UNIFIED TOPICS OF:

1. TYPES OF CLAUSES (2 Types)

2. TYPES OF SENTENCES (4 out of 9 Types)

TYPES OF SENTENCES

1. Types of Sentences on the Basis of Meaning.

2. Types of Sentences on the Basis of Structure.

Types of Sentences on the Basis of Meaning.

1. Positive Sentences.
2. Negative Sentences
3. Interrogative Sentences
4. Imperative Sentences.
5. Exclamatory Sentences

Types of Sentences on the Basis of Structure

1. Simple Sentences
2. Compound Sentences
3. Complex Sentences
4. Compound-Complex Sentences

 Simple Sentences (contains 1 Independent Clause)

 Compound Sentences
 Complex Sentences
 Compound-Complex Sentences
(2 Independent Clauses conjoined by any
Conjunction/Adverb)
(contains 1 Independent and at least I subordinate
Clause)
(contains 2 Independent and at least I subordinate
Clause)

What is a Clause?

A clause is comprised of a group of words that include a subject and a finite verb. It contains only one
subject and one verb. The subject of a clause can be mentioned or hidden, but the verb must be
apparent and distinguishable.

A clause is “a group of words containing a subject and predicate and functioning as a

member of a complex or compound sentence.”

Example:

o I graduated last year. (One clause sentence)

o When I came here, I saw him. (Two clause sentence)
o When I came here, I saw him, and he greeted me. (Three clause sentence)
Types of Clauses
Independent Clause
1.
Dependent Clause
2.
a) Adjective Clause/Relative Clause
b) Noun Clause/Complement Clause
c) Adverbial Clause
3. Principal Clause
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 4. Coordinate Clause
5. Non-finite Clause
Independent Clause

It functions on its own to make a meaningful sentence and looks much like a regular sentence.

In a sentence two independent clauses can be connected by the coordinators: and, but, so, or, nor,
for*, yet*.
Example:

1. He is a wise man.
2. I like him.
3. Can you do it?
4. Do it please. (Subject you is hidden)
5. I read the whole story.
6. I want to buy a phone, but I don’t have enough money. (Two independent clauses)
Dependent Clause

It cannot function on its own because it leaves an idea or thought unfinished. It is also called a
subordinate clause. These help the independent clauses complete the sentence. Alone, it cannot form a
complete sentence.

The subordinators do the work of connecting the dependent clause to another clause to complete the
sentence. In each of the dependent clauses, the first word is a subordinator. Subordinators include
relative pronouns, subordinating conjunctions, and noun clause markers.

Example:

o When I was going to college, I had an accident.

o I know the man who stole the watch

Dependent Clauses are divided into three types and they are

1. Adjective clauses

It is a Dependent Clause that modifies a Noun. Basically, Adjective Clauses have similar qualities
as Adjectives that are of modifying Nouns and hence the name, Adjective Clause. These are also
called Relative Clauses and they usually sit right after the Nouns they modify.

Examples:

1. I’m looking for the red book that went missing last week.
2. Finn is asking for the shoes which used to belong to his dad.
3. You there, who is sitting quietly at the corner, come here and lead the class out.
2. Noun Clause

Dependent Clauses acting as Nouns in sentences are called Noun Clauses or Nominal Clauses. These
often start with “how,” “that,” other Wh-words (What, Who, Where, When, Why, Which, Whose and
Whom, if, whether etc).

Examples:

1. I like what I hear.

2. You need to express that it’s crossing a line for you.
3. He knows how things work around here.

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3. Adverbial Clause

By definition, these are Dependent Clauses acting as Adverbs. It means that these clauses have the
power to modify Verbs, Adjectives and other Adverbs.

Examples:

1. Alice did the dishes till her legs gave up.

2. Tina ran to the point of panting vehemently.
3. I went through the book at a lightning speed.
Principal Clause

These have a Subject (Noun/Pronoun), Finite Verb and an Object and make full sentences that can
stand alone or act as the main part of any Complex or Compound Sentence. Independent and Principal
Clauses are functionally the same but named from different perspectives.

