 2023– 2024

SUBMITTED BY

NAME : PRATIK UPADHYAY

ROLL NO : 76

VIVA COLLEGE OF ARTS, COMMERCE AND SCIENCE

VIRAR (WEST)

401303
 DECLARATION

I Hereby Declare that the Project Titled “ EVALUATION OF CAPITAL AT SOUTH

CENTRAL RAILWAY is an original work prepared by me and is being submitted to
University of Mumbai in partial fulfillment of “B. Com. (FINANCIAL MARKET)”
degree for the academic year 2023-2024. To the best of my knowledge this report has
not been submitted earlier to the University of Mumbai or any other affiliated college
for the fulfillment of “B.Com (FINANCIAL MARKET )” degree.

Date: Place :

Name : Signature:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I PRATIK UPADHYAY the student of VIVA College pursuing my “B.COM

(FINANCIAL MARKET )”, would like to pay the credits, for all those who helped in
the making of this project. The first in accomplishment of this project is our Principal
Dr. V. S Adigal, Vice-Principal Dr.Prajakta Paranjape, Course Co-ordinator Prof.
Kalpana Jain and Guide Dr./Prof. HEENA QURESHI and teaching & non teaching staff
of VIVA college. I would also like to thank all my college friends those who influenced
my project in order to achieve the desired result correctly.
 INDEX

SR.NO TITLE PAGE

NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 1-12

2 HISTORY 13-17

3 REVIEW OF LITREATURE 18-23

4 24-25
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

5 26-36
REFUND RULE

6 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 37-46

7 47
FINDINGS

8 CONCLUSION 48

9 BIBLIOGRAPHY 49

10 50-51
APPENDIX
 INTRODUCTION

South Central Railways (SCR) is one of the 18 railway zones in India and is
headquartered in Secunderabad, Telangana. It covers a vast area of around 6,700 km,
serving the states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, parts of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and
Tamil Nadu. SCR operates over 5,000 train services daily, connecting major cities such
as Hyderabad, Vijayawada, Guntur, Secunderabad, Nanded, and Chennai. It has six
divisions, namely Secunderabad, Hyderabad, Vijayawada, Guntur, Guntakal, and
Nanded, and has a total of 733 railway stations. The zone is responsible for the operation
and maintenance of railway tracks, signaling systems, and other infrastructure. SCR has
been actively working towards improving passenger convenience and safety by
introducing initiatives such as digital reservation counters, Wi-Fi-enabled stations, and
the installation of CCTV cameras for security. SCR has also taken various measures to
improve the freight transportation system, such as the introduction of dedicated freight
corridors, rationalization of freight tariffs, and setting up of multimodal logistics parks.
The zone has a strong commitment to green energy and has been promoting the use of
renewable energy sources like solar power. Overall, South Central Railways plays a
crucial role in the transportation sector of India, facilitating the movement of people and
goods and contributing significantly to the country's economic growth.

South Central Railways (SCR) is one of the 18 railway zones in India and is
headquartered in Secunderabad, Telangana. It covers a vast area of around 6,700 km,
serving the states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, parts of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and
Tamil Nadu. SCR operates over 5,000 train services daily, connecting major cities such
as Hyderabad, Vijayawada, Guntur, Secunderabad, Nanded, and Chennai. It has six
divisions, namely Secunderabad, Hyderabad, Vijayawada, Guntur, Guntakal, and
Nanded, and has a total of 733 railway stations.

1
The zone is responsible for the operation and maintenance of railway tracks, signaling
systems, and other infrastructure. SCR has been actively working towards improving
passenger convenience and safety by introducing initiatives such as digital reservation
counters, Wi-Fi-enabled stations, and the installation of CCTV cameras for security.
SCR has also taken various measures to improve the freight transportation system, such
as the introduction of dedicated freight corridors, rationalization of freight tariffs, and
setting up of multimodal logistics parks. The zone has a strong commitment to green
energy and has been promoting the use of renewable energy sources like solar power.
Overall, South Central Railways plays a crucial role in the transportation sector of India,
facilitating the movement of people and goods and contributing significantly to the
country's economic growth.

South Central Railways (SCR) is one of the largest and busiest railway zones in India,
covering a vast area of around 6,700 km and serving a population of over 80 million
people. The zone was established in the year 1966, with its headquarters in
Secunderabad, Telangana.South Central Railways (SCR) a modern system of mass
transportation fulfilling the aspirations of the passengers/customers and carved a niche
for itself in Indian Railways system is one of the biggest railway Zone in Indian
Railways covering southern peninsula covering the massive transportation of customer
and goods. South Central Railways is strategically positioned in the southern peninsula,
with its headquarters at Secunderabad serves the economically services daily, including
passenger, mail, express, and freight trains, with a total route length of 6,714 km. SCR
has six divisions, each with its headquarters, responsible for the management of railway
infrastructure, operations, and maintenance of stations and trains. SCR has been
working towards improving passenger amenities and safety by introducing various
initiatives, such as digital reservation counters, Wi-Fi-enabled stations, and the
installation of CCTV cameras for security. The zone has also introduced several
measures to improve the freight transportation system.

2
The introduction of dedicated freight corridors, rationalization of freight tariffs, and
setting up multimodal logistics parks. SCR has a strong commitment to green energy
and has been promoting the use of renewable energy sources like solar power. The zone
has also been taking measures to reduce carbon emissions by introducing energy-
efficient lighting systems, rainwater harvesting, and waste management programs.

Indian Railways is headed by a Four-member Railway Board whose chairman reports

to the Ministry of Railways. The Railway Board also acts as the Ministry of Railways.
The officers manning the office of Railway Board are mostly from organised Group A
Railway Services and Railway Board Secretariat Service. IR is divided into 18 zones,
headed by general managers who report to the Railway Board. The zones are further
subdivided into 71 operating divisions, headed by divisional railway managers (DRM)
The divisional officers of the engineering, mechanical, electrical, signal and
telecommunication, stores, accounts, personnel, operating, commercial, security and
safety branches report to their respective DRMs and are tasked with the operation and
maintenance of assets. Station masters control individual stations and train movements
through their stations' territory. In addition, there are a number of production units,
training establishments, public sector enterprises and other offices working under the
control of the Railway Board.The Indian Railways has been divided based on the
functional groups of Indian Railway Service. In a way reluctant to alter the management
set up and its hierarchy, the IR has at the top the Railway Board, also called as Railway
Ministry. A chairman heads the six-member Railway Board which reports to the Union
Minister. Also, the general managers of all the 18 zones and the production units report
to the board.

Division of Indian Railways

There are 67 divisions at the IR each managed by a divisional railway manager (DRM)
at each level. Set up to oversee the running time of trains, these divisions may also have
loco sheds for repairs, coaching depots (home bases for passenger trains) and wagon

3
depots (for repair and maintenance of freight stock). Each division has all the functional
(both line and staff) elements. While DRM is sought for issues related to administration,
for broader policy guidelines the heads of these functional groups depend on inputs from
the Railway Board and the zonal headquarters. The entire rolling stock and high
precision components are manufactured at the IR's six production units which are
managed directly by the Railway Board. Some of the popular stock builders are CLW
and DLW (electric, diesel locomotives), ICF and RCF for passenger coaches. The IR
has not only achieved self-sufficiency in the production of rolling stocks but has been
exporting the same to other countries. The GM of a production unit reports directly to
the Railway Board.

