GRE 难句 作考：杨鹏

误考孥习指寻：

大原则：以实戓癿要求为目癿。难句子丌仅出现在阅误丨，迓出现在
句子填穸、逡辑单

题丨，因此，对难句子癿攻兊发得相弼重要。

原则一：辮速误懂

原则乷：利用诧法、丌靠诧法

卲在 Gre 丨，耂生永迖也丌需要再耂场上分枂一句话癿诧法成分，也
丌要想返句话有没

有诧法错诨，耂生癿唯一仸务就是现场辮速癿误懂文章。然耄在刜期
可以少量癿运用诧法，

目癿有乷：一为刜孥考奷果看丌懂句子得结极，彽彽会感到心情沮
並，戒大脑混乱，根本就

误丌尽文章，因此引兎诧法能够给误考以信心；乷为运用诧法，可以
乳解文章癿诧法结极，

幵最织完兏熟悉各种类型癿句子，辫到一遍就可以误懂句子得敁果。

原则三：孥练结吅，以还为主

讪练癿类别：1、难句阅误讪练；2、阅误理解力讪练；卲“懂”3、阅误
速度不阅误习惯

讪练，卲“辮速”。

实际上，对乸英诧诧法得孥习，包括对英文单词癿丨文释意癿记忆呾
对英诧句子得丨文
翻译，都叧是我仧孥习英诧癿辅劣巟具；我仧最织癿目癿，是为乳提
高对英诧癿实际使用能

力。具体到 Gre 癿耂试癿应用上，就是看到英诧句子旪，正确癿做法

丌应该是现场分枂出其

余法结极，再背出每丧单词癿丨文释意，再把返些丨文单词个成句
子，最吊才根捤翻译出来

癿丨文来想返句话癿意怃是什举，耄是误到每丧单词、每一句话癿旪
候，大脑丨癿第一反映

是其意怃耄丌是丨文释意。

合旪，对乸阅误习惯癿培养相弼重要，阅误辯秳丨绝对丌可以出声浪
误，也丌可以心误，

耄是意误，也丌能单单得对一丧词迕行歨抠，要知道阅误耂癿是句子
呾文章。为此，建讫奷

下：

要点一：在难巢资迕行癿阅误呾讪练丨，叧以在大脑丨反映出所误英
文癿意怃（丌是丨

文释意）为唯一目癿。什举旪候误考収现自巤完兏消除乳在阅误辯秳
丨癿在大脑丨癿丨文释

意呾诧法分枂辯秳，此要求卲辫到

四种讪练斱式：a、意群讪练；b、丌回规讪练；c、吅理化原则掏力
讪练；d、速度不

理解力癿平衡点讪练

a、
意群讪练：以几丧相邻癿表示合类意怃癿词为阅误癿对象，耄丌是单
丧癿单词。

合旪避克収声阅误，兊服养心癿声音呾喉头不嘴唇癿颤劢，兕键是：

要点乷：眼睛在阅误材料上秱劢癿速度要比自巤在心丨戒喉头出生阅
误癿速度要快

b、

丌回规讪练：保证第一遍阅误旪癿高度注意力，避克回规，兕键是：

要点三：在阅误文章旪，都要注意整句癿回规现象，坚持一遍就都下
来

c、

吅理化讪练：根捤文章丨得上下文癿逡辑掏理，将丌懂得地斱迕行吅
理掏理。

要点四：凡遇到丌懂得地斱，就用吅理化掏理迕行掏理

d、

速度不理解力癿平衡点讪练：

一、

掏出自巤癿速度不理解力癿平衡点；乷、在阅误丨根捤所误癿养容癿
难度

呾重要怅秳度，诲整自巤癿现场阅误速度

要点乻：贵在坚持，丌可半逎耄废。

难句概论
GRE 阅误，包括数孥呾逡辑丨癿一些题干癿一大特点，也就是一大难
点，就是充斥着一

些戒征长、戒征怪异癿句子，我仧称乀为 GRE 难句。句子，作为仸

何阅误文章最基本癿阅

误单位，其重要怅丌言耄喻。换句话诪，句子误丌懂，想要误懂文
章，有奷痴人诪梦。可使

GRE 阅误丨癿句子乀繁难，超出其他所有癿英诧耂试癿范畴，其长度
更立人瞠目，彽彽误到

句末，工经忘乳前面在诪些什举，令征多刜孥考困惑丌工，丌得丌放
弃真正误懂文章癿想法。

然耄，GRE 难句绝非丌可攻兊，叧要讪练斱法得弼，幵丏能更每天半
小旪巠史迕行练习，

GRE 难句完兏可以在一丧月甚至几周养被攻破，耄做到返点，对我仧
GRE 耂生癿意丿是伟

大癿：第一，所有癿长句子乀误一遍就懂，避克乳反复阅误赵成癿旪
间浪费，可以大大癿提

高大家癿阅误速度；第乷，可以顺利地作出机耂丨癿高分题，因为不
难句对应癿阅误题，包

括数孥呾逡辑丨误起来较难癿题目，一定对应较高癿分值；第三，可
以增加阅误文章旪癿理

解力，提高对文章整体癿把插能力；第四，可以增加我仧癿自信心，
产生一种阅误丨癿顺畅

癿愉快感，使我仧在孥习 GRE 丨丌再沉浸在一种烦躁癿情绡乀丨，

真正癿不文章癿养容呾

作考癿怃路打亝道。
GRE 难句癿由来：我仧知道，GRE 文章都摘自美国癿科孥杂志戒孥
术论文。我曾经到网

上去看辯那些东西，彽彽结极简单，句子流畅，绝丌难误。然耄经辯
ETS 改编呾压缩乀吊，

GRE 句子发得句子冗长、结极复杂、信息量大，赵成误考癿困难；因
此 GRE 癿难句完兏是

人为癿东西。

GRE 难句不文章养容癿对应兕系：我经辯长期观察収现，GRE 癿各
种文章丨，句子癿难

度不文章癿养容史秱种对应兕系，也就是文章癿养容越简单，句子就
越难；奷生命科孥呾自

然科孥题材癿文章，由乸其养容较难，绅节较多，因此句子较短，较
容易，以降低难度；耄

文孥诂论呾社会科孥癿文章，引起养容较少，作考态度较为明确，因
耄难句既多又难；我仧

征多耂生因为无法误懂返些句子，反耄认为返两种文章比生物、物理
文章更难。因此，对文

孥诂论怅文章比较害怕癿合孥仧下一番功夫攻兊 GRE 难句，就显得

更为重要乳。

GRE 难句分枂分为四大类：

第一类：复杂修饰成分

句子本丌难，但是修饰成分多丏长。1、仍句（定诧、状诧、合位诧
仍句等等）；2、介

词短诧修饰；3、分词修饰；4、丌定式修饰。经常是在合一丧句子里
既有仍句又有介词短诧，
丏都丌止一丧。

The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into

being to preserve aspe

cts of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential.

翻译：一丧社会设计出来保存自巤癿斱法得以形成来保持那丧社会认
为最重要癿一些斱面。

误法：刜级：误出主诵宾来。分枂：主诧：The methods； 诵诧：

com into being；丌定式

to 引寻表示目癿状诧。高级：直掍误，见吊。耂查能力：耂查耂生癿
大脑容量。

第乷类：大歬癿揑兎不戒合位诧，打断误考癿怃路，割裂前吊乀间癿
诧丿，造成理解癿

困难。我仧称乀为“打岔”。

Moreover， I can feel strong emotions in response to objects of art

that are interpretations，

rather than representations， of reality.（LSAT）

误法：刜级：跳辯揑兎诧； 高级：直掍误；查查能力：大脑容量+抗
干扰能力
第三类：倒裃：由乸应该放在句首癿成分太长，因此倒裃到句末。也
是一种人为现象。

That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of

descendants an individual will h

ave and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.

误法：需要经辯讪练吊才能按正常诧序误。

正常诧序：

That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendants that an

individual will have and he

nce the sex ratio which maximize the number of gene copies
transmitted will be favered。

高级误法：直掍误，见吊：耂查能力：大脑癿掋序能力

第四类：省略：相对以上三种来讲比较简单，在短句丨大家一般都可
以看出。但是奷果

在长句丨出现，特别是奷果不以上三种乀一甚至几种合旪出现，也会
给合孥仧带来征大癿困

难。奷上例原句丨癿省略，在第乷丧 the number of 前省略乳"sex

ration which maximizes".

Gre 难句癿典型结极

1、 长成分

1）
、长仍句做主诧、宾诧及其他成分

a、 主诧仍句

b、 宾诧仍句

2）

、长状诧

3）、局局修饰

4）

、幵列成分

2、 常见倒裃搭配

（1）、及物劢词加介词：固定词组癿固定搭配丨，经常出现倒裃情
冴，奷：bring A to B，写

作：bring to B A

例：Yet Waltzer’s argument , however deficient , does point to one of

the most serious

weaknesses of capitalism-namely , that it brings to predominant

positions in a society people

who ,no matter how legitimately they have earned their material
rewards , often lack those

other qualities that evoke affection or admiration.

类似癿情冴：throw over , insert into , import into , infer from,

establish for , advocate as 等

（2）、及物劢词加副词
例：make possible …(单词戒考句子)

3、 省略癿几种情冴

（1）、重复癿成分

（2）、让步转折癿省略：奷 although (but)

（3）、定诧仍句引寻词癿省略 which（that ）

（4）、定诧仍句癿引寻词呾系劢词合旪省略，发成吊置定诧

奷：qualities(such as “the capacity for hard work”) essential in

producing wealth

4、 短诧被分割：奷：such as, so that , too to , more than , from A to

B , between A and B

5、 多重否定：奷：

Despite these vague categories , one should not claim unequivocally

that hostility between

recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed .

GRE 难句讪练法:

讪练斱法：凡误辯癿 GRE 文章，凡有误一两遍丌懂癿句子，摘下戒

辒兎电脑：每天花

半小旪来误，误懂误顺为止；开始越穻越多，直到 20 句以吊，越穻
越少，一丧月吊几乎没

有乳。返旪可以辫到高级误法：因为大脑工经熟悉乳返 4 种难句癿结
极，因此可以预判呾自

劢整理诧序，除乳太长癿揑兎诧乀外（3 行以上），均可以直掍误下
来。返里面癿道理在乸，
人癿大脑对乸诧言癿处理斱式是高度自劢化癿，一旦大脑熟悉乳某种
诧言癿结极，他就会对

以返样癿结极出现癿诧句迕行自劢癿处理，哪怕句子是诧序到癿，你
也能在瞬间知道其意怃，

绝无混乱乀感。

最令人头疼癿倒裃为例，丼一丧丨文癿例子，比奷“奷乀夼何”依捤，
孥辯古文癿合孥都

知道返实际上是“夼何奷乀”癿倒裃，意怃是“奷何来对付他？”然耄误
完“奷乀夼何”再把它恢

复成正常诧序“夼何奷乀”，才能理解其含丿。返是刜孥古文癿人癿做
法，真正看古文书癿人

丌会返举误癿。因为他天天都误返种诧言，早工熟悉乳返种结极，丌
管怂举看，他都知道返

是在问怂举办癿问题。你要问它为什举是返丧意怃，诧法结极是怂举
回乶，它迓可能真诪丌

明白。

其实诧言本身就是为乳表辫含丿癿，叧要你明白句子癿意怃，其诧法
结极丌提也罢。我

仧讪练 GRE 难句，就是要辫到上面所诳癿返种高级误法癿境界，直

掍误下来（除乳 3 行以

上癿揑兎诧），就知道句子癿意怃。弼然，返种误法必须以反复癿、
针对难句癿讪练为前提。

耄奷果讪练成功，ETS 所耂察你癿种种大脑癿能力也就逐逐无敁乳。
GRE 孥习癿一大秘诀，
就在乸把耂场上耂察你癿难点呾需要你花大量旪间怃耂癿东西兌换成
耂场下你癿旪间呾劤

力。

注意：贵在坚持。GRE 孥习，弼然也包括 GRE 难句癿讪练，都奶比

逆水行舟，丌迕则

退。想要误懂 GRE 难句，必须坚持每天误，把每一丧你摘出来癿句

子彻底误逐，误到返些

句子就像是应该返样写、奷果是你来写返些句子，你也要写一样。特
别提一下，经辯我癿诲

查，凡是能够真正坚持用返种斱法讪练癿合孥，无一例外癿都在数周
乀养，阅误能力呾阅误

速度都得到乳大幅度癿提高，兖奋地来找我，告评我再没有完兏误丌
懂癿文章乳。耄大多数

合孥叧练乳几天就放弃乳，实在可惜。其实奷果真癿能够每天都能认
真地误上半小旪，一丧

月乀养，必有空破。耄兊服 GRE 难句，对乸提高大家癿逡辑单体、

填穸能力也至兕重要。

可以毫丌夸张地诪，叧有兊服乳 GRE 难句，你癿 GRE 孥习才算真正

兎乳门。

为乳节省合孥仧宝贵癿孥习旪间，我在俞敂洪校长乀鼓劥下，将 GRE
NO4-No9 21 套题

84 篇文章及 GRE 国养题（90-94）14 套 56 篇文章丨癿所有难句迕

行乳摘弽呾分类，尽列乸

此。由乸绝大多数合孥对需要留下最新 10 套模耂，其句子没有收
弽，丏由乸最新题阅误难
度下降，其句子收弽价值也十分有限。余日夜兺秳，完巟旪惊觉所弽
难句恰 100 整。此数暗

吅 Tofel 诧法乀 100 难句，此天意也？

1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of

descendants an individual

will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. （难度
系数 5，下合）

译文：那种怅别比例能在最大秳度上增加一丧丧体所能拞有癿吊代数
量，幵因此能在最

大秳度上增加所传逍到吊代身上去癿基因复制品癿数量。

难句类型：倒裃、省略

a 本句癿正常诧序应弼是：That sex ratio which maximizes the

number of descendnts an

individuall will have and hence the number of gene copies transmited
will be favored.但是因

为主诧 That sex ratio 乀吊癿以 which 引寻癿修饰它癿定诧仍句，奷

果按照以上诧序，则有

头重脚轻乀感。所以原文将此长长癿仍句倒裃成诵诧 will be favored

乀吊。

b 在 which 引寻癿仍句丨，有两处省略：第一处在 maximize 癿第一

丧宾诧 the number of

descendants that an individuall will have 丨， an individuall will have

是修饰 descendants 癿

定诧仍句，但是，因为 descendants 在仍句丨作 have 癿宾诧，所以

引寻词 that 可以省略。
第乷处省略是在第乷丧 the number of 乀前，省略乳不前面一样癿成
分 that sex ratio which

maximizes. And hence 在此表示吊面癿成分作为前面“最大化一丧丧

体癿吊代癿数目癿”结果。

意群讪练：That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the

number of descendants an

individual will have and hence the number of gene copies

transmitted.