Examples:

1. I know that boy.

2. He can jog every morning.
3. Robin fishes like a pro.
Coordinate Clause

Two or more similarly important Independent Clauses joined by Coordinating Conjunctions (and, or,
but etc.)

Examples:

1. I like taking photos and he loves posing for them.

2. You prefer flying but she always wants to take a bus.
3. We are going to visit Terry or he is coming over.
Non-finite Clause (without an auxiliary verb)

They contain a Participle or an Infinitive Verb that makes the Subject and Verb evident even though
hidden. In terms of a Participle, the Participial Phrase takes place of the Subject or Object of the
sentence.

Examples:

1. He saw the boy (who was) staring out of the window.

2. She is the first person (who is) to enter the office.
3. Hearing the fireworks, the children jumped up.

NOTE: Some clauses contain a subject and a verb, but they do not make sense by themselves. They
are called subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses begin with words like when, if,because, who
and which. They depend on the main clause Here are some sentences that have a main clause and a
subordinate clauses.

IN-DEPTH CONCEPTS OF 2 BASIC CLAUSES WITH RELEVANT EXAMPLES

Examples of Main clause

1. He will take the dog for a walk

2. You should stay at home
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 3. I have a watch
4. Peter met an old friend
5. I know a man
6. I have had all my hair cut off
7. This is the house
8. We'll go out
9. Do you know
10. Does anyone know
11. He was late

Examples of Subordinate clause

1. when he has finished his

2. work. if you are not well.
3. which is also a calculator.
4. while he was out walking.
5. who mends computers.
6. since you last saw me.
7. that Jack built.
8. when the rain stops.
9. why she is crying?
10. how this machine works?
11. because he missed the bus.

Examples of Simple Sentences/Independent Clauses (No further Types)

1. Tom opened the door for Miss Lee.

2. All the children stood up.
3. Miss Lee went to her desk.
4. She called out the names one by one
5. Everyone answered except Peter.
6. Where was Peter?
7. Peter stayed at home today.
8. He had a cold.

Types of Subordinate Clauses:

1. Coordinate Clauses. ( if a subordinate clause contains a coordinate conjunction in it)

2. Subordinate Clauses. (if a subordinate clause contains a subordinate conjunction in it)
3. Adverbial Clauses (if a subordinate clause contains any type of an adverb in it/
Altogether 8 Types)
4. Conditional Clauses ( if a subordinate clause contains any type
of ‘If ‘in it /4 Types)
5. Noun Clauses/Complement Clause: (it tells what someone thinks, says or
asks….)
6. Relative Clauses/ Adjectival Clauses (is a subordinate clause describes a person
or a thing in the main clause:
who,whom,whose,( for persons), which,that,whose (for things & animals)

(NOTE: you can put Adverbial Clauses and Conditional Clauses before the main Clause)

Varied Types of Adverbial Clauses:

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 1. Adverbial Clauses of Time.
2. Adverbial Clauses of Reason.
3. Adverbial Clauses of Purpose.
4. Adverbial Clauses of Concession OR Contrast
5. Adverbial Clauses of Place
6. Adverbial Clauses of Manner
7. Adverbial Clauses of Comparison
8. Adverbial Clauses of Result

Co-ordinate clauses

Some sentences consist of two clauses joined together by the conjunctions and, or, but or so. These
two clauses are called co-ordinate clauses or co-ordinate main clauses. A sentence with co-ordinate
clauses is called a compound sentence. Here are some sentences with co-ordinate clauses.

Co-ordinate main Clause (Coordinate Conjunctions: and, but, so, or)

Examples of Compound Sentences:

1. Tom likes drawing and Mary likes Math.

2. Mary likes cooking but John prefers English.
3. Do you like tennis or do you prefer jogging?
4. It was raining so I took an umbrella.
5. I went to Bill's house but he wasn't at home.