The Indian Railways, one of the largest railway systems in the world, has a
hierarchical organizational structure that is divided into several departments and
zones.Overall, South Central Railways has been playing a significant role in the
development of the southern region of India by providing safe, reliable, and efficient
transportation. The railway statistics are based on factors of quantity, distance, duration
and service.The factor of quantity (i.e., weight capacity and volume) is expressed in
kilogram/liter/cubic decimeter and tonne kilo litrefcubic metre and that of distance in
metre and kilometre. The primary factors denoting these unita are expressed as follows:-
- Quantity-expressed in number of tonnes and passagers transported and in earnings
derived; These primary units are linked together to denote joist conceptions and are
expressed in composite terms called fundamental units, viz., tonne kilometres
representing the product of the quantity and distance travelled. Passenger kilometres,
train kilometres, wagon kilometres, engine kilometres, engine hour, wagon days etc.,
are obtained in similar manner. Finally the eventual conceptions on which statistics are
based, ie, the relationship that exists between Two sets of primary or fundamental units,
and the results thus arrived at are termed derivative units.

The principal beads under which the Railway Statistics are generally grouped are
indicated in the Economic and Financial Statistics-Under this head are to be included
the detailed statistics relating.

4
The tri-monthly approximate figures of earnings, traffic handled in the shape of
passengers booked for current information, and the monthly statistics of tonnage lifted
and wagons loaded and of revenue and expenditure as booked in monthly and yearly
AccountsTramportation Statistics-Here are the statistics of both the total transport
output (ie, work done) as well as efficiency of operation. Examples of former are: the
number of trains run, train kilometres, shunting kilometres, wagon or vehicle
kilometres, engine kilometres, total coal and oil consumed, fouse Kilometres
transported esc. Examples of the latter relating to different aspects of railway operation
are: punctuality and speed of passenger trains, speed and loads of goods trains, wagon
age as indicated by wagon kilometres per wagon day, net tonne kilometres per wagon
day, average starting wago load and average load during the run, engine usage, namely,
engine kilometres per day per engine in use on different services and on line; net tonne
kilometres per engine day and per engine hour, auxiliary i, e. , unproductive services
such as shunting kilometres per 100 train kilometres, percentage of train to total engine
hours, etc., marshalling yard, terminal goods station and break-of-gange points
statistics, and (r) coal/diesel oil/electric energy consumed per engine kilometre and per
1000 gros tonne kilometres etc.

Commercial Statistics Under this head are included the statistics relating to number of
passenger Tonnes carried, passenger kilometres, tonne kilometres, average rate per
passenger or tenne kilometre and average lead of traffic. Statistics regarding freight
traffic and earnings by commodities, claims for compensation of goods or parcels lost
or damaged in transit are also included in this category. IV. Ralling stock and Workshop
repair StatisticsUnder this head are grouped statistics dealing with the repair and
maintenance of rolling-stock, engine failures, hot bases etc., as well as out-turn and
other information relating to repair shop activity.
Administrative Statisties-Under this head are grapped statistics relating to staff matters,
their number, incidence of sickness, accidents, pay categories, elc., besides the physical
statistics like route kilometres, mumber of stations, gradients, curvature.

5
The permanent wayCompilation of Railway Statistics of Indian Railways falls broadly
under two categories, namely the statistics required to be compiled by the Railways, by
the Railway Board in order to keep themselves generally informed about the different
activities of the Indian Railways and further detailed Railway Statistics which
individual Railways may undertake for their own respective domestic requirements.

The organisation for compilation and interpretation of statistics in the Ministry of

Railways (Railway Board) is under the charge of the Director, Statistics and Economics
who works under the Financial Commissioner for Railways. The statistical compilation
work on individual Railways is generally in the charge of a Statistical Officer assisted
by a Compilation Officer functioning as a part of the Financial Adviser and Chief
Accounts Officer's organisation.
The Compilation Offices on the Railways undertake only the processing of important
types of statistics, namely, operating and commercial statistics, which between them
constitute the bulk of the statistical information supplied to the Railways and the
Railway Board. A certain amount of compiling work is also linked up with the work of
other Offices. The actual compilation of the statistics reported for accidents, claims,
marshalling yard operations, terminal operations, rolling stock, workshops, staff, etc., is
generally undertaken by the Departments concerned, although in some cases these may
be consolidated and reported by the Statistical and Compilation Offices. In the case of
production units, such as the Chittaranjan Locomotive Works, etc., only the statistics of
staff, fuel consumption and the statistics of accidents resulting in fatalities and casualties
as defined in the instructions for the compilation of statistics of accidents on Indian
Railways come within the scope of the statistics required by the Railway Board.

The statistics dealt with in this Manual are those required by the Railway Board. Besides
these, certain other statistics are also compiled by Railways, as required under certain
statutes, for other Ministries of the Government of India, etc.

6
Additional statistics are also compiled by individual Railways for their domestic needs
and for outside bodies. The pattern of the domestic statistics to be brought out by the
Railways is given in Appendix Il. 6. The data from which statistics are compiled are
taken from various initial documents sent by divisions, stations, sheds, yards, etc., to the
Central Statistical (Compilation) Sections/divisions of different Railway
Administrations. The programme of receipt of initial documents, and detailed methods
employed in the compilation of statistics should be laid down in office manuals by the
Railway Administrations for the guidance of staff concerned. 7. To ensure that the
statistical returns prepared at the stations, yards, workshops etc., and also in the
Divisional and Headquarters offices are compiled strictly in accordance with the
relevant instructions laid down in the Manual of Statistical Instructions, the Statistical
Inspectors should test-check the returns with the initial records and guide the concerned
staff in the correct preparation of the returns. The specimen formats of inspection to be
used by the Statistical Inspectors are appended as Appendices Ill (a) to (m) to this
volume for the guidance of the Inspectors.

South Central Railway was formed on 02-10-1966 when Hubli and Vijayawada
Divisions of Southern Railway and Sholapur and Secunderabad Divisions of Central
Railway were carved out and merged into a new Zone. Subsequently, Guntakal Division
of Southern Railway was merged with South Central Railway on 02-10-1977 and
Sholapur Division was remerged with Central Railway. Secunderabad Division was
split into two Divisions viz. Secunderabad and Hyderabad on 17-02-1978. Following
reorganisation of zones and Divisions with effect from 01-04-2003, two new Divisions
viz., Guntur and Nanded were operationalised duly transferring Hubli Division to newly
formed South Western Railway. Presently S.C. Railway has 6 Divisions, viz,
Secunderabad, Hyderabad, Vijayawada, Guntakal, Guntur and Nanded. South Central
Railway predominantly serves the state of Andhra Pradesh,Telangana and Maharashtra
and to a limited extent, portions of Karnataka, Tamilnadu & Madhya Pradesh states.