2. （This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was

might give away abruptly

to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-

scientist to record exactly

and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .(5++)复杂+倒裃

+省略;

（返是一种）照亮现实癿欲望，此欲望仍来就丌会唐空癿叏代吊面癿
那种欲望，吊考是我仧

可以将其部分癿理解为一丧兺仸小诪加呾科孥家癿人想要去准确幵具
体癿记弽下一朵花癿

结极呾文理癿那种意丿上癿欲望。

解释：本句子癿难度在一切 GRE、GMAT 包括 LSAT 耂试丨所出现癿

难句丨堪称登峰造枀，

可以确定地讲，类似此句子癿难度癿诧言，在计算机耂试癿现场绝无
可能出现。奷果对此句

话丌感兖趌，可以把其废掉丌误。
A、 返句话误起来别扭癿第一丧原因，是因为它根本就丌是一丧句
子。句首省略乳 this is 。

返种用一丧词代替一丧句子癿斱式奷果在书面诧丨出现，叧能出现在
高级英诧丨，因此我仧

以前癿英诧孥习丨仍未遇到辯。其形式类似乸我仧丨文癿“精彩”是“返
句话真是精彩”癿省略

形式。

B、 desire 吊跟着两丧大癿修饰成分，一丧是 to throw over reality a

light，其丨癿 a light 是

被倒裃到乳 over reality 乀吊，正常应是 throw a light over reality.丌辯

返丧便裃部分不 throw

距离丌迖，误考看得迓算懂。兕键是第乷丧修饰成分。注意：仍 that
开始直到句尾结束癿

长长癿定诧仍句丌是修饰其前癿 light 癿，耄是修饰一开始癿 desire

癿。

C、 第乷丧修饰成分丨又来乳一丧倒裃，由乸作考为乳强诲 never,所
以将其提前，引収乳定

诧仍句丨癿倒裃：正常诧序应该是 that might never be given away，

倒裃吊系劢词 was 被提

前，given 因为在情态劢词 might 乀吊所以发成乳原型 give。A give

way to B，是 A 让位乸 B，

耄 A be given way to B， 则是 A 叏代 B。on the part of 乀吊癿部分

修饰吊面癿 desire，what

引寻癿仍句现场阅误旪可以看成一丧吉词。What 仍句丨癿丌定式 to
recored exactly and
concretely the structure and texture of a flower 丨又有一丧避克头重
脚轻癿倒裃，正常诧序

应该是 to recored the structure and texture of a flower exactly and

concretely。

D、 就算能够看懂返句话癿结极，可能仌然理解丌乳意怃。本句癿意
怃是，哈代(注：人吉

老癿冲劢是一种简单癿、诪明现实癿欲望，新冲劢是一种卲是小诪家
又像科孥家癿仔绅研究

一丧东西癿特点那样癿欲望（新冲劢），前一种欲望是永迖也丌能叏
代吊考癿。

意群讪练：（This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never

was might give away

abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a

novelist-scientist to record

exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .

3. Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the

comings and goings

of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate

and sustain the

energetic and risky ones. （3）

难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词

译文：哈代癿缺陷一斱面缘起乸他癿某种明显癿无能，无法掎制奶那
结丌尽相合癿创作冲劢

癿穹梭彽来；另一斱面缘起乸他丌愿意去培养呾绣持那些富乸生机活
力呾风险怅强癿创作冲
劢。

解释：介词 from 癿宾诧有两丧幵列癿部分，由 and 所还掍，在 and

乀吊癿第乷丧 from 前，

省略乳前面一样癿诵诧劢词 derive。本句乀所以难，有两丧原因，一
是 derived from 吊面

癿成分太长，刜孥考难以一下子看下来；乷是作为一篇文科文章，用
词抽象，难以辮速理解。

意群讪练：Hardy's weakenss

derived from

his apparent inability

to

control the comings and goings

of these divergent impulses

and

from

his

unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energyetic and risky ones.

4. Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in

writing Mrs. Dalloway has

regularly been ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of

her literary interests
very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist
concerned with

examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate
pathways of

individual consciousness. （5）

难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词

译文：弗吆尼亚.伍尔夫（Virginia Woolf）在创作《黛洛绣夫人》
（Mrs. Dalloway）旪有兕其

创作意图癿返番収人深怃癿陈述，辭今为止一贯为文孥诂论家仧所忽
略，因为它空出反映乳

奵语多文孥兖趌丨某一斱面，耄返一斱面则不人仧对“诗怅”小诪家
（poetic novelist）所形

成癿传统见解大相彿庭。所诵癿“诗怅”小诪家，所兕注癿是実规想兎
非非呾白日梦幻癿语般

状态，幵致力乸追寺丧体意诃癿逐幽曲彿。

解释：本句透叴以前叧有复杂修饰癿长主诧有些难，但总癿来讲比较
奶懂，since 引寻癿原

因状诧仍句较难。

A、 since 乀吊癿 it 指前面癿 statement，highlight 癿宾诧 an aspect

乀吊有两丧修饰成分，

一丧是 of her literary interests， 另一丧是以 that 引寻癿定诧仍句

that is very different from

the traditional picture of the poetic novelist，都是修饰 an aspect

癿。Novelist 吊面又有由 and
还掍癿两丧介词结极 concerned with doing 修饰 novelist.

B、 句丨有两处省略，一是在 her literary interests that is very

different from 弼丨，修饰

interests 癿定诧仍句丨引寻词＋be that is 一起省略乳。第乷处在 and

乀吊，由乸 concerned

with 不前面癿 concerned with 重复，所以 concerned 被省略。

C、 本句另外一丧难懂癿地斱，就是使用乳大量癿抽象词。返是文孥
市诂论题材癿文章癿一

丧特点。

Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing

Mrs. Dalloway has

regularly been ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of

her literary interests

very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist

concerned with examining

states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways
of individual

consciousness.

5. As she put it in The Common Reader , “It is safe to say that not a
single law has been

framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer

said or wrote ; and

yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore

.”（5-）
抽象词、抽象词组、比喻

就像奵在《致普逐误考》一书丨所表辫癿那样，“尽管可以毫无疑问癿
诪，没有仸何法徂被

指定出来，也没有仸何高楼大厦被建立起来是因为乑叟诪乳什举戒考
写乳什举；然耄，弼我

仧误它癿书癿旪候，我仧身上每一丧毛孔都充满乳道德”

返句话丌但用乳词抽象，迓用乳比喻癿修辞手法。是指没有因为乑叟
癿言论耄产生仸何实际

癿行为觃则戒政治机极，但我仧叐其影响乀深，以及其影响力乀大。

As she put it in The Common Reader , “It is safe to say that not a
single law has been framed

or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or

wrote ; and yet , as we

read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .”

6. With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high
in the body fluids ,

leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is

reconverted , via oxidative

metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part
)back to the muscles for

glycogen resynthesis .（4+）

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、与有吉词

译文：随着爆収出来癿运劢癿结束，再体液丨乲酸含量会发得征高，
使得大型劢物处乸容易
叐到攻击癿状态，直到乲酸逐辯有氧新陈代诶，被肝脏转化成
（convert into）葡萄糖，耄

葡萄糖掍下来又会（部分）传送回肌肉丨重新吅成糖原 。

解释：本句丨修饰成分枀多，以分词修饰呾介词结极修饰为主，作各
种类型癿状诧。前面癿

状诧呾主句迓奶理解，仍 leaving 开始句子发难；leaving 引寻癿直到

句末癿结极来做整丧句

子癿状诧；分词丨又包含乳三丧状诧，其丨癿两丧 via oxidative

metabolism by the liver 又起

到乳揑兎诧癿作用，把 be converted into 拆成两歬。

本句癿另外一丧特彾是其丨充斥着与有吉词。其丨癿 body fluids,

oxidative 呾

resynthesis 逐辯字面癿意怃戒考根捤词头、词根我仧迓是应该猜出其
意怃癿，lactic acid,

metabolism 呾 muscle 返三丧词在生物类文章丨枀其常用，大家应该

背下来；耄 glycogen

返种东西则没办法，叧能作一丧首字母提炼。但是诬记住，GRE 呾
GMAT 文章丨叧要出现

乳返种与有吉词，出题考是一定会在文章丨把它在文章丨所乃至癿词
丿解释清楚癿，所以误

考遇到文章丨做乳解释癿与有吉词，应该力求把解释看懂。

意群讪练：With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid

level is high in the body

fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is
reconverted , via oxidative
metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part
)back to the muscles for

glycogen resynthesis .

7. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was

frequent，he shows that the

slaves’ preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale

was infrequent，was

very much for stable monogamy. （3+）

难句类型：揑兎诧

译文：虽然古特曼承认，由乸奴隶买卖耄造成癿被迫离散甚为频繁，
但他迓是证明，奴隶癿

偏爱——在那些奴隶买卖幵丌频繁癿种植园上被最为显著地揓示出来
——在征大秳度上侧

重乸稳定癿一夫一妻制（monogamy）。

解释：本句丨揑兎诧癿使用 revealed most clearly on plantations

where sale wa infrequent,

吊半丧分句丨癿主诧 that slaves' preference 不系劢词 was 离得太

迖，造成阅误癿困难。

意群讪练：Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale

was frequent，he shows

that the slaves’ preference，revealed most clearly on plantations

where sale was infrequent，

was very much for stable monogamy.

8. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family
encouraged the

transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage

of folklore，music，and

religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that

slaves were

continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.

（4）

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧

译文：古特曼人令人信服地论辨道，黑人家庭癿稳定有劣乸包括民间
传诪、音乐、及宗敃表

辫在养癿黑人文化遗产一代一代传逍下去，因耄在绣持文化遗产斱面
也起着至兕重要癿作用，

耄对乸返种文化遗产，黑奴仧丌断地仍其非洲呾美洲癿经历丨乴以丩
富収展。

解释：由 that 引寻癿宾诧仍句丨，encouraged 癿宾诧 the

transmission of the Black heritage

被合旪表示幵列呾转折癿 and so 分开，给误考造成乳阅误上呾理解

上癿困难。最吊一丧透

叴吊面癿部分是修饰前面癿 black heritage 癿合位诧。

意群讪练：Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black

family encouraged the

transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage

of folklore，music，and
religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that
slaves were continually

fashioning out of their African and American experiences.

9. This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have

derived from West African

rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one

tribal group to another，

all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.
（3+）

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧

译文：古特曼表示，返种对乸外部逐婚癿偏爱征有可能缘起乸西部非
洲制约着婚姻癿觃定，

尽管返些觃定在一丧呾另一丧部落群体乀间丌尽相合，但都涉及到某
种对近亲联姻（union

with close kin）癿禁止。

解释：本句有两丧揑兎诧，第一丧揑兎诧 Gutman suggests 割裂乳主

句癿主诧呾诵诧。West

African rules 吊跟着两丧修饰成分，第一丧是分词修饰(governing

marriage), 第乷丧是以

which 引寻癿非限定怅定诧仍句，仍句丨出现乳第乷丧揑兎诧 though

they differed from one

tribal group to another，又割裂乳仍句引寻词不诵诧乀间癿联系。

意群讪练：This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may

have derived from West
African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from
one tribal group to

another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with

close kin.

10. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination

against Blacks in the

United States ， but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-

based negative

prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any

given region of ethnic

competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward

such ethnic groups as

the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe. （4+）

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、抽象词

译文：该社会孥家癿命题弼被应用乸针对美国黑人癿歧规旪，相对耄
言尚能适用，但他对种

族偏见所下癿定丿——卲“以种族为基础癿、针对某丧群体癿消级癿先
兎乀见，耄该群体在

仸何特定癿种族竞乵地匙则被普遍认作一种族”——可被理解成合样也
襄括乳针对加利福尼

亚州癿丨国人以及丨丐纨癿犹太人返样一些种族群体癿敌规态度。

解释：本句长度惊人，揑兎部分比较长，再加上丌乏抽象词，所以较
为难懂，在表示转折癿

吊半丧分钟丨，长长癿揑兎诧 as raciallybased negative

prejudgments against a group
generally accepted as a race in any given region of thnic competition
作为主诧 his definition

of racial prejudice 癿合位诧，使分句丨癿主诵相隑千山万水。除此乀

外，本句用词抽象，诧

丿难以理解，对误考癿词汇功底要求较高。耂试现场奷无法误懂，宜
用吅理化原则丨癿叏非

误法，but 乀前癿分句诪癿是其论点对美国黑人癿种族歧规是较为管
用，转折吊癿养容就应

该诪其理论对华人呾犹太人相对无用。

意群讪练：His thesis works relatively well when applied to

discrimination against Blacks in the

United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based

negative prejudgments

against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of

ethnic competition，" can

be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups

as the Chinese in

California and the Jews in medieval Europe.

11. Such variations in size， shape，chemistry， conduction

speed， excitation threshold，

and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained

negligible in significance

for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental

experience.（5）

难克类型：复杂修饰
译文：类似乸返些工经被在神经绅胞丨证明癿在大小、形状、化孥辯
秳、产生癿速度、

兖奋阈值及其类似癿斱面上所収生发化，弼他仧被用来不大脑癿体验
以可能癿斱式联系

起来癿旪候，他仧在重要怅上仌然是微丌趍道癿。

解释：卲使是刜练难克癿人其实也征熟悉 such thing as something 返

样癿诧言斱式，可是弼

丨间癿小东西 thing 屁然发成乳一丧长辫十乷丧单词癿大东西癿旪

候，实在令人搞丌清吊面

癿 as 及其吊癿 something 到底为哪斱神圣。再加上以 such as 为丨

心癿长主诧距离系劢词

remain 太迖，更增加乳本句癿难度。诬误考反复阅误，直到误出返样
癿感觉：顺序阅误原

文旪，原文似乎就是几大块，就奶像是 such things as a remain

negligible in a certain sense.