Sub-ordinate Clauses (Subordinate Conjunctions: when, if, because, who, which,

while, since, that, why, )
Examples of Compound Sentences:

1. He will take the dog for a walk when he has finished his work.
2. You should stay at home if you are not well.
3. I have a watch which is also a calculator.
4. Peter met an old friend while he was out walking.
5. I know a man who mends computers.
6. I have had all my hair cut off since you last saw me.
7. This is the house that Jack built.
8. We‘ll go out when the rain stops.
9. Do you know why she is crying?
10. Does anyone know how this machine works?
11. He was late because he missed the bus.

Adverbial Clauses of Time

A subordinate clause that tells you about the time of the action in the main clause is called on
adverbial clause of time.
Examples of Compound Sentences

1. Give this letter to Miss Lee when you see her.

2. Could you watch the baby till I come back?
3. Wash your hands before you eat.
4. Tom waved goodbye to Dad as he climbed on to the bus
5. You have grown a lot since I last saw you!!
6. Mum likes to listen to the radio while she does the ironing.
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 7. I'll send you a postcard when I get to London.
8. We saw lots of snakes while we were on safari in Africa
9. I slipped as I cycled round the corner.
10. He has been working as a shop assistant since he left school.
11. Brush your teeth after you have eaten.

Adverbial Clauses of Reason

A subordinate clause that gives the reason for the action in the main clause, or the reason for
what you say in the main clause is called an adverbial clause of reason.

1. We'll stay inside since it's too hot to sit outside.

2. Tom missed the bus because he got up late.
3. John was absent because he was ill.
4. Sally can go first as she is the oldest
5. You'll have to share as there aren't enough books for everyone.
6. Take your raincoat with you in case there's a downpour.
7. Hold on to the rail in case you fall.

Conditional clause

A subordinate clause beginning with if, unless, as long as or providing is called a condi tional
douse. These clauses say what the condi tions or circumstances are for something to happen.

1. I will come if you invite me

2. Plants will die
3. Plants will die
4. We won't win
5. We won't win
6. He'll get into trouble
7. You may go home
8. Buy some more milk
9. I won't go on the trip
10. All my work will be wasted
11. You can borrow this video
12. His condition will remain stable
13. You can go out and play
14. We cannot visit a foreign country
15. We shall have to cancel the picnic
if they get no water.
unless they get water.
if we don't train hard.
unless we train hard.
if he doesn't behave.
if you have finished your work
if there is none in the fridge
unless you come too.
unless I can restore that file.
as long as you remember to give it back.
as long as he listens to the doctor's advice.
providing you finish your work.
if we don't have our passports.
if it rains tomorrow

More Conditional Clause

There are some conditional clauses that talk about unreal or imagined situations.

1. You would work better if you got more sleep. (But you don't get much sleep.)
2. We couldn't live if we didn't eat and drink. (But we do eat and drink.)
They would save a lot of money if they didn't smoke (But they do smoke.)
3. We might get there in time if we ran. (But we are not running.)
4. What would happen if the earth stopped rotating? (But the earth does keep rotating.)
5. Would we all fall off the earth if there was no gravity? (But there is gravity.)
6. I might have beaten you if I had trained harder. (But I didn't train hard.)
7. He would not have lost his way if he had taken an up-to-date map with him.
(But he didn't take one.)
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 8. We could hang from trees, if we had strong tails like monkeys. (But we don't.)
9. We could fly in the air if we had wings like birds. (But we don't.)

Adverbial clause of purpose

A subordinate clause that tells you the purpose of action in the main clause is called an
adverbial clause of purpose.

1. We switched on the television so that we could watch the news.

2. We are aligning up so that Miss Lee can count us.
3. They are working hard so that they will do well in the test.
4. You must speak loudly in order that everyone can hear you.
5. Write down the telephone number so you won't forget it.
6. Move quickly so that everybody gets a turn.
7. Stand back in order that the ambulance can pass.
8. Listen carefully so that you remember everything.
9. Always put milk in the fridge, so it doesn't go sour
10. Put on sun scream when you lie in the sun, so you don't get burnt.
(Complex sent with one Independent and 2 subordinate clauses)
11. Make sure the tap is properly turned off, so that water is not wasted.
12. I looked after the baby for a while, so that Mum could have a rest.