7
South Central Railway was formed on 02-10-1966 when Hubli and Vijayawada
Divisions of Southern Railway and Sholapur and Secunderabad Divisions of Central
Railway were carved out and merged into a new Zone. Subsequently, Guntakal Division
of Southern Railway was merged with South Central Railway on 02-10-1977 and
Sholapur Division was remerged with Central Railway. Secunderabad Division was
split into two Divisions viz. Secunderabad and Hyderabad on 17-02-1978. Following
reorganisation of zones and Divisions with effect from 01-04-2003, two new Divisions
viz., Guntur and Nanded were operationalised duly transferring Hubli Division to newly
formed South Western Railway. Presently S.C. Railway has 6 Divisions, viz,
Secunderabad, Hyderabad, Vijayawada, Guntakal, Guntur and Nanded. South Central
Railway predominantly serves the state of Andhra Pradesh,Telangana and Maharashtra
and to a limited extent, portions of Karnataka, Tamilnadu & Madhya Pradesh states

This Volume which will be referred to as the Manual of Statistical Instructions-Volume

I, has been divided into two parts. Section I contains the instructions for the
monthly/quarterly statements from Government Railways, which form the mainstay of
the statistics received by the Board. Section Il consists of the instructions for the
preparation of other statistics viz., periodical (tri-monthly)statement of approximate
gross earnings and traffic handled, monthly statement of commodity loadings etc.
Instructions for the annual statements required for the compilation of "Indian Railways
Annual Statistical Statements" are contained in Volume Il of theManual of Statistical
Instructions. Those are also based on the monthly and other statistics for which detailed
instructions are given in this Volume. Statistical reports and information received from
the different railways in accordance 3/8 struct ions are consolidated and processed
further for gaugewise totals and averages, and ad totals for all railways. These are
collated finally into the different statistical publications of way Board, domestic
statistics of cach Railway and General Manager's Annual Report to the Railway
Board.Based on the information received from the Railways, the following are the
statistical brochures, publica-tins, etc., compiled and issued by the Railway Board.

8
PeriodicalTri-monthly Statement of approximate gross earnings of Indian Railways for
every 10/11 day period (for circulation in Board's Office only). Monthly/Quarterly/Half
yearly Monthly Statement of Revenue Earning Goods traffic on Indian Railways.
Monthly Railway Statistics presenting the principal statistical results of Indian Railways
relating to earnings and traffic, commercial statistics, operating statistics and rolling
stock performance, etc. Supplement to Monthly Railway Statistics containing residual
information of the Railway performance. Monthly Statistics of Passenger and Freight
Traffic. Monthly Digest of current trends in Economic conditions and Rail
transport.Quarterly Review of Accident Statistics. Half yearly Operating Statistics of
Marshalling Yards, Terminal Goods Stations and Break-of-Gauge Transhipment Points.
Indian Railways Annual Report and Accounts. Indian Railways Year Book. Indian
Railways Annual Statistical Statements. Goods Revenue Statistics of Government
Railways.

Southern Railway, in its present form, came into existence on 14th April 1951 through
the merger of the three state railways namely Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway,
the South Indian Railway, and the Mysore state railway.

Southern Railway's present network extends over a large area of India's Southern
Peninsula, covering the states of Tamilnadu, Kerala, Pondicherry,and a small portion of
Andhra Pradesh. Serving these naturally plentiful and culturally rich southern states, the

9
SR extends from Mangalore on the west coast and Kanniyakumari in the south to
Renigunta in the North West and Gudur in the North East.

South Central Railways is one of the 18 zones of the Indian Railways, headquartered at
Secunderabad in the state of Telangana. It was formed in the year 1966 with the
integration of several railway lines in the southern part of the country. The zone covers
a vast geographical area including the states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and parts of
Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. South Central Railways operates a wide
network of rail routes connecting important cities such as Hyderabad, Vijayawada,
Guntur, Secunderabad, Guntakal, Guntur, Nanded, Pune, and Chennai. The zone is
responsible for the operation and maintenance of trains, tracks, stations, and other
railway infrastructure in its jurisdiction.

The South Central Railways has been instrumental in providing connectivity to remote
areas and promoting economic growth in the region by facilitating the movement of
goods and people. It has also been a pioneer in introducing various initiatives to improve
passenger amenities, safety, and security. Overall, the South Central Railways plays a
vital role in the transportation sector of India and contributes significantly to the
country's economic development.

South Central Railways (SCR) is one of the largest railway zones in India, covering a
vast area of around 6,700 km, with its headquarters in Secunderabad, Telangana. The
zone operates over 5,000 train services daily, including passenger, mail, express, and
freight trains.

The SCR has six divisions, namely Secunderabad, Hyderabad, Vijayawada, Guntur,
Guntakal, and Nanded. The zone has a total of 733 railway stations, including major
junctions like Secunderabad, Vijayawada, Guntur, and Nanded. SCR has a significant
role in the transportation of goods and passengers in the southern part of India. It is also
responsible for the operation and maintenance of railway tracks, signaling systems, and
other infrastructure.

10
The zone has introduced various initiatives for passenger convenience and safety, such
as the introduction of digital reservation counters, Wi-Fi-enabled stations, and the
installation of CCTV cameras for security.

SCR has also taken several measures to improve the freight transportation system, such
as the introduction of dedicated freight corridors, rationalization of freight tariffs, and
setting up of multimodal logistics parks. The zone has a strong commitment to green
energy and has been actively promoting the use of renewable energy sources like solar
power. Overall, South Central Railways plays a vital role in the development of the
southern region of India and has been striving to provide safe, reliable, and efficient
transportation services to its customers.

Southern Railway, in its present form, came into existence on 14th April 1951 through
the merger of the three state railways namely Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway,
the South Indian Railway and the Mysore State Railway.

Southern Railway's present network extends over a large area of India's Southern
Peninsula, covering the states of Tamilnadu, Kerala, Pondicherry and a small portion of
Andhra Pradesh. Serving these naturally plentiful and culturally rich southern states, the
Southern Railway extends from Mangalore.

11
The Southern Railway (SR) was first established on 14th April 1951. Its headquarters is
located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. It includes six divisions:
Chennai, Madurai, Trichy, Salem, Palakkad and Thiruvananthapuram. This railway
zone has a total route of about 5098 km. The Southern Railway network covers the state
of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Pondicherry and small portions of Karnataka and Andhra
Pradesh. The Southern Railway was created merging the three state railways i.e. the
Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway, the South Indian Railway Company and the
Mysore State Railway. More than 500 million passengers travel on this network every
year.

This zone differs from the other zones as its revenue is derived from passengers and not
from freight. Chennai Central, Madurai Junction, Tiruchirappalli Junction, Tirunelveli
Junction, Thiruvananthapuram Central and Coimbatore Junction are the most important
and profitable stations under Southern Railway Division. Currently this railway zone
are converting all lines to broad gauge and improving stations, platform coverings,
catering stalls and automated signaling system to avoid accidents. Some important trains
of Southern Railway are: Tamil Nadu Express, Chennai - Delhi Duronto Express,
Rajadhani Expresses, Kerala Express, Alleppey Express, Mangalore Mail, Janshatabthi
Express, etc.