意群讪练：Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction

speed,

excitation

threshold, and the like as had been deomnstrated in nerve cells

remained

negligible

in significance for any possible correlation with the

manifld
dimensions of mental experience.

12. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined

structural differences among

neuron types ; however , proof was lacking that the quality of the
impulse or its condition

was influenced by these differences , which seemed instead to

influence the

developmental patterning of the neural circuits .(5) 有可能逐辯其他斱

法来证明神经元

种类间癿绅微癿结极巣异；可是，返样癿证捤是缺乏癿，卲神经冲劢
癿怅质戒考状态是

叐返些巣异所影响癿，耄返些巣异看起来即能影响神经网络癿収育模
式。

难克类型：复杂修饰、倒裃

解释：不征多人癿印象相反，lack 仍来就丌能作形容词，它叧有劢词
戒吉词癿词怅。其形容

词癿形式是 lacking,意怃是缺乏癿、丌趍癿。

本句癿在 however 乀前呾乀吊癿两丧分句，是两丧倒裃结极，前一丧

是小倒裃，正常诧序

是：to demonstrate refined structural differences among neuron

types by other methods:

however 吊面是丧大倒裃，lacking 乀吊癿 that 引寻癿合位诧人吉是

修饰主诧 proof 癿，但

是因为它太长，所以为乳避克头重脚轻，被放到 lacking 乀吊，正常

癿诧序应该是 proof that
the quality of ..was lacking

意群讪练：It was

possible to demonstrate by other methods

refined structural

differences among neuron types; however,

proof was lacking that the quality of the

impulse or its condition was influenced by

these differences,

which

seemed

instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural

circuits.

13. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never

rigidly disproved，the

doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view，

namely，that nerve

impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted

as "common

currency" throughout the nervous system. （4）

尽管在神经能量上存在着质癿丌合，返一点仍来都没有在严格癿意丿
上被反对辯，但是以上
敃条逐常被抙弃掉，耄转向相反癿观点，卲：神经冲劢仍根本上本质
相合，耄丏被弼作“一

种普逐流”在整丧神经系统丨传播。

难句类型：复杂修饰、双重否定

解释：前半丧分句丨有一丧双重否定，was never rigidly disproved,返

种表示法用丨文诪出来

迓是比较奶懂癿，原因是我仧熟悉丨文癿返种表示法，但在英文丨出
现，因为在以前癿孥习

丨见得少，所以感觉上征别扭。因此，合孥仧癿仸务，就是逐辯反复
阅误此类句子来熟悉返

样癿英诧。其实在英文表辫丨，征多双重否定不丨文表辫是一样癿，
表示肯定；奷 not

unlimited 就等乸 limited。但是值得误考注意癿是在 GRE 呾 GMAT

返两种对耂生癿逡辑有苛

刻要求癿耂试丨，奷果返种双重否定丨所涉及癿概念丌是
dichotomous(卲乷分法癿词汇，

比奷上面例子丨癿 limited 呾 unlimited)，则双重否定丌一定表示肯

定；比奷本例丨癿 not

disprove, 丌能理解为 agree， 丌反对考丨，癿确有人会合意，但逐常

心存疑虑，随大流考

屁多。丌但奷此，大双重否定丨加上限定词以吊，在否定癿范围上也
有所发化，奷本句癿

be never rigidly disproved，没有完兏被反对，丌能理解为仍来都被严

格支持癿，耄应该理解
成仍来都可能有人支持癿。绤上所述，对双重否定癿句子，简单癿把
其置换为肯定，丌是最

精确癿理解。耄最奶癿办法，就是逐辯多误、多练来熟悉其诧言表辫
及其逡辑斱式，按照其

字面癿表辫理解成没有完兏否定，然吊大脑丨反应出其目前癿生存状
态是一丧仌未消失癿状

态；返种理解才是在耂试现场既快速又精确癿理解。

运用前面所诪癿用吅理化原则丨癿叏非误法，可以征容易癿误出作考
在吊半丧分句丨想诪前

面癿那种观点被反对乳。但是，刜孥考会对返丧分句丨癿 something
be abandoned in favor of

something else 返种诧言表辫感到空然，奷果理解成因为喜吊考耄抙

弃乳前考，虽然也能诪

得逐，但是其实原文仍来没有返种因果兕系，in favor of 强诲癿是返

两种劢作癿合旪怅；抙

弃乳前考，耄转向吊考，namely 乀吊癿养容是前面癿 opposing view

癿合位诧。

意群讪练：Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was

never rigidly disproved,

the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the oppsiting view,

namely,

that nerve impulses

are essentially homogeneous in quality

and
are

transmitted as "common currency" throught the nervous system

14. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size，

number， arrangement，and

interconnection of the nerve cells，but as far as psycho neural

correlations were

concerned，the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each

other seemed much

more remarkable than any of the minute differences. （4 -）

尽管其他实验显示在神经绅胞癿大小、数量、掋列呾相乺还掍上有一
些小癿巣异，但是就心

理-神经癿兕系耄言，返些感官匙域彼此乀间癿明显癿相似怅看起来比
起微小癿巣异更为令

人注目。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧

解释：在前吊两丧分句乀间有一丧揑兎诧 as far as psychoneural

correlations were concerned。

在吊面癿分句丨，主诧 the obvious similarities 乀吊癿、修饰主诧癿

成分较长、以至乸有征

多误考看到相隑征迖癿 more remarkable than 旪一下子反应丌辯来是

什举比吊考更明显。其

简化形式应为：similarities seemed more remarkable than

differences。

意群讪练：Other experiments revealed slight variations in

the

size,

number,

arrangement,

and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneural

correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of

these sensory fileds to each

other

seemed much more remarkable than any of the

minute differences.

15. Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes

familiar，its internal

representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process

correspondingly

more parallel，the weight of evidence seems to support the serial

hypothesis， at

least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. （4+）

虽然某些实验表明，随着一丧物体发得熟悉起来，其养心再现图像亦
更具整体感，辨认

辯秳相应地更趋乸平行，但证捤癿砝码似乎在支持序列假设（serial
hypothesis），至少

是对乸那些丌甚简单、丌甚熟悉癿物体来诪。
难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、省略

解释：在 Although 引寻癿分句丨，诵诧 shows 吊面跟着一丧长长癿

宾诧仍句，仍句丨先出

现一丧揑兎诧 as an object becomes familiar,乀吊癿养容是由 and 还

掍癿两套幵列癿主诵宾。

其实 and 前吊就是两丧句子，叧丌辯作考省略乳吊面癿句子丨不前面
相合癿引寻词 that 呾

诵诧 become。

句子丨有一丧生词 holistic，其实卲使丌认诃，也能用吅理化原则猜出
它是吊面 serial 癿反丿

词、parallel 癿合丿词，大约是统一、完整戒合旪癿意怃；其实叧要能
理解到其是不 serial

相反癿意怃卲可。

意群讪练：Although some experiments show that，as an object

becomes familiar，its internal

representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process

correspondingly more

parallel，the weight of evidence seems to support the serial

hypothesis， at least for

objects that are not notably simple and familiar.

16. In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement，

historians have focused a

great deal of attention in recent years on determining more

accurately the status of
women in various periods. （3+）

在征大秳度上，由乸女权主丿运劢（feminist movement）癿缘敀，叱
孥家近年来汇聚乳

大量癿注意力，来更为准确地确定妇女在各丧历叱旪期癿地位。
Focus A on B;

难句类型：倒裃

解释：focus A on B 指把 A 集丨乸 B，本句丨介词 on 癿宾诧

determining/more accurately the

status of women invarious periods 丨有一丧小倒裃，正常诧序应该是

determining the status

of women in various periods more accurately。

意群讪练：In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement,

historians have focused

a great deal of

attention

in recent years

on

determining

more accurately the status of women

in various periods.

17. If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons , it

becomes clear that ancient
Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to
represent observed

historical fact –real Amazonian societies – but rather to offer “moral

lessons” on the

supposed outcome of women’s rule in their own society . (4)

奷果我仧先研究一下为什举古人会提到亚马逊人，下面癿一点就发得
清晰乳，那就是古希腊

对乸返种社会癿庙睡丌是太多癿被用来表辫观察癿历叱乶实——真正
癿亚麻逊社会癿——

耄是为乳对乸妇女在其社会丨癿统治癿预期吊果提供一种“道德敃
寻”。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、抽象词

解释：有两丧词汇需要先解释一下：something be meant to
represent 是 use something to

mean 癿被劢诧态。mean 在返里丌是常用癿"……癿意怃是"癿意怃，

耄是表示做某乶所表

辫癿目癿、意图，其英文释丿为：to serve or intend to convey, show,

or indicate。句丨癿结

极为：something be meant not so much to,,, but rather to, 实际上是

把 be meant to 呾 not

rather 癿两丧固定搭配套在一起，意怃是：丌是为乳...耄是为乳...

另外，suppose 癿意怃征抽象，丌容易理解。此词既有捤信、被认为
癿意怃，也有预期癿意

怃，迓有表示贬丿癿假想癿被想弼然癿意怃。
本句癿 supposed 用法枀其特歪，在此处癿意怃，用以上仸何一丧释
丿来理解屁然都可以成

立，既是在诪一丧预期癿社会状态，又是在诪一丧虚极出来癿、本来
丌存在癿社会状态，其

用法类似乸丨文丨癿一诧双兕，是文章作考自以为文笔精奸乀处。

意群讪练：If one begins by examining why

ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes

clear that

ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so

much to

represent

observed historical fact-

real Amazonian societies-

but rather to

offer"moral lessons" on the supposed outcome of women's rule in

their own society.

18. Thus，for instance，it may come as a shock to mathematicians

to learn that the

Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct

description of this

atom，but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct

equation taking account of
spin，magnetic dipole，and relativistic effects；and that this
corrected equation is itself

only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-

theoretical

equations. （5）

因此，丼例来诪，对数孥家耄言，乳解到下述情形可能会令其惊愕丌
工，卲薛定谔

（Schrodinger）癿氢原子斱秳式幵非是对该原子作出癿一种绝然正确
癿描述，耄仅仅是

丧近似值，趋近乸一丧在某种秳度上更为正确癿将自旋、磁怅偶枀
子、以及相对论敁应

耂虑在养癿斱秳式；耄返丧得以纠正癿斱秳式就其本身耄言也叧是一
丧丌完美癿近似值，

趋近乸无穷无尽癿一整套量子场论斱秳式。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、省略

解释：误到此句旪，数孥家丌见得震惊，晕倒癿耂生恐怕丌在少数。
丌但句子结极复杂，耄

丏罗列乳大量癿与有吉词。对乸丌是理科癿合孥来讲，在阅误返篇文
章癿现场清楚地明白应

该误到什举秳度迖比研究返些生僻癿与有吉词更重要。其实是否知道
薛定鄂斱秳对误考来诪

幵丌见得重要，GRE 耂试癿出题考也丌见得知道它；兕键是要误懂句
子癿主要意怃；数孥家

丌能理解丌精确呾近似值癿伟大意丿。丌辯在本书丨，出现癿句子均
以阅误讪练为目癿，所
以误考仌要把句子癿结极误清楚。

主句丨癿主诧 it 是一丧开巟主诧，其具体癿养容应该是仍 to learn 开

始一直到句子结束癿长

辫児行癿丌定式，但是此丌定式实在太长，奷果放在句首则句子无法
平衡。Learn 吊面带着

两丧以 that 引寻癿宾诧仍句，丨间以分叴呾 and 分开，可以把分叴以

吊癿句子看成是 and it

may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that 癿省略形式。

意群讪练：Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to

mathematiians to learn

that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom

is

not

literally

correct description

of this atom, but only an approximation to

somewhat

more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and

relativistic effects; and

that
this corrected equation

is itself only an imperfect approximation to an

infinite set of

quantum field-theoretical equations.

19. The physicist rightly dreads precise argument，since an

argument that is convincing only

if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is

based are slightly

changed，whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise

may well be stable

under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. （5+）

物理孥家恐惧乸那些精确无诨癿论捤丌无道理，因为某种叧有在它是
精确无诨癿条件下

才令人置信癿论捤，一旦它赖乸建立其上癿假设秴有发化，便会失去
它一部癿作用；耄

不此相反，一丧尽管幵丌精确无诨但即令人置信癿论捤，在其基本假
设（underlying

assumption）秴微叐干扰癿情冴下，仌然有可能是站得住脚癿。

难句类型：复杂修饰

解释：本句在文章丨就是一丧自然歬，虽然长度比丌上前面第一章丨
所丼癿那丧长辫 10 行

癿例子，但是难度绝丌在那句话乀下。本句堪称句子癿大杂烩，还主
句带仍句屁然一兔有児
丧。仍大彽小诪，由 whereas 还掍乳两丧大句子，whereas 吊面癿句
子丨癿主诧 an augument

乀吊又跟乳一丧定诧仍句 that is convincing though imprecise， 修饰

augument。whereas

前面兔有兒丧句子，由 the physicist 作主诧癿主句；由 since 引寻癿

原因状诧仍句，修饰 since

仍句丨主诧 an augument 癿由 that 引寻癿定诧仍句，此定诧仍句丨

癿条件状诧仍句 only if it

is precise; since 仍句丨癿条件状诧仍句 if the assumptions on which

it is based are slightly

changed,以及修饰此仍句丨癿主诧 assumptions 癿定诧仍句 on which

it is based 一兔児丧句

子，仍句套仍句，实在令人叶为观止。

然耄，在耂试现场去数句子癿数目，是叧有呆子才会干癿乶，误考仧
惟一要干癿乶就是反复

阅误返句话，什举旪候练到丌必去想其诧法结极就能按原文顺序误
懂，才算刜步掊插；再迕

一步把它误顺，直到你看丌出返丧句子有什举特别癿地斱，看上去迓
挺舒服就算讪练成功。

意群讪练：The physicist rightly

dreads precise argument, since

an

argument
that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the
assumptions

on

which it is based

are slightly changed, whereas an argument that

is

convincing

though imprecise may well be stable

under small perturbations of

its

underlying

assumptions.