Adverbial Clauses of Manner

A subordinate clause that tells you the way the action in the main clause happens is called an
adverbial clause of manner.

1. He curled up on the floor the way a cat does.

2. We pointed our toes as we had been taught.
3. Mum tucked us up in bed the way she always did.
4. Can I have my hair cut the way Sally has hers?
5. Some animals build nests just as birds do.
6. England was cold and wet, just like you told us.
7. She was walking on tiptoe, as though the floor was very hot.
8. The baby was yelling and yelling as if it would never stop.
9. You are smiling as though you know the answer already.
10. You talk just like my father does!
11. Dad sounded as though he had just woken up.
12. You look as if you had seen a ghost!
13. Danny talks as if he owned the place!
14. It looks as if it's going to rain.

Adverbial clause of place

A subordinate clause that tells you where the action in the main clause is, is called an
adverbial clause of place.

1. Leave the money where you found it.

2. I like to go where the action is.
3. There is usually disease where there is poverty.
4. They say you will find a pot of gold where the rainbow ends.
5. He left footprints in the snow wherever he walked.
6. It's very cold where the penguins live.
7. There was a big hole where the mouse had chewed through the wall.
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 8. There was a hollow patch in the bed where he had been lying.
9. Wherever he went the famous movie star would attract lots of attention.
10. Stay where you are!
11. Sally makes herself a useful member of the community wherever she lives.
12. You can see a gap in the fence where the car crashed it.
13. Sometimes you get help where you least expect.
14. I don't want to leave a bad impression wherever I go.

Adverbial clause of concession or contrast

A subordinate clause that tells you something surprising or unusual connected with the
main clause is called an adverbial clause of concession or contrast.

1. He takes great care of his baby brother although he is only five himself.
2. We enjoyed our climb, even though we didn't go at the top of the mountain.
3. You guessed the answer correctly, though it wasn't very hard, was it?
4. She has already had her breakfast, although it's only six o'clock.
5. Go through all the irregular verbs again, even if you think you know them.
6. It's a very enjoyable book, although it's rather long.
7. He has decided to retire, although he's only 55.
8. He must learn to speak English, even if it's difficult.
9. You must always do your best, even if you don't expect to win.
10. I decided to get up, though it was still very dark.
11. I like Peter, even though he's sometimes quite rude.
12. Our holiday in London was fun, even though it rained all the time.

Adverbial clause of result

A subordinate clause that tells you the result of the action in the main clause is called an
adverbial dose of result.

1. Winnie the Pooh was so fat that he got stuck in the hole.
2. It was so hot that the cheese melted.
3. There was so much food that a lot of it was left over
4. So many people came to the match that there weren't enough tickets for them all.
5. It was such a lovely day that we had our lessons out of doors.
6. She had such a bad headache that she had to go to bed.
7. The mountains are so high that their tops are nearly always hidden in mist
8. Jack is so tall that he has to bend his head to get through the door.
9. We sat so quietly that nobody knew we were there.
10. It rained so heavily that the street turned into a stream.
11. The birds made such a noise that they woke me up
12. She cried so often that the other children called her 'crybaby'
13. Mr. White won so much money that he didn't know what to do with it all.

Relative clauses about things or animals

Begin with which, that or whose. These pronouns refer to a thing or animal in the main clause.

1. Susan has a watch that shows the date.

2. A mole is an animal that lives in a hole.
3. Books that have pictures are much nicer than books that have no pictures.
4. I returned the racket that Tom had lent me
5. She bought a computer which was made in Taiwan.
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 6. Show me the road which leads to the airport.
7. Penguins, ostriches and kiwis are all birds that cannot fly.
8. An aspirin is a kind of pill that takes away pain.
9. We have written a new grammar book whose main aim is to make grammar interesting.