12
 HISTORY

History of Indian Railways: Take a look at the History of Indian Railways from
industrial railways, passenger railways, its story of electrification/ modernisation, and
so on. History of Indian Railways: Indian Railways is the fourth-largest network in the
world, spanning over 1.2 Lakh Km across the country. Mainly, three kinds of services
are provided by the Indian Railway to the public including Express trains, Mail Express,
and Passenger Trains. If we talk about the fare, then Passenger trains fare are the lowest
and Mail Express trains are the highest. On the other hand, Express trains fare lie in the
middle. In 1832, the idea of setting up a railway system in British India was first
proposed. At that time, rail travel was still in its infancy in Britain, but the East India
Company knew the benefits of developing an extensive rail network. After a long decade
of inaction, private entrepreneurs were allowed to establish a rail system by Lord
Hardinge, the Governor-General of India in 1844. Two companies were formed by the
year 1845 namely "East Indian railway Company" and the "Great Indian Peninsula
Railway".

On 16 April 1853, the first train in India was to run between Bori Bunder, Bombay (now
Mumbai), and Thane at a distance of around 34 km. The network to about 14,500 Km
was developed in 1880 around the three major port cities of Bombay, Madras, and
Calcutta. In 1901, Railway Board was formed under the guidance of the Department of
Commerce and Industry. But still, the powers were vested in the Viceroy. Take a look at
the chronology of Railways in India.1984 On 24 October, Calcutta Metro was
India'sfirst rapid-transit line. The first metro train in India ran from Esplanade to
Bhowanipur (Currently known as Netaji Bhawan Station) in Calcutta. 1986 In New
Delhi, computerised ticketing and reservations were introduced (pilot project begun in
1985). The Taj Express gets electric locomotives. Howrah Rajdhani becomes air-braked.
1987 Bombay-Delhi WR route was fully electrified.

13
On 25 July, the first solid-state interlocking (SSI) system became operational in Sri
rangam. Railway Coach Factory at Kapurthala was set up. Electrification stands at 7275
route-km 1988. The Shatabdi Express, India's fastest train was introduced between New
Delhi and Jhansi. On I February, the Bombay-Delhi route was electrified. On 31 March,
the first ICF-designed coaches were produced by the newly set-up Railway Coach
Factory (RCF), Kapurthala. Madras-New Delhi route was electrified. 1989 The second
Shatabdi Express was introduced between New Delhi and Kanpur and later extended to
Lucknow. The Indrayani Express between Bombay and Pune was introduced and also
the Pragati Express. On 29 August, the IRFCA electronic mailing list for IR railfans was
born. 1990 The first self-printing ticket machine (SPTM) was introduced in New Delhi.
1993 Three-tier air conditioned separate coaches and a sleeper class were introduced.
1995 On 16 January, the first regularly scheduled service with 2x 25kV traction
commenced on the Bina-Katni line. On 4 March, Victoria Terminus was renamed
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus. In September, The Union Cabinet approves the first phase
of the Delhi Metro. The CONCERT system of computerised reservation was
commenced further in New Delhi, Mumbai, and Chennai. 1997 Freight services begin
on Konkan Railway. The third Godavari bridge was built that replaced the first one built
in 1897, near Rajahmundry.

In April, the infamous 'Platinum Pass' was instituted. This allowed all current and past
Railway Board members to travel free on IR by Air-conditioned First Class. Later, this
prerequisite was withdrawn on a court order following a successful public interest
lawsuit. 1998 Coupon-Validating Machines (CVMs) were launched at Mumbai CST.
1999 At the national level, the CONCERT system became operational in April. The
South East Central Railway zone was also for. The first railway proposals for India were
made in Madras in 1 832. The country's first transport train, Red Hill Railroad (built by
Arthur Cotton to transport granite for road-building), ran from Red Hills to the
Chintadripet bridge in Madras in 1836-1837. In 1845, the Godavari Dam Construction
Railway was built by Cotton at Dowleswaram in Rajahmundry, to supply stone for the
construction of a dam over the Godavari River.

14
In 1851, the Solani Aqueduct Railway was built by Proby Cautley in Roorkee to
transport construction materials for an aqueduct over the Solani River. These railway
tracks were dismantled after these projects were completed and no longer exist.

India's first passenger train, operated by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway and hauled
by three steam locomotives (Sahib, Sindh and Sultan), ran for 34 kilometres (21 mi)
with 400 people in 14 carriages on 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge track between Bori
Bunder (Mumbai) and Thane on 16 April 853. The Thane viaducts, India's first railway
bridges, were built over the Thane creek when the Mumbai-Thane line was extended to
Kalyan in May 1 854. Eastern India's first passenger train ran 39 km (24 mi) from
Howrah, near Kolkata, to Hoogly on 15 August 1 854. The first passenger train in South
India ran 97 km (60 mi) from Royapuram-Veyasarapady (Madras) to Wallajaroad
(Arcot) on I July 1856.

On 24 February 1873, a horse-drawn 3.8 km (2.4 mi) tram opened in Calcutta between
Sealdah and Armenian Ghat Street.On 9 May 1874, a horse-drawn tramway began
operation in Bombay between Colaba and Parel. In 1879, the Nizam's Guaranteed State
Railway was established which built several railway lines across the then Hyderabad
State with Kachiguda Railway Station serving as its headquater.
In 1897, lighting in passenger coaches was introduced by many railway companies. On
3 February 1925, the first electric passenger train in India ran between Victoria Terminu.

15
The organization of Indian railways into regional zones began in when the
Southern (14 April 1951), Central (5 November 1951), and Western (5 November 1951)
zones were created. Fans and lights were mandated for all compartments in all
passenger classes in 1951, and sleeping accommodations were introduced in coaches.
In 1956, the first fully air conditioned train was introduced between Howrah and Delhi
(Presently known as Poorva Express). [23] Ten years later, the first containerised freight
service began between Mumbai and Ahmedabad. In 1974, Indian Railways endured a
20 day strike, which damaged the nation's economy.

In 1986, computerized ticketing and reservations were introduced in New Delhi.In

1988, the first Shatabdi Express was introduced between New Delhi and Jhansi; it was
later extended to Bhopal. Two years later, the first self-printing ticket machine (SPTM)
was introduced in New Delhi. In 1993, air-conditioned three-tier coaches and a sleeper
class (separate from second class) were introduced on IR. The CONCERT system of
computerized reservations was deployed in New Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai in
September 1996. In 1998, coupon validating machines (CVMs) were introduced at
Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus. The nationwide concierge system
began operation on 18 April 1999. In February 2000, the Indian Railways website went
online. Individuals can book reserved tickets in online through Indian Railways
Catering and Tourism Corporation's (IRCTC) official website (www.irctc.co.in). On 3
August 2002, IR began online train reservations and ticketing. The Railway Budget was
usually presented two days before the Union budget every year till 2016. The central
government approved merger of the Rail and General budgets from next year, ending a
92- year-old practice of a separate budget for the nation's largest transporter. On 31
March 2017, Indian Railways announced that the country's entire rail network would be
electrified by 2022 or 2023, and become a net-zero (carbon emission) railway.

South Central Railways (SCR) operates a vast network of railway stations and provides
various services to its customers. Here are some of the key stations and services
provided by SCR: Secunderabad Railway Station:

16
This is one of the busiest railway stations in India, located in Secunderabad, Telangana.
It serves as the headquarters of SCR and offers various facilities like waiting rooms,
food stalls, book stalls, and digital reservation counters. Hyderabad Deccan Railway
Station: This station is also known as the Nampally Station, located in Hyderabad,
Telangana. It offers various amenities like waiting rooms, cloakrooms, food stalls, and
book stalls. Vijayawada Railway Station: This station is located in Vijayawada, Andhra
Pradesh, and is one of the busiest stations in the region. It offers various facilities like
waiting rooms, food stalls, book stalls, and digital reservation counters.