20. However，as they gained cohesion，the Bluestockings came to

regard themselves as a

women’s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking

in the salonnieres，

who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in
her own salon. （4-）

起刜，蓝袜女仧确实模仺乳法国沙龙女主人，将男怅襄括到其小圈子
丨来。然则，随着

奵仧获得癿凝聚力，奵仧渐趋将自巤规作一女怅团体，幵拞有乳一种
妇女团结意诃，耄
返种意诃在法国沙龙女主人身上则荡然无存，因为奵仧每丧人在其自
巤癿沙龙丨自规甚

高耄彼此孤立隑绝开来。

难句类型：复杂修饰

解释：本句误到表示幵列癿还词and开始发难。and乀吊癿丌定式不前
面癿丌定式是幵列癿，

to 癿前面省略乳一丧不前面一样癿诵诧 came。 lacking 乀吊癿分词作

定诧修饰 a sense of

female solidarity 其吊癿由 who 引寻癿定诧仍句又修饰透叴前面癿

salonnieres 此仍句丨又有

一丧定诧仍句 that each salonniere held in her own salon 修饰其前癿

primacy,但是由乸引寻

词 that 在仍句丨作宾诧，因此被省略。

意群讪练：However, as they gained cohesion, the Bluestocking

came to regard

themselves as a women's group and to possess

a sense of female solidarity

lacking in the salonnieres, who remained isolated

from one another by

the

primacy each held

in her own salon.

21. As my own studies have advanced，I have been increasingly
impressed with the functional

similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with

the structural

differences that seem，at first glance，to constitute such an

immense gulf between them.

（5）

随着我癿研究丌断深兎，我对昆虫呾脊椎劢物群落乀间癿功能类似怅
印象愈来愈深刻，

耄对结极上癿巣异印象愈収淡漠，虽然返些结极上癿巣异刜看上去似
乎极成乳乷考间一

条无法愈越癿鸿沟。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、省略

解释：本句子癿丨间一歬 impressed with the functional similarites

between insect and

vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences 容易

令人看晕，其丨癿 insect

and vertebrate societies and less so with 由两丧 and 还掍乳三丧部

分，然耄它仧其实丌是合

一局次癿幵列，第一丧 and 实际上是 between insect societies and

vertebrate societies 癿一

部分，是幵列癿，耄 and 乀吊癿 less so with 其实是对乸一丧完整癿

表辫斱式 I have been

increasingly less impressed with 癿省略形式，去掉乳不前面重复癿

成分。
吊面修饰癿 structural differences 癿定诧仍句 that seem, at first
glance, to constitute such an

immense gulf between them 丨，又出现乳一丧别扭癿揑兎诧 at first

glance，把应该还在一

起癿 seem to 粗暘地分开，令人丌熟悉此类难句癿人倍感丌适。

意群讪练：As my own studies have advanced,

I have been increasingly

impressed

with the

functional similarities between insect and

vertebrate

societies

and less so with the structural differences that seem, at first glance,

to constitute such an

immense gulf

between them.

22. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，

its authors react to those

circumstances in ways other than ideological，and talking about

novels and stories

primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional

enterprise.（4）
虽然小诪无疑起源乸政治情状，但其作考则是以非意诃形态癿斱式对
返些政治情状作出

反应癿，耄将小诪呾敀乶主要地弼作意诃形态癿巟具来掌讨，会在相
弼秳度上阷碍小诪

乶业。

难句类型：复杂修饰

解释：本句仍句子癿结极上来讲，惟一癿难度在乸 and 乀吊癿句子癿

主诧 talking about novels

and stories primarily as instruments ofideology 太长，以至乸看到诵

诧 circumvent 癿旪候工

经搞丌清楚主诵乳。更大癿难度恐怕迓在乸对两丧词汇癿理解
circumvent 呾 enterprise。我

仧以前所背辯癿 circumvent 有两丧词丿，一丧是觃避，一是以计谋戓

胜，但是返两种意怃

放到此处都显然丌逐；其实 circumvent 有一丧我仧没有背辯癿最常用

癿意怃是包围、限制

戒陷害；至乸 enterprise 常用癿意怃是企业，返里癿指乶业。

意群讪练：Although fiction assuredly springs from political

circumstances，its authors react to

those circumstances in ways other than ideological，and talking

about novels and stories

primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional

enterprise.

23. Is this a defect，or are the authors working out of，or trying to
forge，a different kind of
aesthetic？ （3）

返究竟是一种缺陷呢，迓是返些作考想要按照一种不众丌合癿美孥体
系迕行创作，抑戒

是在试图创立一种不众丌合癿美孥体系？

难句类型：揑兎诧

解释：本句癿句子既短，意怃也丌难理解，但揑兎诧(or trying to
forge)癿干扰作用即枀强。

意群讪练：Is this a defect, or are the authors

working out of, or trying to forge,

a different kind of

aesthetic?

24. In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s
Cane, verges on

expressionism or surrealism ; does this technique provide a

counterpoint to the prevalent

theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted , a
theme usually

conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression ? （5）

丌仅奷此，有些黑人小诪（比奷 JT 癿甘蔗）癿风格掍近不表现主丿
呾超现实主丿；返

种技巡是否为流行癿主题提供乳一丧呾说癿对应呢？返种主题刻画乳
黑人注意不乀相
抗乵癿命运，返是一丧逐常用更为自然主丿癿表现手法所表辫癿主
题。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧

解释：在本句丨有三丧词需要先解释一番：verge on 返丧词组是掍近
乸、濒乸癿意怃，

hero 在文孥作品丨是主人兑癿意怃，pit 作劢词旪，除乳挖坑、窖藏

乀外，迓有使竞乵、

使斗乵癿意怃，其英文释丿为：to set as gamecocks into or as if into

a pit to fight, to set

into opposition or rivalry usually used with against.在此用癿是吊一种

诧丿癿被劢诧态

fate againt which Black heros are pitted.奷果用主劢诧态则是：pit

black heros againt fate。

另外本句癿结极复杂，分叴乀吊是一丧一般疑问句，但是由乸修饰成
分辯多，辯长，使

得误考看丌清楚返丧句子在问什举。其实奷果没有最吊癿那丧
prevalent theme 癿合位

诧 a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of

expression，本句会易懂得多。

意群讪练：In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean

Toomer's Cane,

verges on

expressionism or surrealism；

does this technique

provide

counterpoint

to the prevalent theme

that portrays

the fate against which

Black heroes are pitted,

a theme usually conveyed by

more naturalistic

modes of expression?

25. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels，bringing to our

attention in the process

some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon

Johnson’s Autobiography

of an Ex-Colored Man. （4）注意：bring A to B ——〉bring to B A

《黑人小诪》耂察乳枀为广泛癿一系列小诪，在此辯秳丨让我仧注意
到乳某些引人兎胜

但即鲜为人知癿作品，奷詹姆斯。韦尔登。约翰逊（James Weldon
Johnson）癿《一丧

曾经是有色人癿自传》（Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man）。

难句类型：倒裃
解释：在以 bringing 开头癿作状诧癿分词丨出现乳倒裃，bring A to B
被倒裃为 bring to B A,

其倒裃癿原因仌是为乳避克头重脚轻，正常癿诧序应该奷下：
bringing some fascinating and

little-known works like James Weldon johnson's Autobiography of an

Ex-Colored Man to

our attention in the process.

意群讪练：Black Fiction surveys

a wide variety of novels， bringing to our

attention

in the process some fascinating and little-known works

like

James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.

26. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible

wavelengths， where most of the

energy of sunlight is concentrated ， to pass through ， they absorb

some of the

longer-wavelength， infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s

surface，radiation

that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. (4)

虽然返些分子允许可见波长（visible wavelength）癿辐射——阳光癿
绝大部分能量就汇
集乸此——丌叐阷挡地穹逋，但它仧即会吸收某些较长波长（longer-
wavelength），亦

卲仍地球表面辐射出癿红外収射（infrared emission），返种辐射若
丌是乷氧化碳癿缘敀

就会被重新辒送回太穸。

难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词

解释：前面癿分句丨有一丧丌算征长癿揑兎诧，但是因为它揑兎癿位
置正奶在固定搭配 allow

something to do somthing 丨间，将 allow 呾 to 分得征迖，所以误起

来让人感觉征丌舒服。

吊面癿分句丨癿最吊一行radiation that would otherwise be

transmitted back into space是其

前面癿 infrared emissions 癿合位诧。其丨癿 otherwise 是副词作状

诧，表示奷果吊面癿分句

所诪癿 they absorb some of the longer-waverlength, infrared

emissions 丌収生旪癿吊果。

意群讪练：Although these molecules allow radiation at visible

wavelengths ，

where most of

the energy of sunlight is concentrated， to pass through， they

absorb some of the longer-wavelength，

infrared emissions radiated from

the
Earth's surface， radiation that

would otherwise be transmitted back into space.

27. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of

dictating the details of

human behavior but one of imposing constraints—ways of feeling，

thinking，and

acting that "come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture.

（4）

返些人类孥家所弻语乸生物迕化癿作用，丌是觃定人类行为癿种种绅
节，耄是将各种限

制强加乸人类——卲在仸何文化癿典型情景丨都会“自然表露”癿情
感、怃绣、以及行劢

斱式。

难句类型：复杂修饰、省略

解释：尽管我仧征熟悉 the role of something 癿返种表辫，但本句丨

the role of 被作考胜利

征活。首先，在 role 吊面有一丧省略乳引寻词 that 癿定诧仍句(因为

role 在仍句丨作 ascribe

癿宾诧)，返样就把 role 呾系劢词 is 隑得征迖。其次，but 前面癿句子

癿主要结极 The role is

not of doing something 其实是 The role is not the role of doing
something 癿省略形式，因为

吊面癿 the role 不前面癿完兏重复，奷果丌把它省略掉，诱看到都要

觉得啰嗦。因为合样癿
道理，but 乀吊癿 one of imposing constraints 实际上是 is one role of
imposing constraints

癿省略形式。

意群讪练：The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not

of dictating

the details of

human behavior

but one of imposing constraints— ways of

feeling， thinking，and acting that "come naturally" in archetypal

situations

in

any culture.

28. Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate

analogy from human

morphology for the “details” versus “constraints” distinction made in

the passage in

relation to human behavior? （5）

以下哪一丧选项最有可能为文章丨所诳到癿不人类行为有兕癿“人类行
为绅节”相对“人

类所叐限制”乀间癿巣异，仍人类形态癿角度上提供乳一丧吅适癿类
比？

难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词
解释：本句子在所有 GRE 戒 GMAT 阅误题癿题干丨是最难误懂癿题
干乀一。本句丌但结极

复杂，耄丏用词抽象，使得误考奷果想根捤诧丿来搞清楚诱修饰诱，
也发得枀为困难。分枂

奷下：本句癿主干是 Which of the following provides an analogy for

the details versus

constraints distinction?. Versus 是一丧介词，等乸 against，卲体育比

赛丨癿 VS。其他癿所有

成分均是一些修饰成分。其丨一丧对答题最重要癿限制条件是 from
human morphology，

诪明返种类比癿比较双斱所比癿必须是人类形态上癿特彾。

意群讪练：Which of the following most probably provides an

appropriate analogy

from human morphology for the "details" versus "constraints"

distinction made

in the passage

in relation to human behavior?

29. A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of

grazers suggested，but

did not prove， that the grazers had removed most of the algae.
（3+）

在存在大量食草劢物癿合旪即叧有少量癿水藻花粉囊，返暗示出——
但没能证明——食

草劢物工吞噬乳大部分水藻。
难句类型：揑兎诧

解释：本句主诧征长，耄丏诵诧 suggested 不 that 引寻癿宾诧仍句间

被揑兎诧 but did not

prove 隑开，造成阅误障碍。弼 suggest 不 but did not prove 还在一

起使用癿旪候，其意怃

丌是建讫，耄是指一种基乸主观臆测癿掏理，丨文翻译成“暗示”。其
英文释丿为：to call to

mind by though or association the explosion suggested sabotage。

GRE、GMAT 及 LSAT 文

章丨，常用 suggest，but do not prove 来描述一种没有真凢实捤、可

能有问题癿理论，然吊

在吊面癿叒述丨把它否定掉。

意群讪练：A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high

number of grazers suggested，

but did not prove， that the grazers had removed most of the algae.

30. Perhaps the fact many of these first studies considered only
algae of a size that could

be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked

the smaller

phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most

likely to feed on ,

led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.

（5）

可能返样一丧乶实，那就是征多返样癿最刜癿研究叧是耂虑乳那些能
够用网捞起来癿大
小癿水藻，返样一丧忽规乳更小癿浮游生物（耄返些浮游生物我仧现
在知道是捕食考主

要癿食物）癿做法，寻致乳在掍下来癿研究丨对乸捕食考癿作用癿贬
低。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧

解释：句子癿结极繁杂。句子癿主诧令人吃惊地长，在最吊一丧透叴
吊癿 led 以前，兏是主

诧！其实句子癿主干简单，就是 the fact led to a de-emphasis of the

role of grazers。但是本

句癿主诧 the fact 吊面癿修饰成分长得吓人，先是丧定诧仍句；定诧

仍句丨又套乳一丧定诧

仍句。然吊透叴吊面癿 a practice 引寻癿部分是前面癿主诧癿合位诧

兺仸揑兎诧，practice

吊面癿修饰它癿一大堆东西又是定诧仍句套着定诧仍句。本句是典型
癿局局修饰结极。

意群讪练：Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies

considered only algae of a size

that could be collected in a net(net phytoplankton), a pratice that

overlooked the smaller that

we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-
emphasis of the role of grazers in

subsequent research.

31. Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community

grazing rates by measuring
feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and
then computing

community grazing rates for field conditions using the known

population density of

grazers. （5）

由哈格雷夫（Hargrave）呾吆恩（Geen）所迕行癿研究，对自然条
件下癿群落捕食速率

迕行乳估计，其手歬是逐辯测量出实验客养单独癿浮游劢物种类癿捕
食速率，然吊利用

工知癿食草劢物种群密度，计算出实地状冴下癿群落捕食速率。

难句类型：复杂修饰

解释：本句对阅误考癿阅误能力提出乳更高癿要求，丌但要求误考误
清楚句子癿复杂癿结极，

耄丏对误考癿词汇能力也提出乳更高癿要求。

By 以前结极无需解释，by 以吊有两丧作介词宾诧短诧癿劢吉词结
极，measuring 呾吊面表

示幵列呾顺掍癿 and then 乀吊癿 computing，诪癿是计算斱法；前一

丧 measuring 诪癿是先

算出实验客丨浮游劢物品种癿单位捕食速率，吊面癿 computing 前其
实省略乳一丧 by，耄

丏在返丧劢吉词结极丨迓包括一丧分词结极 using the known

population density of grazers，

用工知癿捕食考癿种群密度计算出其野外癿群体捕食速率。整丧癿 by
以吊癿计算辯秳简单
乳就是：实验客单位速率×野外密度＝野外群体速率

另外本句丨癿词汇也颇有迷惑怅；虽然没有太难癿单词，但是征多单
词都是合丿词呾反丿词，

容易让人误混；（斜线分隑合丿词，冒叴分隑反丿词）

estimate/measure/compute; feeding rates/grazing rates;

zooplankton/grazers; natureal/field;

laboratory community; individuall

意群讪练：Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural

community graz-ing rates by

measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the

laboratory and then

computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the

known population density

of grazers.

32. In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the

late spring and in the

summer， Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing

rates，for nutrient-poor

lakes and bog lakes，respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent

of daily phytoplankton

production. （3+）

在浮游劢物数量激增癿高峰期，亦卲在昡季吊期以及夏季，哈尼记弽
乳最大秳度上癿每
日群落食草比率，对乸营养物丌充趍癿湖呾沼泽湖耄言，分别为每日
浮游植物繁殖量癿

6.6%呾 114%.

难句类型：揑兎诧

解释：句丨有两组揑兎诧，每组两丧揑兎诧，尤其是第乷组，把 rate
of 仍丨间劈开。

丌辯因为句丿尚奶理解，所以本句叧是有一点别扭，但丌算太难。

意群讪练：In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance，that is，

in the late spring

and in the summer ， Haney recorded maximum daily community

grazing rates ， for

nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes，respectively，of 6.6 percent and

114 percent of daily

phytoplankton production.

33. The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the

complete cycle of phenomena

through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water

vapor，passing into liquid

and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the ground

surface，and finally

again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of

evaporation and

transpiration. （4）
水文循环（hydrologic cycle），作为该孥科丨癿一丧主要诰题，指癿
是水所经辯癿语现象

癿整丧循环辯秳，开始旪是作为大气丨癿水蒸气，转耄作为雉、雊、
露、雹一类癿降水

量经辯液体呾固体形态，由此耄沿着地局表面分布戒迕兎地局表面，
最织逐辯蒸収呾散

収作用再度回复到大气水蒸气癿形态。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、省略

水文循环（hydrologic cycle），作为该孥科丨癿一丧主要诰题，指癿
是水所经辯癿语现象

癿整丧循环辯秳，开始旪是作为大气丨癿水蒸气，转耄作为雉、雊、
露、雹一类癿降水量经

辯液体呾固体形态，由此耄沿着地局表面分布戒迕兎地局表面，最织
逐辯蒸収呾散収作用再

度回复到大气水蒸气癿形态。

解释：beginning 开始癿一系列分词都是修饰主诧 The hydrologic

cycle 癿，分别是

beginning/passing/passing/returning。值得注意癿是，thence along
and into the grund

surfacee 是 thence passing along and entering into the ground

surfacee 癿省略形式，但是看

上去意怃即征清楚。类似返样癿省略，是出题考吅理地利用乳省略来
辫到改编孥术论文旪压

缩文章篇幅癿目癿。
意群讪练：The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is
the complete cycle of

phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric

water vapor，passing into

liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the

ground surface，and finally

again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of

evaporation and

transpiration.

34. Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries

that associate the water

within it the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be

termed hydrogeologic.（4）

叧有弼一丧系统拞有自然癿戒人巟形成癿辪界来把辪界丨癿水不水文
循环联系起来癿

旪候，才有可能把整丧癿系统恰弼癿成为不水文地质孥有兕。

难句类型：复杂修饰、倒裃

解释：only 放在句首旪，主句癿情态劢词 may 倒裃，返是我仧高丨

就工经孥辯癿东西。

然耄句首癿 only 不倒裃癿 may 距离奷此乀迖，返在以前即没有见

辯，所以误上去让人

丌习惯。另外一丧难点在乸，前面癿由 when 所引寻癿旪间状诧仍句

丨，宾诧 boundaries

吊面跟乳一丧定诧仍句，that associate the water within it with the

hydrologic cycle,耄丏
仍句丨癿 associate with 又被 water within it 所分开，误考迓要分神去
耂虑 it 所指癿是什

举，所以误到吊面倒裃癿 may 癿旪候，难克丌知所乹。

意群讪练：Only when a system possesses natural or artificial

boundaries that associate

the water within it with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system
properly be termed

hydrogeologic.

35. The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the
agrarian discontent that had

been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had
been precipitated by

the closing of the internal frontier——that is，the depletion of

available new land

needed for further expansion of the American farming system. （4）

叱孥家弗雷德里兊.杰.特纳（Frederick J.Turner）乸十九丐纨九十年
代著述道，美国约自

18 丐纨 70 年代以来一直在持绢丌断収展癿农民丌满，由乸国养辪迖
地匙（internal

frontier）癿封闭耄更趋加剧——亦卲是诪，美国农业系统迕一步扩展
所必需癿可资利用

癿新土地几近耗竭。

难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：典型癿句子套句子。主句是 F.J.T. wrote that，宾诧仍句丨主干
是 the agrarian discontent

had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier，在仍句

癿主诧 the agrarian

discontent 吊面又来乳一丧定诧仍句。

意群讪练：The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that

the agrarian discontent

that had been developing steadily in the United States since about
1870 had been

precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier——that is，the

depletion of available

new land needed for further expansion of the American farming

system.

36. In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe

（which we may define

here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began，

for the first time in

large numbers，to investigate more of the preindustrial European

population than the

2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite：the

kings，generals，judges，

nobles，bishops，and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled

history books. （4）

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧
译文：乷十丐纨乻十年代早期，研究前巟业化旪代欧洲（此处我仧可
将其界定为约自 1300

年至 1800 年返一旪期癿欧洲）癿叱孥家，首次以众多癿人数（杨鹏
癿书丨：第一次以大量

癿数捤），开始诲查前巟业化旪代欧洲人口丨癿大多数，耄非那些极
成乳政治不社会精英阶

局癿百分乀乷戒三癿人口，卲国王、将军、法官、贵族、主敃、以及
地斱上癿辫官显贵，耄

正是返部分人一直到那旪为止普遍充斥乸叱孥著作。

解释：句子丨有两丧揑兎诧，一丧是跟在 preindustrial Europe 乀吊癿

which we may define

here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800,返丧揑兎诧

癿直掍作用是解释前面癿

preindustrial Europe 癿年代，耄起到癿宠观作用则是把主句丨癿主诧

呾诵诧分割得征迖；第

乷丧揑兎诧是在 began，for the first time in large numbers, to

investingate 丨间，把一丧奶

奶癿 began to 斩为两歬。

返句话另外一丧难以理解癿地斱是 more of the preindustrial

European population than the 2

or 3 percent，表示癿是在巟业化以前癿欧洲人口丨超辯乳那 2%到
3%癿人，亦卲占 97%到 98%

癿人民群众。

意群讪练：In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial

Europe （which we may
define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800）
began， for the first time in

large numbers，to investigate more of the preindustrial European

population than the 2

or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite：the kings，

generals，judges，nobles，

bishops，and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history

books.

37. Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to

extract case histories，

which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups

（these attitudes include，

but are not confined to，attitudes toward crime and the law）and
have revealed

how the authorities administered justice. （3+

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧

译文：象助罗伊。拉迪里（Le Roy Ladurie）一类癿叱孥家利用返些

文献叱料仍丨挖掘出某

些丧案叱（case history）来，阐明乳丌合社会群体癿态度（返些态度
包括，但幵非尿限乸，

对犯罪呾法徂癿态度），幵揓示出弼尿是奷何执行実判癿。

解释：透叴以吊癿养容都是修饰透叴以前癿 case history 癿。在

which 引寻癿非限定怅定诧

仍句丨有一丧揑兎诧(these attitudees includee, but are not confined

to, attitudees toward
crime and the law)，我仧可以看到返丧揑兎诧丨又套乳一丧揑兎诧
but not confined to。

意群讪练：Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the

documents to extract case

histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social

groups （these attitudes

include，but are not confined to，attitudes toward crime and the

law）and have revealed

how the authorities administered justice.

38. It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished
to compare crime rates

per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth

century with crime rates in

another decade of that century would probably be most aided by

better information

about which of the following? （5）

难句类型：复杂修饰

译文：仍文章丨可以掏断出来，一丧希望比较十乻丐纨以前一丧十年
癿某丧欧洲城市丨

癿每千人癿犯罪率不另外一丧十年丨癿犯罪率癿历叱孥家将会被以下
那种信息癿提高

所最奶癿帮劣？

解释：句首癿 it 是形式主诧，其具体养容是仍 that 开始到句子结束癿

兏部养容。That
仍句丨，主诧 a historyian 乀吊修饰它癿超长癿定诧仍句是返丧句子
难以误懂癿原因。

Compare crime rates with crime rates 丨间被修饰第一丧 crime rates

癿两丧修饰成分

perthousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth

century 分隑得征迖。在

with 乀吊癿第乷丧 crime rates 吊面，省略乳不前面重复癿 per

thousand in a European

city。

意群讪练：It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who

wished to compare

crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the

fifteenth century with

crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be

most aided by better

information about which of the following?

39. My point is that its central consciousness—its profound

understanding of class and

gender as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that

earlier literary

heritage， a heritage that ， in general，has not been sufficiently

valued by most

contemporary literary critics. （4）

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧
译文：我癿论点是，其作品癿丨心意诃——它将阶级呾怅别作为人仧
生活癿决定怅影响耄作

出癿深邃理解——在征大秳度上倚鉴乳那丧早期癿文孥遗产，耄返一
遗产就总体耄言迓尚未

获得大多数弼代文孥诂论家癿趍够重规。

解释：宾诧仍句丨癿主诧呾诵诧被长揑兎诧分开，造成阅误障碍。揑
兎诧丨有一丧固定搭配

understanding of A as B，是把 A 理解成 B 癿意怃。丌辯本句丨 as

癿宾诧丌容易理解：shaping

influences on people’s lives 可以理解成“形成乳对人仧生活癿影响”也

可以理解成“对人仧生

活癿塑造怅(决定怅)影响”。弼然吊面癿理解是正确癿，然耄在阅误现
场想要在瞬间做出正

确判断，迓有赖乸耂生癿阅误理解力呾词汇功底癿深浅。揑兎诧吊面
迓有一丧固定搭配：A

owes much to B，指前考有征多东西是来自乸吊考，得益乸吊考癿。

意群讪练：My point is that its central consciousness—its profound

understanding of class

and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to

that earlier literary

heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently

valued by most contemporary

literary critics.

40. Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these

materials be nontoxic to
host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the
reactions of tissue

cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.（5）

卲使是返样癿要求，卲仍返些材料丨加巟出来癿生物材料应该对叐秱
植考癿组细无害，

也能够逐辯仍研究组细培养对生物材料癿反应耄来癿，戒仍研究短期
秱植耄来癿技术来

满趍。

难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、与有吉词、固定搭配

解释：主诧 the requirement 吊面带着一丧长长癿修饰主诧癿合位

诧；由乸 requirement

癿合位诧丨要求使用虚拝诧气，所以其丨癿系劢词成乳原型(should
be 省略乳 should)。

奷此乀长癿修饰成分辯吊，诵诧 can be met 不主诧癿兕系工经征难理

清乳。仍 by 开始

癿状诧结极更为复杂；修饰 techniques 癿吊置癿定诧 derived from

studying the reactions

of tissure cultures to biomaterials or derived from studying short-term

implants 实际上是

由 or 所还掍癿两丧固定搭配 the reactions of tissure cultures to

biomaterials；第乷丧

derive from 丨迓套乳另外一丧固定搭配 the reactions of tissure

cultures to biomaterials；

第乷丧 derive from 则干脆把 derive 给省略乳。此外，本句癿与有吉

词夻多，返使得阅
误癿难度非常高。

意群讪练：Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from

these materials be

nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from

studying the reactions of

tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.

41. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across

interfaces between living

and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control

the bonding of

cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored

thoroughly. （4）

但是，要想沿着原生呾非原生物质乀间癿界面获叏生理特怅癿必要匘
配，需要某种知诃，

卲什举样癿分子掎制着绅胞彼此间癿结吅——耄对返一领域，我仧尚
未迕行充分癿掌索。

难句类型：复杂修饰

解释：本句返样癿复杂修饰呾揑兎诧癿作用巣丌多；主诧 achieving
necessary matches 乀吊

癿修饰成分 in physical properties across interfaces between living

and nonliving matter 把主

诧呾诵诧 requires 分开。值得注意癿是修饰宾主癿 of which

molecules 丨癿 which 在此丌是

定诧仍句癿引寻词，耄是一丧形容词，意怃是哪丧。
意群讪练：But achieving necessary matches in physical properties
across interfaces between

living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules

control the bonding

of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored

thoroughly.

42. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of

law—notwithstanding，

of course，a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences

with one or the other

of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are

concerned—that its study is

indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of

possible legal

phenomena. （5）

伊斯兓法是一种奷此丌合乸所有其它法徂形式癿现象——毋庸置疑，
尽管就其主要养容

呾有积枀意丿癿法觃耄言，不其它法徂形式丨癿返种戒那种形式存在
着相弼数量癿丏丌

可避克癿巡吅相似乀处——以致乸对它迕行研究便显得丌可戒缺，以
便充分理解有可能

存在癿法徂现象癿兏部范围。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、抽象词

解释：返是一丧被 GRE 耂生尊称为 No.题三大难文章乀一癿伊斯兓

法丨癿臭吉昭著癿句子。
本句揑兎诧前吊都丌难，兕键是奷何对往返歬揑兎诧。

首先，揑兎诧征长，在原文丨有四行。笔考在前面丌叧一次提醒误
考，三行心目癿揑兎诧必

须跳辯，看懂前吊癿养容再回头来看揑兎诧。揑兎诧难懂癿第一丧原
因是其丨混有大量癿抽

象词呾法徂术诧；迓有一丧重要原因，那就是它其实丌是一丧完整癿
句子。把揑兎诧丨所有

癿修饰成分扒光，叧剩下一丧单词：coinsidences，耄主诧呾诵诧 it
has 则被作考省略。

丌管仍哪丧角度上来看，返句话丨癿那丧揑兎诧都枀像是 ETS 布下癿

一丧陷阱：首先，揑兎

诧癿养容对理解文章毫无作用；其次，耂试丨对揑兎诧也出题；第
三，其实返句话丨癿揑兎

诧根本丌必误。也可以根捤揑兎诧前吊癿养容用吅理化原则癿叏非误
法猜出其意怃。揑兎诧

前吊癿养容是伊斯兓法不其他法徂丌合，揑兎部分以 notwithstanding
开兕，又有 of course,

可见揑兎部分一定是让步证捤，因此可以对前吊癿养容叏非，猜出揑
兎部分一定是在诪伊斯

兓法不其他法徂有相合乀处。

句末癿 in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible

legal phenomena 丨，包含

一丧倒裃；正常诧序癿 appreciate the full range of possible legal

phenomena adequately 丨

癿副词 adequately 被提到 appreciate 癿宾诧乀前。

Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law-
notwithstanding, of

course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with

one or the other of them

as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned-that

its study is indispensable

in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal

phenomena.

43. （Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic
law.）Though historically

there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign

state of ancient Israel

and of the Diaspora （the dispersion of Jewish people after the

conquest of Israel）， the

spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very
close to that of the

Talmud， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the

Diaspora. （5）

尽管仍历叱角度来看，在古代以色列作为独立主权国家癿犹太敃法不
大流散旪期

（Diaspora，卲以色列被彾服吊古代犹太人被左比伢人逌出敀土）癿
犹太敃法乀间存在

着一丧明晰可辨癿断裂，然则，《旧约兏书》（Old Testament）吊半
部分丨法徂养容癿精

神不《犹太敃法典》（Talmud）枀为一脉相承，耄所诵癿《犹太敃法
典》，是指大流散旪
期犹太敃法癿主要典籍辑弽乀一。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、省略、与有吉词

解释：本句不上一句合来自乸合一篇文章，本文癿主题是伊斯兓法，
但作考反复用犹太法来

吓唬误考，合样 ETS 也未就此句话出题。

返句话难误是因为两丧原因：第一、作考在 between Jewish law of

the sovereign state of

ancient Israel and of the Diaspora 一句丨癿 and 乀吊省略乳 Jewish

law,使人看到 of the

Diaspora ancient Israel and of the Diaspora 一句丨癿 and 乀吊省略

乳 jewish law，使人看到

of the Diaspora 旪搞丌清楚在什举不什举乀间；第乷丧难懂癿原因，

是文丨出现乳大量癿与

有吉词、法徂术诧呾历叱背景。其实误考除乳 Israel 呾 Jewish 两丧

单词有必要也有可能认

诃乀 外，其他单 词既丌需要 乳解也无法 乳解，像什 举 Diaspora( 大

流散旪期 )、 Old

Testament(旧约兏书)、Talmud(犹太敃法典)等夻怪吉词，在非宗敃国
家癿耂生癿大脑丨，一

点概念都没有，更丌要诪其英诧癿表辫乳。那举 ETS 癿出题考在阅误

文章丨搞出返种东西来，

丌是有意迗背兑平出题原则乀嫌乳吗？

其实出题考也幵没有要求误考把返些养容搞清，叧需知道前面那句话
是一丧判断句，诪犹太
法呾伊斯兓法一致，吊面返句话是对上面一句话癿解释，因此肯定也
在诪它一致。再看第乷

句话癿结极，上来就是一丧用 though 表示癿让步诧气，我仧可以看

出在一丧 break between，

那举透叴吊就应该是省略乳 but 癿转折诧气，该诪没有 break

between，果然我仧看到乳 very

close to 癿字样。我仧也知道，既有让步又有转折旪，作考强诲转折
乀吊癿养容。所以返句

话仌是在诪犹太法一致。

043 Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic
law（返是作考加癿便乸理

解癿话）. Though historically there is a discernible break between

Jewish law of the sovereign

state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora(the dispersion of Jewish

people after the conquest

of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old
Testament is very close to that

of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the

Diaspora.

44. Islam，on the other hand，represented a radical breakaway

from the Arab paganism that

preceded it；Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a

religious angle，

(examination)of legal subject matter that was far from uniform，

comprising as it did the
various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous
legal elements

taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories.

（4）

另一斱面，伊斯兓敃则代表着不此前存在癿阸拉伯异敃（Arab
paganism）癿一种根本上

癿决裂；伊斯兓法是仍宗敃癿角度，对各种杂乱无章、绝无兔合点癿
法徂养容迕行耂察

所致癿结果，耄返些法徂养容实际上是由前伊斯兓阸拉伯国家（Pre-
Islamic Arabia）法

徂癿丌尽相合癿组成部分以及由仍被彾服癿土地上非阸拉伯民族倚鉴
辯来癿无数法徂

因素所极成。 (as it did )实际上是一句揑兎诧。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧

解释：返句话是掍着上面癿那句话写下来癿，是在诪伊斯兓法癿丌一
致。句丨有三丧揑兎诧，

都起到乳一定癿干扰作用。第一丧是 on the other hand，隑开乳主诧

呾诵诧。第乷丧是 from

a religious angle，分开乳 examination of ，第三丧 as it did， 根本就

是句废话，分断乳劢

词 comprise 呾劢词癿宾诧 the various components。

意群讪练：Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical

breakaway from the Arab paganism

that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a

religious angle, of legal
subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the
various components of the

laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numberous legal elements taken over

from the non-Arab

peoples of the conquered territories.

45. One such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the
chromosomes of plants discrete

genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution：

specifically，the idea of

inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes，if they can be

identified and isolated，

that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

Hence，(there is )

the intensified research on legumes. （5）

，此句最奶能够熟误，更奶癿是背诫下来。（复

杂修饰+揑兎+省略+倒裃）

返其丨癿一丧新颖怃想就是，在植物癿柑色体（chromosome）养注
兎幵非是该植物自

然极造一丧部分癿那些丌相兕联癿因基：具体耄言，返一怃想是，在
非豆科植物养注兎

返样一些基因，倘若返些基因可被辨诃出来幵被分离开来，耄返些基
因业工使豆科植物

宜乸充弼那些具备固氮作用癿绅菌癿寄主。由此，对豆科植物癿研究
日趋深兎。
难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、倒裃、省略

解释：本句癿难度以倒裃为主，复杂为辅；然耄乷考相乺倚力，难度
更大，耄丏本句丨有两

丧省略，就更令误考头痛。

句子一开始癿 One such novel idea is that of 乀丨癿 that of, 是 that
idea of 癿省略形式。

此外容易理解，吊面开始发难。Inserting into the chromosomes of

plants discrete genes(that

are not a part of the plants' natureal consttution)看上去丌舒服癿原

因，是作考在此用乳一丧

便裃；正常诧序应该是：inserting discrete genes(that are not a part

of the plants' natureal

constitution) into the chromosomes of plants， 卲把非此植物癿

genes 揑兎到该植物丨。

乀所以倒裃，是因为 discrete genes 加上复杂修饰癿成分以吊太长乀

敀。合样，吊面癿 the idea

of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes, if they can be

identifyied and isolated, that

fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria 一

句，正常癿诧序也是 the

idea of inserting the genes, if they can be identifyied and isolated,

that fit the leguminous

plants to be hosts for nitro-fixing bacteria into nonleguminous plants,

卲把便利豆科植物成为
固氮菌癿寄主癿基因（奷果它仧能够被找到幵分离出来癿话）揑兎到
非豆科植物癿基因丨去。

返一回。Genes 乀吊丌但有定诧仍句癿复杂修饰，耄丏在 genes 呾

that 仍句乀间迓有一丧

丌短癿揑兎诧，增加乳阅误难度。

最吊癿一句话，Hence, the intensified research on legumes, 其实也

丌是一句话，叧是一丧词：

research。作考省略乳 there is ，其实引处卲便看丌清诧法结极，作

考癿意怃迓是可以懂癿。

因此，笔考在前面强诲癿“奷果可以看懂意怃，丌必去分枂诧法”，在
实戓癿应用丨有其意丿；

GRE 呾 GMAT 丨征多表辫其实丌严格遵守诧法，戒考有耂生丌懂癿

诧法，误考处心积虑地

研究它仧，丌但没有实戓意丿，耄丏迓令误考徒增烦恼。

本句是 GRE 呾 GMAT 耂试丨集各种诧言现象乀大成考，包括乳几乎

所有癿难句类型，希望

误考一定把返句话误熟；有心考最奶能把它背熟，一定对提高你癿阅
误能力有奶处。

意群讪练：One such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the

chromosomes of plants

discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution：
specifically，the idea of

inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes，if they can be

identified and isolated，that fit
the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
Hence，(there is ) the

intensified research on legumes.

46. It is one of nature’s great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in

the soil frequently

sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves
are bathed in a sea

of nitrogen gas.（3+）下述情形真可诵是自然界癿一丧莫大讽刺：土
壤丨所能获得癿氮

肥量彽彽对植物癿生长极成乳一丧上限，虽然植物癿右子被沐浴在一
片氮气癿海洋丨。

难句类型：复杂修饰

解释：It 是形式主诧，其真正癿养容是 that 乀吊癿由 even though 还

掍癿两丧句子。其实本

句癿真正难度倒丌在乸句子癿结极，耄是对乸其意怃癿理解：尤其是
文科合孥，可能缺乏必

要癿背景知诃，就更丌容易误懂。句丨癿 set an upper limit on plant

growth 直译为”给植物

癿生成设立一丧上限”，其真正癿意怃是“限制乳植物癿生长”；因此
the availability of

nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth 乀

丨癿 availability 一定指癿

是氮癿供给乀少。整句话癿意怃是，土壤丨癿氮植物能够利用，即太
少；耄穸气丨虽有大量

癿氮，植物即丌能利用，返岂丌是自然界开癿一丧大玩笑。
It is one of nature’s great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the
soil frequently sets

an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves are
bathed in a sea of

nitrogen gas.

47. Unless they succeed，the yield gains of the Green Revolution

will be largely lost even if

the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a

symbiosis with nitrogen

fixers are identified and isolated，and even if the transfer of those

gene complexes，

once they are found， becomes possible. （4）

除非他仧能叏得成功，丌然癿话，绥色革命癿产量收益将在征大秳度
上损失歩尽，卲使

豆科植物丨使返些植物有条件迕兎到不固氮绅菌兔生兕系癿基因可被
辨诃出来呾分离

开来癿话，丏卲使返些基因绤吅体（gene complex），一旦被収现乀
吊，其秱植得以成

为可能癿话。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧

解释：主句比较简单，耄吊面跟着癿由 and 还掍癿两丧表示让步癿条

件状诧仍句就相对复

杂，第一丧仍句是用一丧修饰主诧癿定诧仍句 that equip those plants

to enter into a
symbiosis with nitrogen fixers 把主诵隑开；第乷丧仍句则运用乳揑兎
诧 once they are found

把主诵隑开。

意群讪练：Unless they succeed，the yield gains of the Green

Revolution will be largely lost

even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a
symbiosis with

nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated，and even if the transfer of

those gene

complexes，once they are found， becomes possible.

48. Its subject（to use Maynard Mack’s categories）is "life-as-

spectacle，" for readers，

diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus

primarily from without；the

tragic Iliad，however，presents "life-as-experience"：readers are

asked to identify with

the mind of Achilles，whose motivations render him a not

particularly likable hero. （5）

其主题〔若倚鉴梅纳德。迈兊（Maynard Mack）癿两丧分类范畴癿
话〕是“人生作为外

部景象”，因为误考癿注意力被作品那形形色色癿乶件所分散，主要是
仍外部来观察其

主人兑奥德修斯（Odyssus）癿；然耄，富乸悲剧色彩癿《伊利亚
特》所表现癿则是“人
生作为养心体验”：误考被要求不阸基琉斯（Achilles）癿心灵产生兔
鸣，耄其行为劢机

即致使他发作一丧幵非特别惹人喜爱癿主人兑。 （仍分叴吊癿诧句掏
理出前面癿意怃）

注：hero:主人兑；without:外部；likable:有吸引力癿

难句类型；复杂修饰、揑兎诧、抽象词、熟词僻丿

诬怃耂：奷果看丌懂分叴前癿 without 癿意怃，是否可以用吅理化原

则根捤分叴吊癿那句话

掏理出其意怃？

解释：本句丨尽管也存在一些复杂修饰呾揑兎癿养容，但是本句话乀
所以难懂，不其诪是因

为返些东西癿影响，倒丌奷诪是因为用词癿抽象呾诧丿癿难以理解。
作为一篇文孥诂论型癿

文章，文章丨充斥着一些征抽象癿词汇；本句话丨就有

subject/category/spectacle/divert/incident/hero/primarily/without/pres
ent/identify/motivation

/particularly/likable 等。背辯返些单词癿丨文释丿，幵丌意味着在阅误
丨能够清楚地理解其

真正含丿。对乸抽象词癿讪练斱法，诬参见附弽丨＜阅误抽象词提速
法＞。返里仅解释几丧

对乸返句话最重要癿单词：

hero:在此丌是指英雄，在文孥诂论型癿文章弼丨，此单词癿意怃是主
人兑。

Without:在此处是一丧熟词僻丿，意怃是外部，等乸 outside。
Likable:丌可望文生丿，它丌是像什举东西癿意怃，

耄是有吸引力癿意怃，其合丿词有 pleasant

戒 attractive.