Note: There is another kind of relative clause that is used not to identify or describe a thing
or animal, but to add extra information about a particular one.

Relative clause about persons.

A subordinate clause that describes a person or thing in the main clause is called a relative clause.
Relative clauses about people begin with the relative pronouns who, whom and whose. These
pronouns refer to a person in the main clause.

1. Nobody likes people who are rude.

2. A dentist is a person who looks after people's teeth.
3. A carpenter is a person who makes furniture.
4. A pharmacist is a person who mixes medicines for people.
5. Is that the waitress who served us?
6. All children who play musical instruments are invited to join the band.
7. Cinderella had a step mother who was unkind to her.
8. She has a pen friend to whom she writes every week.
9. We have a classmate who comes from Holland.
10. Hands up all those children whose birthdays fall between January and June.

NOTE: There is another kind of relative clause that is used not to identify or describe a
person, but to tell you something extra about a particular person.

Noun clause /Complement Clause

A noun clause is a clause that tells you what someone says, thinks or asks. It is
sometimes called a complement clause.

1. We know that the earth is round.

2. Helen told me that she was going to move house.
3. Dad says my bicycle needs new tyres.
4. I'm certain I saw her.
5. They say the earth is warming up.
6. I asked Mum if I could go shopping with her.
7. Go and see whether the washing machine has finished
8. I wonder what is making that noise.
9. Show me how you did that sum.
10. I can't remember where I left my schoolbag.
11. It was announced that Peter had won.
12. She explained why you can never find the end of the rainbow.

TYPES OF SENTENCES (BY STRUCTURES)

EXAMPLES OF SIMPLE SENTENCES

1. We are learning to play the guitar.

2. He is studying for his upcoming exams.
3. I‘m not feeling well today.
4. She isn’t attending the party tonight.
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 5. They‘re not participating in the competition.
6. We aren’t going out for dinner this evening.
7. He‘s not wearing a jacket despite the cold weather
8. I was watching a movie last night.
9. She was singing loudly during the concert.
10. They were playing soccer yesterday.
11. We were having dinner at a fancy restaurant.
12. He was studying hard for his final exams.
13. I wasn’t paying attention to the lecture.
14. She was not watching her kids at the park.
15. They were not listening to the teacher’s instructions.
16. We weren’t traveling over spring break.
17. He was not feeling well yesterday.

EXAMPLES OF COMPOUND SENTENCES

1. I like coffee. Mary likes tea. → I like coffee and Mary likes tea.

2. Mary went to work. John went to the party. I went home. → Mary went to work, but John
went to the party, and I went home.

3. Our car broke down. We came last. → Our car broke down; we came last.

4. The cinema was sold out, so we watched a movie on TV.

5. I'll have a week in Rome, or I'll go to Paris for three days.

6. I really need a holiday, but I don't have the money, and I don't have the time.

7. He's crazy! He doesn't like the car, yet he bought it anyway.

8. It's gone 10pm, and he still hasn't arrived.

9. Our car broke down, so we took a taxi.

10. Our plane left Bangkok on schedule, and we arrived in London early.

11. I cannot criticize him, for he is my brother.

12. There are no eggs in the fridge, nor is there any bread in the cupboard.

13. I would have passed the exam, but I didn't study enough.

14. Should they take the test now, or should they wait until next month?

15. I have never visited Moscow, nor have I been to St Petersburg.

16. The pain was really bad, yet he refused to see a doctor.

Compound sentence examples (with semicolons)

17. The Angel Falls waterfall in Venezuela plunges 907 meters; it looks spectacular.

18. The entire town was flooded; people used boats.

19. We always shop at the supermarket; it's got everything in one place.
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20. Call us next week; it should be in then.

21. You can pay online; we accept all major credit cards.

22. I only write non-fiction; I've never tried fiction.

Compound sentence examples (with conjunctive adverbs)

23. Frantic is my favorite film; however, I've only seen it once.

24. He turned himself in to the police; otherwise, they would have arrested him.

25. He's got a really good job; at least, that's what he says.

26. He claimed he was working last night; however, nobody saw him at the office.

Compound sentence examples (in famous quotations)

Here are some examples of compound sentences in quotes from famous people and sources.