Guntur Railway Station: This station is located in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, and serves
as a major junction in the region. It offers various amenities like waiting rooms, food
stalls, book stalls, and digital reservation counters. Digital Reservation Counters: SCR
has introduced digital reservation counters at various stations, allowing customers to
book their train tickets online and avoid long queues. Wi-Fi-enabled Stations: SCR has
introduced Wi-Fi-enabled stations at various locations, allowing passengers to access
high-speed internet services. CCTV Surveillance: SCR has installed CCTV cameras at
various stations to enhance the security and safety of passengers.
Cleanliness and Hygiene: SCR is committed to maintaining high levels of cleanliness
and hygiene at its stations, with regular cleaning and sanitization of waiting rooms,
toilets, and other facilities.

Passenger Amenities: SCR provides various passenger amenities such as water coolers,
drinking water facilities, and charging points at its stations. On 22 March 2020, Indian
Railways announced a nationwide shutdown of passenger rail service to combat the
COVID-19 pandemic in India. This became part of a nationwide lockdown to slow the
spread of the novel coronavirus. The railway shutdown was initially scheduled to last
from 23 to 31 but the nationwide lockdown, as announced by Prime Minister Narendra
Modi on 24 March, was to last 21 days.

17
 REVIEW OF LITREATURE

1. M. Devi Prasad (2010)

conducted a survey on various Service Quality Management aspects and concluded that
unlike Airline services in SCR human touch is missing and so Quality of Services
provided to Railway Travelers are not satisfactory.

2. Dr. G. Alivelu Siva Prasad (2008)

presented a paper titled “Trends in Productivity across the Indian Zonal Railways 1981-
82 through 2002-03” at the Development Convention held in February 20-22 2008 at
Institute of Public Enterprises. It clearly reflected the overall productivity improvement
of Railways in the coming years.

3. George and Rangaraj (2008),

who did a benchmarking study of the zones of IR in pursuit of developing an alternative
approach to measure the performance of IR from the perspective of the supply chain.
They employed data envelopment analysis for the purpose of the performance appraisal.
The study finds that the performance of the central and western zones is excellent,
whereas other zones, including the east coast, north central, and south east central, have
also performed satisfactorily, though not at par with the central and western zones. The
conditions of some of the rest zones, including been fragile.

4. Gupta and Sathye (2008)

Their study on ‘Financial turnaround of the Indian railways: a case study’ seem not to
be in conformity who state that the performance of IR is not up to the mark. However,
here one point has to be kept in mind An analysis of performance of Indian railways.

18
5. George and Rangaraj (2008)
zone-wise state that IR has seen a transition from a low-performing organisation to a
high-performing one, and attribute this change to strong management from the then
Railway Minister, Nitish Kumar. According to the authors, under the helm of Nitish
Kumar, the IR has seen the end of bureaucratic hurdles and the politicisation of decision-
making. In addition to them, some of the key strategies adopted by the then IR minister
brought about a perceptible change. For instance, the retrenchment strategy helped
reduce operating costs, the pricing strategy resulted in an increase in revenues, and the
reorganisation strategy helped IR achieve efficiency. All of these factors changed the
very fate of IR and it saw the turnaround in its state.

6. Alivelu (2010)
A study to find out whether the long-running policies of reservation are negatively
affecting the productivity of IR. Though the inefficiency argument is often put forward
whenever there is a case of reservation in an organisation.

7. Deshpande and Weisskopf (2010) negate

The prejudice against reservations in IR and defy the claims that representation of a
marginalised section of society in IR comes at the cost of productivity and efficiency.
Contrary to the ingrained mindset that affirmative action in IR recruitment has brought
about inefficiency in the system of IR.

8. Gunasekaran et al. (2000)

The proper management of people in an organisation is an important issue for
productivity improvement, the inclusion of backward classes in the functioning of IR is
likely to bring in efficiency and productivity.

19
9. Kumar et al. (2018)
Have rightly stated that information sharing on time is imperative for the improvement
of the transport industry. All of them combined bring about accidents such as derailment
and collisions. Such problems are chiefly afflicting the western and central parts of
India. The author suggests the speedy construction of new tracks, keeping in mind the
phenomenal growth in the number of passengers, trains, and vocal demand for
connectivity in the fast-progressing country.

10.Nag (2013a)
It has examined the procedures and mechanisms of IR with regard to procurement of
inputs, including methodology, organisation structure, and their impact on efficiency
and accountability. The author finds that factors affecting a strong procurement process,
such as transparency, value for money, fairness, and quality are wanted in the case of
IR, and thus, internal vigil and external oversight by independent auditors and bodies
are expected to change the scenario.

11.George and Rangaraj (2008),

who also found that the performance of the Central and Western zones is excellent,
whereas other zones, including the East Coast, North Central, and South East Central,
have also performed satisfactorily.

12.Ramaraju (2013)
study on the operational efficiency of IR has brought to light some constraints which
are hampering the efficiency of IR. The author finds that IR suffers from capacity
constraints and these are afflicting chiefly the high density-routes such as Delhi-
Mumbai, Delhi Howrah, Howrah-Chennai, Delhi-Chennai, Mumbai-Chennai, etc. It
was further found that these routes carry more or less 60% of the traffic while they
represent only 20% of the IR total network. The other 80% of the IR network carries
only 40% of the traffic.

20
13.Gunasekaran et al. (2004)
have rightly asserted that capacity determines the level of activities. Appropriate
capacity utilisation is a must for targeted efficiency and productivity.

14.Bhanot and Singh (2014)

studied the performance of the container business of IR using DEA. They claim that
efficiency with CONCOR has fluctuated between 87.5% and 100%. The reasons for
such fluctuations, as per the authors, are the haphazard usage of infrastructure, such as
the number of terminals and the number of yard equipment, without giving attention to
the actual requirements. The authors suggest that norms should be formulated to
enhance efficiency.

15.Deshpande and Weisskopf (2014)

have checked whether affirmative action reduces the productivity and efficiency of IR.
They have found that there is no evidence to vouch for the claims that affirmative action
is hampering the productivity of IR. In stark contrast to the held-views, the authors claim
that more representation of people from backward classes in higher-level jobs at IR is
likely to enhance the productivity and efficiency of IR. The authors cite the reasons
behind the probable improvement in efficiency. They point out that, since people from
the backward classes have been suffering from subjugation and marginalisation, they
are highly motivated to perform to the best of their abilities and leave no stone unturned
to defy the popularly held belief that people from the backward classes are not
competent to perform at par with others. This synergy brings more productivity and
enhanced efficiency in the functioning of the IR if they are given more representation at
high places in the IR.

16.Gupta et al. (2015)

the public procurement environment in IR. The authors argue that supplier relationships
with IR are not up-to-mark, resulting in inefficiencies such as high lead time, high cycle
time, a costly and time-consuming supplier selection process, lack of accountability,

21
 blurred responsibility, etc. The entire procurement mechanism is not based on a long-
term strategic approach.