27. "Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn." Laurence Binyon

28. "To be uncertain is uncomfortable; but to be certain is ridiculous." Goethe

29. "For dust thou art, and unto dust shalt though return." Bible

30. "Some cause happiness wherever they go; others, whenever they go." Oscar Wilde

31. "The girl was beheaded, chopped into pieces and placed in a trunk, but was not interfered
with." British newspaper report.

32. "I am just going outside and may be some time." Captain Lawrence Oates

33. "I desire to go to Hell and not to Heaven." Niccolo Machiavelli

34. "Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely." Lord Acton

35. "Don't confuse fame with success. Madonna is one; Helen Keller is the other." Erma Bombeck

Compound sentence examples (in sayings)

36. These compound sentence examples come from everyday sayings and proverbs in the English
language.

37. Give a thief enough rope and he'll hang himself.

38. There's one law for the rich, and another for the poor.

39. A man is as old as he feels, and a woman is as old as she looks.

40. Money is a good servant, but a bad master.

41. Talk of the Devil, and he is bound to appear.

42. There is a time to speak and a time to be silent.

43. You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make it drink.
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 IMPORTANT TIPS

 Do not try to join independent clauses with a comma alone—that's impossible!

 John drank coffee. Mary drank tea.

 John drank coffee, Mary drank tea.

 John drank coffee, and Mary drank tea.

 John drank coffee, but Mary drank tea.

 John drank coffee; Mary drank tea.

 Coordinating Conjunctions are used in ‘Compound Sentences’.

 There are seven coordinating conjunctions:

 and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so

EXAMPLES OF COMPLEX SENTENCES

A complex sentence consists of an independent clause plus a dependent clause.

A dependent clause starts with a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun, and contains a
subject and verb, but does not express a complete thought.

 Subordinating Conjunctions & Relative Pronouns are used in Complex Sentences.

 Here are some common subordinating conjunctions:

 after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since, than, that, though, till, until, when,
where, whether, while

 Here are the five basic relative Pronouns/conjunctive Pronouns

(Used for persons & things):

 that, which, who, whom, whose

BASIC EXAMPLES:

1. We missed our plane because we were late.

2. Our dog barks when she hears a noise.

3. He left in a hurry after he got a phone call.

4. Do you know the man who is talking to Mary?

5. John didn't come because he was ill so Mary was not happy.

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6. He left in a hurry after he got a phone call but he came back five minutes later.

7. Because she was scoring many baskets, Elesa was considered the best player on the team.
8. Elesa was considered the best player on the team because she was scoring many baskets.
9. Since Hannah got here, she's been nothing but trouble.
10. Hannah has been nothing but trouble since she got here.
11. "Because I studied hard, I passed the exam."
12. "Although it was cold outside, she didn't wear a coat."
13. "When he arrived at the station, the bus had already left."
14. "I will buy the car that has the best gas mileage."
15. "What he said was true, but it wasn't very helpful."
16. When everyone had boarded, the ship began its three-hour tour. ...
17. The captain closed down the hatches in case the weather started getting rough. ...
18. Maryanne wore the dress that she borrowed from Josephina.
19. Because he was late again, he would be deducted a day's pay.
20. While I am a passionate basketball fan, I prefer football.
21. Although she was considered smart, she failed all her exams.
22. Whenever it rains, I like to wear my blue coat.
23. The blue jacket, which I gave him for Christmas, cost over $100.
[“The blue jacket cost over $100” is a complete sentence. “which I gave him for Christmas” is
NOT a complete sentence. They are joined by the relative pronoun “which”]

COMPLEX SENTENCES IN PRESENT TENSE

24. Although he works long hours, he always finds time to spend with his family.
25. She always wears jewelry that matches her outfit.
26. While my brother enjoys spicy food, I prefer milder flavors.
27. Several crops grow here, even though it rarely rains in this region.
28. Though he is talented, he often underestimates his own abilities.
29. Although the company faces tough competition, it continues to thrive in the market.
30. I think you’d like this book, since you love historical fiction.
31. He always studies a lot before he takes a test.
32. I sometimes walk to work, as long as the weather is good.
33. My mother stays up late, whereas my father goes to bed early.

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 COMPLEX SENTENCES IN PAST TENSE
34. After she finished her studies, she traveled around Europe for six months.
35. Although they were tired, they stayed up late to finish their project.
36. He immediately called for help when he saw the accident.
37. My kids often misbehaved whenever they had a babysitter.
38. Since he sold his car, he had to take the bus to work.
39. She didn’t ride the roller coasters, even though she was old enough to do so.
40. When they arrived at the restaurant, they realized it had already closed.
41. I stayed awake until my husband got home from work.
42. Before he left his job, he wrote a number of training manuals.
43. She performed very well on stage, though she was quite nervous.

COMPLEX SENTENCES IN PAST TENSE

44. After I finish my degree, I will pursue a career in environmental conservation.
45. She will visit her grandparents next weekend, as she hasn’t seen them in months.
46. Once the project is complete, the company will launch its new product on the market.
47. By the time I graduate, I will have traveled to at least five different countries.
48. We’re going to clean the bathrooms after we’re done cleaning the kitchen.
49. They will be driving to Florida since flights are too expensive.
50. Electric cars will become more popular in a few years, even though they’re not very common
now.
51. I’m going to start preparing dinner before I leave for work.
52. Once the renovations are finished, the house will be even more beautiful.

[NOTE: A multiple complex sentence is one with three or more main independent clauses and at
least one dependent, or subordinate clause]……ADVANCE LEVEL TASK

EXAMPLES OF COMPOUND COMPLEX SENTENCES

A compound-complex sentence is comprised of at least two independent clauses and one or more
dependent clauses.
Examples:
1. Though Peter prefers watching action films, he rented the latest spy thriller, and he enjoyed it
very much.
2. Although he was tired, John stayed up late to finish his project, and he still managed to get to
work on time."
3. John stayed up late to finish his project, and he still managed to get to work on time, although
he was tired."
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 4. "I went to the market, and I bought some milk, though I had not enough money in my poket.
5. "She went to the party, and he stayed at home, but they both had a great time."
6. She went to the party, and he stayed at home, but they both had a great time."
7. "I studied for the test, but I still failed because I didn't understand the material.
8. "She went to the party, and he stayed at home, but they both had a great time."
9. "Although she was tired, she stayed up late to finish her project."
10. He went to the store because he needed to buy some groceries.

IMPORTANT TIPS FOR COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES

 A compound-complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses, each capable of

standing alone.
 A compound-complex sentence also includes one or more dependent clauses, which cannot
stand alone as complete sentences.
 Dependent clauses provide additional information or support for the main ideas expressed in
the independent clauses.
 Independent clauses in a compound-complex sentence are joined by coordinating conjunctions
(such as "and," "but," "or," "nor," "for," "yet," "so").
 Dependent clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions.
 When two independent clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction, a comma is usually
placed before the conjunction.
 Dependent clauses at the beginning or middle of a compound-complex sentence are usually set
off by commas.
 Compound-complex sentences allow for the combination of multiple independent clauses and
dependent clauses in a single sentence.
 They offer a way to express complex relationships, provide additional information, and convey
a range of ideas within a structured framework.
 Understanding how to construct and use compound-complex sentences enhances the clarity,
coherence, and sophistication of communication.

ASSIGNMENT:
Submit an Assignment based upon the material related to Two Basic Clauses (INDEPENDENT &
SUBORDINATE) and also describe all of the Four Types of sentences classified on the basis of
varied Structures with the help of 10 examples of each type.
From the Desk of:
Ms.Naheed Janjua
Lecturer English Language
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