17.Sopadang and Wichaisri (2021)

It rightly emphasise, adoption of lean logistics is imperative for improving the
organisation for sustainability business.

18.Sharma et al. (2016)

It studied the performance of IR from the marketing point of view. They have analysed
various parameters of service quality, such as punctuality, safety and security, and public
complaints by adopting DEA. The study encompasses all zones of IR, and the
parameters of inputs used in the study are the number of employees, working expenses,
and equated track kilometres. The output parameters used in the study are passenger
traffic kilometres, punctuality, revenue, and public complaints. The study claims that
there is redundancy and non-optimum use of resources, over deployment of a huge work
force to inefficient zones. The authors suggest that IR should adopt the DEA
methodology to assess and improve the performance of the zone.

19.Vaidya (2018)
proposed an approach for ‘on-time’ performance appraisal of IR. The approach which
the author used in the study is based on six-sigma computation. Six Sigma is applied to
‘improve process effectiveness’ .

20.Adeodu et al.,( 2021)

The proposed approach to performance appraisal goes far beyond the conventional
DMPO approach and has been validated by using various data sets. This is an extension
to the existing sigma computation and can compute the sigma level for any unruly data
as well.

22
21.Anand and Gupta (2018)
IR with special reference to New Delhi Railway Station, find that the handling capacity
of passengers at railway stations is poorer than in European countries. The stations are
incapable of using the land resources to their fullest capacity, and buildings are under-
utilised too. The stations suffer from some additional problems, such as the lack of hold-
up areas for crowd management and the lack of proper guidelines for passengers
regarding the carriage of belongings. All of these factors hamper the proper functioning
of IR and thus reduce productivity and efficiency.

22.Bhatia and Sharma (2021)

It conducted a study on ‘Expense-based performance analysis and resource
rationalisation: case of Indian railways’ to assess the efficiency rating of each zone of
IR and find out the benchmarking zones for the purpose of facilitating the inefficient
zones to the high-performance IR zones. For the study, the authors applied variable
return to scale and constant return to scale data-envelopment methods. The study finds
eight railway zones to be efficient in the CRS model and thirteen railway zones to be
efficient in the VRS model. The study further asserts that there is the deployment of
surplus staff in some zones which needs to be shunted to other departments of IR. In
addition to that, the staffs need to be made multi-skilled, and zonal railways restructured.
The authors also suggest IR to formulate strategies to rationalise resources.

23
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The information for this report has been collected through the Primary and secondary
sources. Primary sources :
1. The data is collected through the observation in the organi zation and interview with
officials.
2. By asking question with the accounts and other persons in the financial department.(oral
questioning) Secondary sources :
These secondary data is existing data which is already been collected by Others, for that
the sources are financial journals, annual reports of the SOUTH CENTRAL RAILWAY,
Railway website, and other Publications of Railway

A thorough and exhaustive literature review of the research done during the last two
decades could not bring to the fore any literature complete in itself talking about the
latent reasons behind the fragile conditions of IR. Even the mentions of weak
performance of IR are outdated and may not be relevant today.
This gap created the scope for the present paper to study the subject in detail.
However, the literature available did help us with framing the objectives of the study,
designing the research process, and picking the tools for our study.

Hence, the researchers have framed the following objectives in the context of IR:
• To examine the financial performance of IR.
• To identify the causes of lacklustre functioning of IR.
• To assess the logistical and safety issues in IR.

1. The idea behind these objectives is to draw the attention of the readers .
2. especially the policymakers towards the basic and inherent problems plaguing.
3. The IR and provide them with insights into the
4. The worrisome performance of IR has been analysed from two dimensions.
5. The two dimensions encompass productivity and safety measures.

24
6. The measures have employed efficiency metrics.
7. such as OR, COR, LOLAR, and safety indices, etc.
8. to know the health of IR from different angles and to help pinpoint.
9. the basic and inherent causes of lackadaisical performance.

The following methodologies have been adopted for conducting the work study:

(i) Unit visit & collection of relevant data,

(ii) Examination of records,

(iii) Direct observations regarding working of staff,

(iv) Interaction with officers and staff and

(v) Critical Analysis.

25
 REFUND RULE

Untravelled More than one day in advance of Rs.50/- - AC 1

Reserved Tickets the scheduled departure of the Class, Executive

train (excluding the date of
Class
journey)
Rs.30/- - AC 2
Tier Tier
class, AC
Chair Car,
First Class

Rs.20/- Sleeper

ClassRs.10/-

Second Class

Untravelled One day in advance (excluding 25% of the Fare

Reserved Tickets the date of journey) and upto 4 Paid

hours before the scheduled
departure of the train

After actual For a distance of * (subject to the

Dep. minimum

of train cancellation
charges
Upto 3 hours upto 200 KM
specified
in the shaded
Upto 6 hours 201-500 KM

26
 Upto 12 hours over 500 KM section above)

Untravelled After actual For a distance of Rs.10/-

Waitlisted/RAC Dep.

Tickets of train

These are spelt out in greater detail in the following table.

Nature of Time limit for Cancellation

Ticket Cancellation of charge per
Ticket passanger

Untravelled Within 3 hrs after the Rs.10/-

Unreserved actual departure of the

Tickets train

Unreserved Within 3 hrs after the Rs.10/-

Tickets valid departure of the last
for the day train of issue the day for
your destination

Upto 3 upto 200

hours KM

Upto 6 201-500
hours KM

Upto 12 over 500

hours KM

27
Untravelled Time limit as applicable for a) Cancellation

Reserved Reserved tickets and RAC/WL charges will

Tickets not tickets as mentioned above according depend on time of

confirmed to the reservation status of first lap of cancellation and

for a part of journey: - distance as

the If first lap of journey is confirmed applicable to

reserved tickets
Journey
If first lap of journey is in RAC/WL
for entire

journey.

b) Rs. 10/- will

be levied for entire
journey.

Partially - 50% of the fare

used for the
Reserved untravelled
tickets
portion of the
journey, after
retaining fare for

the travelled

portion subject to

a minimum fare

for 100 KMs*

28
Partially - Within 24 hrs after the arrival of the 10% of the fare
used train where you terminate your
for the
Unreserved journey*
untravelled portion
tickets
*Refunds will not be given at the
of the j ourney,
intermediate station where you
after
terminate your journey. You will need
retaining fare for
to obtain a Ticket Deposit Receipt
and apply for Refunds. the travelled

portion, subject

to a minimum fare
for 100
KMs*

Note:
Time
Reason for Procedure Amount
limit for
Claiming for Payable to
claiming
Refund Refund You
refund

29
Failure of AC Produce Within 20 hrs AC 1 Class
certificate from of the train's Difference between
the Travelling arrival at the AC I class and First
Ticket Examiner destination
Class fare
along with your station
Mail/Exp.) for the
journey ticket
distance AC was not
working.

Executive Class
Difference between
Executive Class fare
and First Class fare
Mail/Exp.) for the
distance AC was not
working.

AC 2 tier/3 tier
Sleeper - Difference
between these

classes and Sleeper

class fare
(Mail/Exp.) for the
distance AC was not
working.

AC Chair Car
Difference between
this and Second

30
 Class fare
(Mail/Exp.) for the
distance AC was not
working.

Travelling in Produce Within 20 hrs Difference of fare

certificate from of the train's between the fare
lower class for
the arrival at the paid and fare for the
want of Travellin destination class travelled.
accommodation g Ticket Station
Examiner along
with your
journey ticket

Death/injury to a Submission Within 3 days Full fare paid for

passenger in a of ticket by the entire booked
from the
Railway accident passenger's journey.
actual
relatives
departure of

the train

REFUND OF COMBINED TICKETS

a) You may have reserved tickets where some passengers are waitlisted and others
confirmed. If such tickets are cancelled within 4 hrs of the scheduled departure of the
train and upto 3 hrs after the actual departure of the train, full refund will be given on
confirmed passengers, as well as waitlisted passengers. Only a nominal clerkage charge
of Rs. 10/- per passenger, will be deducted.

b) If you know before the commencement of your journey that less number of
persons will be travelling on a combined ticket than originally booked, you can claim
31
refund for the passengers not travelling on that ticket. To get this refund, you should
surrender the original combined ticket at the station. You will then be given the refund
and a fresh Ticket for the remaining passengers who are travelling.

C) If you could not claim refund before the commencement of your journey, you should
approach the Conductor/Travelling Ticket Examiner. After making necessary
endorsements on the ticket and the reservation chart, he will issue printed certificate in
the prescribed format which can be used to claim refunds for the passengers who have
not travelled. You should apply for refund to the Sr. Divisional Commercial Manager.

Refund on Cancellation of Journey-Altered Tickets If you have either advanced or

postponed your journey, upgraded from a lower class to higher class or changed to
another train and subsequently cancelled your tickets, refund will be granted after
retaining two sets of cancellation charges. These will be calculated by:

i) Treating the journey alteration as a fresh cancellation.

ii) Treating the altered reservation as a fresh reservation. Refund on Tickets Booked
against Military Warrants Military personnel who cancel tickets issued against Military
concessional voucher which is partly paid in cash and partly paid through the voucher
given by the Defence Authorities, will be refunded the cash portion only. The refund
will be granted after deduction of due cancellation charges, at the station itself. As
regards the voucher portion, necessary credit will be given to the Defence Authorities.
In respect of tickets issued against Military warrant, fully paid by the Defence
Authorities, Military personnel should cancel the reservation and surrender the tickets
at the station and obtain a Ticket Deposit Receipt/Surrender Certificate. Refund on
Tickets Purchased on Credit Card Tickets purchased on Credit Cards can be cancelled
and Credit slip obtained only at such Railway stations where Credit Card Counters exist.
If you need to cancel your tickets at other stations, where such counters are not available,
please cancel your reservation and obtain a Ticket Deposit Receipt. You can then apply
to the Senior Divisional Commercial Manager of the respective Division/Chief
Commercial Manager (Refunds).

32
Refund on Lost/Mutilated Tickets

No refund is permissible on lost tickets. Please inform the Reservation Office

immediately, about the loss of your ticket. This will prevent the fraudulent refund of
such tickets.Refund on torn/mutilated tickets shall be admissible after the deduction of
due cancellation charges, provided that the authenticity of such a ticket can be verified
from it.

Issue of Duplicate Ticket in lieu of Lost/Mutilated Ticket Charges for the issue of
duplicate ticket before preparation of reservation chart will be as under: a) 25% of total
fare in case of ticket for journey upto 500 km. 10% of total fare, in case of ticket for
journey more than 500 km. (subject to a minimum recovery of 25% of the total charges
for the reserved ticket of 500 km).

b) 25% of the total fare, irrespective of distance, for tickets of trains which have separate
all-inclusive fare structure on point-to-point basis, for e.g.Rajdhani, Shatabdi Express.

c) The 10% or 25% of fare clloected for issuing duplicate before preparation of
reservation chart against LOST/MISPLACED Reserved /RAC tickects shall be
refundable from PRS Terminals at destination stations after completion of Journey.

Charges for issue of duplicate ticket after preparation of reservation chart will be
as under:

a) 50% of total fare in the case of lost reserved tickets.

b) No duplicate ticket will be issued in case of lost RAC tickets.

c) 25% of total fare in case of mutilated, reserved/RAC tickets.

33
You should apply for refund to the Station

Superintendent of the destination station or Divisional Commercial

Manager/Chief Commercial

Manager (Refunds)

d) No duplicate ticket will be issued in case of lost/mutilated waitlisted tickets. e) If a

passenger who has paid excess charges in train on account of his reserved or
RAC ticket being misplaced torn or mutilated makes an application to the

Railway Administration for refund of the charges paid in train, the Chief Commercial
Manager (Refunds) of the original ticket issuing Zonal Railway may after making
necessary enquiry grant refund of total charge realised in train after retaining the
cancellation charge at 50% of a single journey ticket for passenger provided that no one
has taken refund earlier on the original ticket.

WHERE CAN YOU GET A REFUND?

You can get a refund across the counter

If you cancel your tickets within the prescribed time limits specified in the Refund

Rules,

you can claim your refund across the counter, at the station itself.

If you hold a computerised ticket, for journey commencing/ terminating in any Railway,
you can collect your refund at any of its Computerised Reservation Centres. However,
refund in such cases will be granted only if the ticket information can be verified.

i) During the working hours of the Reservation Office and ii) Before the preparation of
the Reservation Chart for the relevant journey, from the station where the tickets is valid

34
 iii) In the event of cancellation of your computerised tickets, You will be given a
cancellation ticket which will contain details of the amount of refund and cancellation
charges. B. You can get a refund from the Station Managers/Deputy Station
Superintendent (Commercial.)/Chief Reservation Supervisor.

If you wish to apply for a refund beyond the prescribed time limit, you can approach the
Station manager in-charge of the Station/Deputy Station Superintendent
(Commercial)/Chief Reservation Supervisor, to obtain spot refund. For this,you will
first need to satisfy the nominated officials, that your ticket has not been used.

This facility is available only at certain nominated stations and is subject to the
discretionary powers of the officials nominated Refund granted at this level is subject
to a deduction of 10% of the amount in case of unreserved, waitlisted and RAC tickets
and 50% of the amount in case of reserved tickets. You can get a Refund from the
Sr.Divisional Commercial Manager If, for any reason, you are unable to obtain refunds
across the counter or from the Station Managers, you have the option of applying for
refund to the Sr.Divisional Commercial Manager/Divisional Commercial Manager A
step-by-step guide to claiming such refund has been outlined below for your
convenience:

1) Check the station index on Page No. and ascertain the Division to which ticket
Deposit Receipt-issuing station belongs.

Step 3: Apply to the Sr.Divisional Commercial Manager of the respective Division,

within 90 days from the scheduled date of journey. No claim will be entertained beyond
this time limit. Along with your application, enclose your Ticket Deposit Receipt. Please
retain a photostat copy of the ticket/TDR and any other documents enclosed. In your
interest, you are advised to send your refund application by courier or registered post.
There may be occasions, where you may have to seek a refund for a journey outside the
one Railway tarritory. In case you obtain a Ticket Deposit Receipt (TDR) at a station
outside concerned Railway, ascertain the Zone in which such a station lies from the

35
Station Manager. Please apply for the refund to the Chief Commercial Manager
(Refunds) of the relevant zone.

Mode of Refund: You are eligible for refund in any one of the following modes, under
certain conditions. X Spot Refund This is an across-the-counter refund done at any
Booking Office/Reservation Office of a station. X Through a Station Pay Order to be
exchanged at a station You shall receive the refund through a Station Pay Order only if
you reside within the jurisdiction of concerned Railway. Refund issued on Pay Orders
can be encashed in person with a proof of identity, like driving license/passport/ration
card etc. You can also encash them through a representative, provided he is given
appropriate authorisation. The representative is also required to carry proof of identity
at the time of encashment. X By Money Order or a crossed Cheque If you reside outside
the jurisdiction of concerned Railway, your refund will be sent through Money
Order/Crossed Cheque.

36
 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

INTERPRETETION

This survey indicates that there's a significant belief among respondents (47.2%) that
the South Central Railway is indeed receiving a makeover through new investments. the
13.2% who disagree suggest there may be skepticism or differing opinions on the
effectiveness of these investments. The 39.6% who chose the option depending on
variable factors highlights the complexity of the situation, indicating that the outcome
may hinge on various unpredictable elements such as economic conditions or project
execution.

37
INTERPRETATION:

This survey suggests that a sizable portion (35.8%) of respondents have indeed noticed
fancy upgrades in South Central Railway stations recently. the fact that 45.3% have not
noticed any upgrades indicates either a lack of visibility of these changes or a perception
that upgrades have not been significant enough to capture attention. The 18.9% who
responded "not many lately" implies that while some upgrades may have occurred, they
may not have been widespread or substantial enough to make a noticeable impact on a
large portion of respondents.

38
INTERPRETATION:

While 28.3% of respondents feel safer, indicating some positive impact from
investments, 20.8% feel no safer, suggesting that these investments may not have been
effective in addressing safety concerns for everyone. The high percentage (43.4%) of
respondents who feel sometimes safer indicates that there might be varying experiences
or perceptions of safety depending on factors like time of travel, specific routes, or
station conditions. Similarly, the 7.5% who feel sometimes unsafe further underscores
the variability in safety perceptions

39
INTERPRETATION :

This survey suggests that a majority of respondents (45.3%) have observed many cool
new trains rolling through South Central Railway stations, indicating a significant
visibility of new additions to the railway fleet. Additionally, the 41.5% who have seen
new trains but not frequently implies that while there have been sightings, they may not
be as common or regular. The 13.2% who have not seen any new trains could suggest
either a lack of awareness or a limited introduction of new trains in certain areas.

40
INTERPRETATION :

This survey demonstrates a generally positive attitude toward the modernization of

South Central Railway due to new investments, with a majority (56.6%) expressing
excitement. it's notable that a significant portion (22.6%) are not excited about these
developments, suggesting potential skepticism or concerns about the modernization
process. The 20.8% who indicate not much bother may reflect a neutral stance or lack
of strong opinion on the matter.

41
INTERPRETATION :

This survey indicates that a significant majority (64.2%) of respondents have heard
about exciting development plans for South Central Railway, suggesting a high level of
awareness or information dissemination about future projects and initiatives. The 35.8%
who have not heard about such plans may indicate a gap in communication or outreach
efforts, highlighting the need for improved channels to ensure that information about
upcoming developments reaches a wider audience

42
INTERPRETATION :

This survey reflects a somewhat positive outlook on the impact of recent capital
investments on train travel comfort, with 47.2% of respondents expressing confidence
that it will indeed make train travel more comfortable. The 34% who are unsure suggest
a degree of uncertainty or lack of clarity regarding the potential outcomes of these
investments. The 18.9% who believe it depends on passengers implies that comfort may
be influenced by factors beyond infrastructure upgrades, such as passenger behavior or
preferences.

43
INTERPRETATION :

This survey indicates a mixed perception regarding improvements in train services at

South Central Railway stations. Nearly half of the respondents (47.2%) have noticed
improvements, suggesting some positive changes have been implemented. The 20.8%
who haven't noticed any improvements highlight a gap in awareness or visibility of these
changes. The 32.1% who believe there is still space for improvement indicate that while
progress may have been made, there are areas that require further attention or
enhancement.

44
INTERPRETATION :

The majority of respondents (58.5%) believe that these investments will indeed help
address these issues, indicating optimism about the effectiveness of the initiatives. The
20.8% who are unsure suggest a degree of uncertainty or skepticism about the extent to
which the investments will achieve their intended goals. The 20.8% who believe that
the outcome is maybe imply a recognition of the complexity of factors affecting train
punctuality, suggesting that while investments may play a role, other variables could
also influence the results

45
INTERPRETATION :

A majority of respondents (54.7%) express optimism, suggesting confidence in the

positive impact of these investments on the railway's future.

The 24.5% who are not optimistic indicate some level of skepticism or concerns about
the effectiveness or outcomes of the investments. The 20.8% who are not fully
concerned suggest a nuanced perspective, acknowledging potential challenges while
still maintaining a level of optimism.

46
 FINDINGS

1) It is estimated that a capital requirements of 2 lakhs of crores is required to complete

the thousands of projects already included in existing projects.

2) Actual realization of rate of return projected in at the time of project appraisal will
depend on timely comple tion of project with out any time over run and cost over run.

3) The financing of Railways projects is organized at In dian Railway level unlike Public
Sector Units Private companies were in Bank Finance involved.

47
 CONCLUSION

1) The NPV method followed on Railways is satisfactory.

2) The IRR method worked to evaluate the Railway projects is based on Discounted Cash
Flow Technique.

3) In this method, the unit Cost Worked out by traffic costing department of Railway is
adopted.

4) The unit costs are updated continuously i.e., every year after closure of Financial
Accounts of Railways.

48
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.malayajournal.org

https://www.academia.edu/36936873/

https://forestsclearance.nic.in/

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3

www.southcentralrailways.com

www.indianrailways.com

www.irfc.com

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 APPENDIX

1) Do you think the South Central Railway has been getting a makeover with new
investments?
o Yes
o No
o Depends upon variable cost

2) Have you noticed any fancy upgrades in South Central Railway stations lately?
o Yes
o No
o Not many lately

3) Do you feel safer traveling on South Central Railway due to recent investments?
o Yes
o No
o Sometimes yes
o Some no

4) Have you seen any cool new trains rolling through South Central Railway stations?
o Yes many
o Yes but not frequently
o No

5) Are you excited about the modernization of South Central Railway thanks to new
investments?
o Yes
o No

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o Not much bother about that

6) Have you heard about any exciting development plans for South Central Railway?
o Yes
o No

7) Do you believe the recent capital investments will make train travel more comfortable?
o Yes absolutely
o No not sure
o Depends on passenger

8) Have you noticed any improvements in train services at South Central Railway stations?
o Yes
o No
o Still space for improvement

9) Do you think the new investments will help reduce delays and improve punctuality?
o Yes if invested in proper sector
o No because of some misuse of funds
o Maybe

10) Are you optimistic about the future of South Central Railway with these new
investments ?

o Yes absolutely
o No its not worth it
o Not fully convinced

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