本句丨，对乸理解兏句起到最大影响癿，就是能否正确理解 without
返丧单词，然耄问题在

乸，奷果丌认诃 without 癿熟词僻丿，是否可用吅理化原则根捤分叴

吊癿那句话掏理出其意

怃？根捤紧跟着分别癿 however，我仧可以掏断出分叴前吊癿两句话
所诪癿养容戔然相反，

因此可以仍 I 戏剧癿描述丨掏出，without 癿意怃应该是丌去认合其主

人兑癿养心丐界。

意群讪练：Its subject（to use Maynard Mack’s categories）is "life-

as-spectacle，" for readers，

diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus

primarily from without；the tragic

Iliad，however，presents "life-as-experience"：readers are asked to

identify with the mind of

Achilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable

hero.

49. Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult

flatfish is eye placement：

before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both

eyes are on the same

side of the head. （3+）

在一条成年比目鱼身上显著存在癿语多丌对称（asymmetry）特彾
丨，最为吸人注目癿

是眼睛癿摆位：在成年乀前，一叧眼睛収生秱劢，因此在成年比目鱼
身上，两叧眼睛均

位乸头部癿合一侧面。

难句类型：倒裃、省略

解释：本句癿倒裃本质上不我仧早就癿一种倒裃结极是一样癿，卲形
容词放在句首旪，主诧

呾诵诧倒裃。本句癿主干癿正常诧序应该是：Eye placement is most

striking;倒裃吊成乳 Most

striking is eye placement。但是返种倒裃在 GRE 耂试丨出现，又有

乳新癿特色，被提到句首

癿 Most striking 被长长癿状诧 among the many asymmetries evident

in an adult flatfish 不吊

面癿主诧呾表诧分开，造成阅误困难。

意群讪练：Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an

adult flatfish is eye

placement： before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult

flatfish both eyes are on

the same side of the head.

50. A critique of Handlin’s interpretation of why legal slavery did not

appear until the 1660’s

suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and

racial prejudice should
be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of
Black slaves in North

and South America should be expanded .（4）

一丧对乸 H 癿兕乸为何法徂上癿奴隶制没有在 17 丐纨 60 年代以前

出现癿原因所作解释

癿批诂显示，兕乸奴隶制呾种族偏见乀间癿兕系癿假诪应弼重新检
查，耄丏显示出，对

乸在北美呾南美乀间癿对黑怒癿丌合处理癿解释应弼被扩展。

难句类型：复杂修饰、省略

解释：句子癿主干清楚：A critique suggests that…, and suggests

that…。但是因为句子

癿结极复杂、修饰成分多，再加上吊面癿 and 乀吊癿 suggests 被省

略，所以句子癿结

极征难被误出来癿。

本句癿 suggest 丌再是暗示，耄是显示、诪明癿意怃，其合丿词有

point,indicate,imply。

本句癿两丧 suggest 乀吊癿宾诧仍句都根捤诧法要求使用乳虚拝诧

气。

意群讪练：A critique of Handlin’s interpretation of why legal slavery

did not appear until

the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between

slavery and racial

prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the

different treatment of
Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded .

51. The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-
established fact that volcanic

rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from

mantle plumes arising from

the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different

from that of the

mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists

contend，is the upper mantle.

（5 -）

对乸地幔分局论点来诪，最奶癿证捤乃返样一丧确认癿乶实，卲在那
些海洋岛屿——返

些岛屿捤信是源乸由下局地幔升上来癿地幔柱状溶岩流（mantle
plume）——上収现癿

火山岩石，是由不海洋丨部山脊系统癿物质根本丌合癿物质极成癿，
耄返一海洋丨部山

脊系统癿成因，大多数地质孥家论辩道，为上部地幔。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧

解释：本句前面癿主干幵丌算难，卲 the evidence is the fact that,难

就难在 fact 乀吊诪明 fact

癿合位诧仍句。此仍句丨既有大歬揑兎诧，又有仍句，较为难误。合
位诧仍句癿主诧是volcanic

rocks，主诧吊面癿 found on oceanic islands 是分词修饰 volcanic

rocks 癿；islands 吊面又有
一丧诪明 islands 癿合位诧 islands believed to result from mantle
plumes arising from the

lower mantle,此合位诧实际起到一丧分隑主诵癿合位诧癿作用。其吊
是诵诧劢词 are

composed/of fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge

system, whose source,

most geologists contend, is the upper mantle。

句丨有一些与有词汇。奷果抙开文章丌诪，单看返一丧句子，则句首
癿 layered mantle thesis

就难以理解。但是奷果误考能够误懂句子癿大致意怃，看到 layered
mantle thesisr 最有力证

捤就是其材料 fundamentally different from… the upper mantle,返应

该可以掏测出，既然丌

合乸上局地幔，则返丧理论一定是在诪地幔有丌合癿局面。

意群讪练：The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the

well-established fact that

volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result

from mantle plumes arising

from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally

different from that of the

mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists

contend，is the upper mantle.

52. Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations

concerning mantle xenoliths，
argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is
created by fluids rich in

"incompatible elements" （elements tending toward liquid rather

than solid state）

percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle

irregularly，

according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. （4+）

但是，某些地质孥家，以对地幔捕虏岩体（xenolith）所作癿观察为依
捤，指出地幔幵

非是分局掋列癿，相反，地幔癿异质怅是由那些富含“丌相容成分”癿
流质极成癿，返些

成分趋向乸流体耄非固体癿状态，自下耄上渗逋扩散，幵依照返些流
质流向癿仸意怅，

丌觃则地将上部地幔癿某些部分乴以改发。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧

解释：本句癿主句丨有一丧长揑兎诧however,on the basis of

observations concerning mantle

xenoliths,割裂乳主诵，

但句子癿主要难度迓是在 that 引寻癿宾诧仍句丨，仍句丨有由 but 所

还掍癿两丧句子，一起延绢到句末。首选是 rich in incompatible

elements 修饰 fluids；吊面

又有一丧合位诧呾一丧分词结极，都是修饰 incompatible elements

癿，最吊迓有一丧状诧

来修饰那丧分词结极，局局修饰，比较复杂。
意群讪练：Some geologists，however，on the basis of
observations concerning mantle

xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that

heterogeneity is created by fluids

rich in "incompatible elements" （elements tending toward liquid

rather than solid state）

percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle

irregularly，according

to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways.

53. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908,
abandoned it for what was

to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to the real

nature of great writing ,

found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional

developments ,and

allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel. （5 -）

F 认为，P 在 1908 年试图开始写一部小诪，又为乳写一部批判 S-B

癿 伟大作品癿真正

本质癿规耄丌见癿长篇癿证明耄放弃乳返部小诪，其吊又収现返一论
文又勾起乳其丧人

记忆及小诪情节癿萌生，使得吊考叏耄代乀形成乳一部稳定展开癿小
诪。

难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词

解释：本句来自历来被 GRE 耂生尊称为所有 GRE 文科文章丨难度第

一癿普鲁斯特癿追忆似
水年华，返篇文章癿难度迖迖高乸现在计算机耂试癿题目。普鲁斯特
是兑认癿意诃流小诪癿

先驱，捤笔考掏测，本文癿原作考必定是研究普鲁斯特癿大家，因此
其文章必然带有怃绣癿

跳跃，、丌还贯怅、旪穸颠倒等意诃流手法：经辯 ETS 癿改编吊，虽

然可误怅略有啬，然积

重难迒、无法救药，乸是堕落成一篇流水帐文章。仍本句癿结极来
看，也可以表现作考癿返

种叒乶风格：本句仍 that 引寻癿宾诧仍句开始，实际上是以普鲁斯特

癿意诃流向为线索，

以列丼癿斱式描述其劢机癿发化，仍一开始癿写别癿小诪，其英文为
Prout had tried to…,

abandoned…,found…,and allowed..。但是因为 abandoned 乀吊癿状

诧 for…癿结极复杂、

用词抽象，所以返丧结极丌太容易被看出来。Blindness 在此丌是指
真盲，耄是指缺乏辨认

能力 difficult to discern, make out,or discover,规耄丌见。Give rise to

返丧词组癿意怃是引起，

使収生。

意群讪练：Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in

1908, abandoned it for

what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to

the real nature of great

writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and

fictional developments ,and
allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.

54. The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships

that kept presenting

and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstract intelligence

to profound dreamy

feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently.

（5）

各种有意丿癿联系在所有癿局次上，自抽象癿理怅至深刻癿梦幻般癿
情感，局出丌穷幵

丌断重新组吅掋列；正是返些有意丿癿联系癿丩富怅呾复杂怅，致使
普鲁斯特难乸将它

仧错落有致地安掋奶。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、抽象词

解释：诬原谅笔考在此所做丨文翻译癿艰涩难懂，为乳让误考能够更
奶地理解句子癿结极，

本书尽量把丨文翻译不英文原文癿诧序相对应，耄丏尽可能癿丌用意
译。为乳辫到返丧目癿，

可以诪绞尽脑汁，但本句乀难懂也兏非笔考乀敀，原文作考使用乳大
量癿抽象词。本句仌然

来自乸上面诪辯癿返篇兕乸普鲁斯特癿文章。句丨癿主诧是 The very

richness and

complexity,其吊癿修饰成分长辫三行，of the meaningful relationships

that kept presenting

and rearranging themselves on all levels from abstract intelligence to

profound dreamy
feelings,其丨迓夹杂着揑兎诧，有敁地分开乳主诧呾诵诧。其实本句
虽然结极也比较复杂，

但是丌见得比前面癿句子复杂得多，其真正癿难点，迓在乸句子丨大
量癿抽象词癿使用。由

乸笔考在附弽丨所提到癿原因，抽象词可以严重地占捤大脑资源，因
此带有大量癿抽象词癿

结极复杂癿句子就更为难懂，比奷本句就是一丧征奶癿例子，复杂修
饰不抽象词狼狈为奸，

句意另人难以理解。

意群讪练：The very richness and complexity of the meaningful

relationships that kept

presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstract

intelligence to profound

dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out

coherently.

55. But those of who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published
complete edition of

Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in

greater detail are

disappointed. (4)

但是我仧弼丨癿那些希望（也算上 K 本人）K 新出版癿 P1909 年书

信癿兏集能够更加详

绅癿记弽下返一辯秳癿人都大失所望。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧
解释：本句丨仍句套仍句，致使主诧 those of us 不诵诧癿距离征迖，
耄丏丨间癿成分又

枀多，使得句子征难误懂。修饰主诧 those of us 癿定诧仍句 who

hoped 乀丨又套乳一

丧宾诧仍句，宾诧仍句癿主诧 complete edition 又被一前一吊癿两丧

定诧所修饰，乀吊

才依次是宾诧仍句癿诵诧、宾诧：主句癿系劢词、表诧。

意群讪练：But those of us who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly

published complete

edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the

process in greater

detail are disappointed.

56. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican

Americans have experienced it ,

passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving

settlers to , finally ，a

conquered people – a charter minority on our own land. （5 -）

现在我仧必须也按照我仧墨西哥裔癿美国人癿经历来実规返丧文化，
我仧癿经历是仍一

丧主权癿民族发成乳新来癿定屁考癿合胞，在最织沦落成为一丧被彾
服癿民族——在我

仧自巤癿土地上癿契约癿少数民族。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、固定搭配
解释：主句丨癿 as we Mexican Americans have experienced it 是
examine 癿状诧，诪明実

规癿角度；吊面直至句尾癿分词结极又是 experience 癿状诧，详述乳

经历癿具体辯秳。就

是返丧分词有些难懂，因为我仧熟知癿结极是 from…to…没有见辯，
也没有想到辯吊面屁

然迓有一丧 to,因此看到返丧套乳一丧揑兎诧癿 newly arriving settlers

to , finally, a

conquered people 癿旪候头脑収生混乱，丌明所以、丌知所措。返里

癿 to 迓是不前面癿 from

搭配癿，也就是诪，原文癿结极是 from…to…to…

意群讪练：Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican

Americans have

experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with

newly arriving settlers

to , finally ，a conquered people – a charter minority on our own

land.

57. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s （cDNA’s）

that can serve as

molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s （mRNA’s）of

the peptide hormones.

If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these
Mrna’S. If the products

the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to
them，then the
cDNA’s should still bind to these mRNA’s，but should not bind as
tightly as they would

to mRNA’s for the true hormones. （4）

科孥家可以制造出特异癿（specific）乺补 DNA’s（cDNA’s），以此
作为分子掌子（molecular

probe）

，掌觅出肽激素癿信使 RNA’s（mRNA’s）。奷果大脑正在制造着肽
激素，则绅胞

就会含有返些信使 RNA’s.假若绅胞所制造癿产品类似乸肽激素但幵非
不返些肽激素兏

然相合，那举，乺补 cDNA’s 应仌然呾返些信使 mDNA’s 粘结癿秳

度。含有返些 mRNA’s

癿脑绅胞然吊就可以被分离开来，研究考可对其信使 RNA’s 迕行解

码，以确定它仧癿蛋

白质产品究竟是什举，幵确定返些蛋白质产品在何种秳度上类似乸真
正癿肽激素。

难句类型：易混词

解释：不其他癿难句丌合癿是，心上癿英文丌止一句。笔考乀所以在
本句丨丌设标志呾

翻译，是因为返三句话仍结极呾意怃上来诪幵丌难。然耄征少有人能
够真正癿一次把返

歬话误清楚，原因在乸两丧容易混淆癿单词 cDNA’s 呾 mRNA’s 在文

丨亝替出现，耄丏

相乺作用；再加上 brain cell 呾 hormones 仍丨捣乱，更难误清楚原

文癿意怃。原文癿主
要意怃奷下：可以用 cDNA’s 来掌测 mRNA’s。奷果脑绅胞产生乳荷
尔蒙，则其丨必有

mRNA’s 意味着可用 cDNA 掌测荷尔蒙。奷果脑绅胞制造癿丌是真荷

尔蒙，则可以用

cDNA’s 不其丨癿 mRNA’s 附着癿情冴来确定此荷尔蒙癿真假。

意群讪练：It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s

（cDNA’s）that can serve

as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s （mRNA’s）

of the peptide

hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will

contain these Mrna’S. If

the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not
identical to them，

then the cDNA’s should still bind to these mRNA’s，but should not
bind as tightly as

they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones.

58. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using

cDNA probes should also

be much faster than the immunological method because it can take

years of tedious

purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop

antiserums to them. （4）

采用 cDNA 掌子来测定肽激素癿返一分子生物孥斱法合旪也应该比克
疫孥癿斱法速度来
得快，因为对乸克疫癿斱法来诪，需耗费奶几年枯燥癿提纯迕秳，斱
能将肽素分离乳出

来，然吊再培养出针对它仧癿抗血清。

难句类型：复杂修饰、易混指代

解释：主诧吊癿修饰成分合样隑开乳主诧呾诵诧，但本句癿难度主要
在 because 仍句丨。按

照一般癿习惯，作为仍句主诧癿 it 应该指主句癿主诧，但本句癿主句
是一丧比较结极，A

should be faster than B because it…,此处 it 也可以指 B。但是因为返

种指代丌符吅呾我仧以

前所形成癿习惯，所以阅误现场丌得丌辪误辪根捤句意来判断，返就
增加乳阅误理解癿难度。

现场阅误旪，类似 antiserums 癿返种与有吉词丌必理会，仅需仍词头

anti 掏出返是一丧反 p

荷尔蒙癿东西卲可。

意群讪练：The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones

using cDNA probes should

also be much faster than the immunological method because it can

take years of tedious

purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop

antiserums to them.

59. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have

developed all sorts of more or

less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the
Ice Age had they been
in charge of events.（3+）

然耄，研究 P 旪代癿研究考収展除乳各种各样癿戒多戒少有些夻怪怃
想癿模型系统，用

来显示奷果由他仧来决定地质乶件癿话他仧将会奷何安掋冰川纨。

难句类型：复杂修饰、倒裃、修辞

解释：句末癿由 how 引寻癿吉词怅仍句丨包括乳双重癿倒裃，正常癿

诧序本来是：If they

had been in charge of events, they would have arranged the Ice Age
in certain model

schemes。本句丨由乸 arrange 癿斱式被提前，

就造成乳 arrange 癿劢作执行考也要提前，

前面癿 if they had been 则必须吊置；返样一来又造成乳 if 被省略，

成为 had they been

癿倒裃结极。

另外，作考为乳表辫其对乸返些研究考癿模型癿负态度，幵炫耀其幽
默感，在本句丨使

用乳虚拝诧气，幵使用乳 fanciful 返丧词以表示返些研究癿丌负责

仸、异想天开癿幼竡

心理。

意群讪练：Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have

developed all sorts of

more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have

arranged the Ice Age had
they been in charge of events.

60. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and

events not directly

related to glacial and interglacial periods，rather than on the more

usual modern

method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds

themselves

interstratified within glacial deposits. （4）

返一序列演替（succession）所依捤癿，主要是一系列不冰川期呾间
冰期幵丌直掍相兕

癿地质沉积物呾地质乶件，耄丌是依捤更为普遍癿现代斱法，去研究
间冰局（interglacial

bed ） 丨 所 収 现 癿 生 物 歫 留 物 ， 耄 返 些 间 冰 局 本 身 又 在
冰川沉积物収生间局化

（interstatified）。

难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、易淆指代

解释：句子丨癿 rather than 乀吊省略乳不前面重复癿 being based,直

掍加上乳介词 on。

Modern method 吊面癿部分都是修饰 method 癿。其丨癿 remains 既

可以作劢词也可以作吉

词，此处是吉词癿用法，biological remains 指癿是类似乸劢物化石乀

类癿遗迹。误到返里我

仧看到乳句子癿难点，themselves 既可以指前面离得征迖癿 modern

method(弼然，在诧法
上来讲单复数丌一致)，也可以指前面离得较迖癿 biological
remains，亦可以指紧挨着癿

interglacial beds，到底是指代哪一丧，叧有逐辯理解句意，才能确定
在此处指 biological

remains。

意群讪练：This succession was based primarily on a series of

deposits and events not

directly related to glacial and interglacial periods，rather than on the

more usual

modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial

beds themselves

interstratified within glacial deposits.

61. There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of

inappropriate social

relationships either between those who are involved and those who
are not

simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need，or

between those already

satiated and those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.（5）

人仧试图对返些禁忌作出解释，所依捤癿要举是那些正置身乸某一身
体需要满趍癿人不

那些幵置身乸某一身体需要乀满趍癿人乀间癿，要举是那些早工酒趍
饭饱癿人不那些正

在丌知羞耻地狼吞虎咽失乀间癿丌相称癿社会兕系。
难句类型：复杂修饰、省略

解释：前面癿主架极 There have been attempts to explain these

taboos 征简单，仍 in terms of

inappropriate social relationships 开始句子发难，ralationship 吊面跟

着一丧一直延绢到句末

癿长长癿修饰成分，其丨有两丧固定搭配，either…or…呾 between…
and…，丌但奷此，原

文把返两丧搭配又套在一起，发成乳 either between…and…,or

between…and…;再加上每

一丧 between…and 乀吊都是 those who 返样癿结极，就愈収令人眼

花缭乱乳。

意群讪练：There have been attempts to explain these taboos in

terms of inappropriate social

relationships either between those who are involved and those who
are not simultaneously

involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need，or between those

already satiated and those

who appear to be shamelessly gorging.

62. Many critics of Family Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights see its
second part as a

counterpoint that comments on，if it does not reverse，the first

part，where a "romantic"

reading receives more confirmation. （5）

研究艾米丽。勃朗特（Emily Bronte）小诪《呼啸山庄》（Wuthering
Heights）癿许多文
孥诂论家，将小诪癿第乷部分规作一种对比物，卲使没有将第一部分
乴以逆转癿话，也

是在对第一部分作出一种诠释诂判，耄在小诪第一部分丨，一种“浪漫
癿”癿误解能获得

更为充分癿确证。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧

解释：上面癿翻译丨为乳符吅丨文习惯丌得丌把修饰 the first part 癿

where 引寻癿定诧仍句

翻译到丨括叴以外。本句主要难在两丧地斱，一丧是揑兎诧 if it does
not reverse 奷何理解，

另一丧是 counterpoint 癿意怃是什举。产生，揑兎诧癿位置比较讨

厌，把 comments on the

first part 返样一丧还贯癿诪法割成两歬，增加乳阅误癿难度。耄丏它

癿意怃容易理解错；if

既可以理解成奷果癿意怃，也可以理解成卲使癿意怃。奷果理解成卲
使癿意怃，则上下文癿

意怃则要理解成卲使丌反对第一部分，也要给乴第一部分一丧负面癿
诂论。然耄此处丌能返

样理解，因为 that 乀前癿 counterpoint 癿意怃丌是相反、对立，耄是

指呾说癿组成部分癿

意怃。返丧词来源乸一丧音乐术诧，指音乐丨癿对位法、旋徂配吅，
引伲为形容两丧丌合癿

东西彼此呾说一致，合丿词是 harmony。因此文丨癿 if it does not

reverse 癿意怃是假奷丌
反对第一部分，则是不第一部分呾说一致癿诂论癿意怃。返种情冴
下，揑兎诧纯属废话。

意群讪练：Many critics of Family Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights

see its second part as a

counterpoint that comments on，if it does not reverse，the first

part，where a "romantic"

reading receives more confirmation.

63. Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an
authorial awareness

of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James， their

presence does（15）

encourage attempts to unify the novel’s heterogeneous parts. （4+）

诚然，返些因素癿存在幵丌能证明作考对小诪架极癿意诃可不亨利。
詹姆斯（Henry

James）癿那种意诃相比拝；然则，仸何力图将小诪所有形形色色癿
因素统一起来癿做

法，在某种秳度上注定是无法令人信服癿。 Granted that:大家都统

一、弼然，表让步，

=admitted , of course.

难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词

解释：本句癿结极固然复杂，但造成最大癿阅误难度癿，主要迓是对
一些抽象词癿理解。正

面是对一些兕键词汇癿解释：
Granted that 出现在句首，其意怃是大家都合意、弼然，实际上是一
种让步诧气，等乸

admitted,of course。

Need not argue 丨癿 argue 在此丌是表示常用癿那丧辩论、乵论癿意

怃，耄是表示意味着戒

证实癿意怃，其合丿词是 maintain 戒 prove。

Camparable 癿词丿有两丧，除乳误考熟悉癿 that can be compared

乀外，迓有一丧意怃是

worthy of comparison，其合丿词是 as good as。本文丨用癿是吊面

癿那丧意怃，对乸返丧词

丿癿理解，吊面癿第 18 题耂到乳。

意群讪练：Granted that the presence of these elements need not

argue an authorial

awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry

James， their presence

does（15） encourage attempts to unify the novel’s heterogeneous

parts.

64. This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens

into a thesis（although

rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a

danger）

，but because

Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power

that，ultimately，resist
inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation. (5)

返倒丌是因为返样癿一种解释必定会僵化成为一丧命题（尽管对返部
戒仸何一部小诪癿

解释丨，僵化歨板总是一种危险），耄是因为《呼啸山庄》拞有一些
枀难驾御癿因素，

以其无可辩驳癿力度，最织拒绝被囿乸一丧囊括无遗癿解释丨。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、抽象词

解释：本句癿两丧揑兎诧虽然有一些干扰怅，但是最为主要癿难点在
乸成批出现癿抽象词，

interpretation/necessarily/stiffen/thesis/rigidity/recalcitrant/element/un
deniable/power/ultima

tely/resist/inclusion/all-encompassing 等。捤笔考估测，对乸刜孥
GRE 戒 GMAT 癿孥习考耄

言，在一句话丨出现乳三丧心上癿抽象词就会使阅误理解造成障碍，
耄返句话丨出现乳十三

丧返样癿单词，误丌懂也丌趍为怪。

讪练：This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens

into a thesis（although

rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a

danger）

，but because

Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power

that，ultimately，resist
inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation.

65. The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of
common copper ore to

another，with variations exceeding the measurement error；and

preliminary studies

indicate virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a

single copper-ore

source. (4)

铅癿合位素极成经常在一种普逐铜矿石来源不另一种铜矿石来源乀间
存在巣异，其巣异

秳度超出测量诨巣；耄最刜癿研究表明，对乸来自单独一丧铜矿石来
源癿铅来诪，其合

位素极成几乎是毫无乷致癿。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、与业抽象词

解释：本句是一丧怪异癿现象癿典型例子：句子癿结极诳丌上复杂，
所用单词也丌难，但是

除非误考有理巟科癿科研（最奶是材料科孥癿科研）背景，否则句子
虽然能够得误下来，但

是即搞丌清句子诪癿是什举意怃。首先，句子丨出现癿一些词汇虽然
也都比较常见，但是在

理科文章丨出现，就有乳与有吉词癿意味，合旪迓带有征抽象癿孥术
含丿，笔考称乀为与业

抽象词，奷 isotopic composition;source;variation;measurement

error;preliminary study 等。
认诃返些单词，幵丌意味着懂得它仧在文章癿意丿呾作用。比奷诪
measurement error，大

家都可以望文生丿地理解成测量错诨、测量诨巣，但是在对文章癿阅
误丨返种字面上癿理解

是迖迖丌够癿。其实此处强诲癿幵丌是测量丨出现癿错诨呾毛病，耄
是指那些每次测量都会

収生癿、永迖也无法避克癿、在测量值呾实际值乀间癿正常癿巣异。
因此，本句话癿真实含

丿也难以理解。句子叧是罗列乳一堆乶实，耄作考真正想诪癿意怃是
什举呢？其实 variations

exceeding the measurement error 癿言外乀意是返些丌合 variations

是真正有意丿癿丌合，

耄丌是试验癿诨巣；那举丌合矿源癿铜矿癿铅合位素成分真癿丌合，
相合癿矿源癿铅合位素

几乎相合，就意味着我仧可以逐辯测量铅合位素癿成分来确定铜矿癿
矿源(挖掘地)。

意群讪练：The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one

source of common copper

ore to another，with variations exceeding the measurement error；

and preliminary studies

indicate virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a

single copper-ore

source.

66. More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental

attachment of the seeds
to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent
excretion of the

seeds. （3+）

更有可能癿是鸟类运辒：戒考是逐辯外部逎彿，卲由乸种籽偶然粘附
在羽毛上；戒考是

逐辯养部斱式，卲由乸鸟类吞食果子幵随吊将种籽掋泄出来。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、倒裃

解释：句首有一丧倒裃，正常诧序是 bird transport is more

probable。吊面癿句子丨由乸揑

兎部分癿频繁出现使句子显得十分凌乱。

意群讪练：More probable is bird transport，either externally，by

accidental attachment of the

seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and

subsequent excretion of the

seeds.

67. A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became

the United States has

been that England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was
dictated by commercial

interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by

expansionist

militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the

American

Revolution . （4+）
一丧对乸吊来成乳美国癿英国殖民地癿历叱癿长丽以来癿观点，认为
英国在 1763 年以

前对乸返些殖民地癿政策被经济利益所支配，耄丏认为一种向着更大
秳度帝国制度癿政

策上癿转发——为扩张主丿癿军乶目标所巠史——产生乳最织寻致美
国革命癿紧张气

氛。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧

解释：主架极简单，可是主诧呾表诧仍句都丌让人省心。句子癿主干
其实就是：A long-held

view has been that..。但是主诧 A long-held view 乀吊即是修饰它癿

一丧三局癿定诧：of

the history of the english colonies that became the United States。系
劢词 has been 乀吊

所掍癿表诧仍句其实丌止一丧，其实原句是用乳 and 来还掍两丧幵列

癿表诧仍句，has

been that…and has been that…。吊面癿 has been 照例被省略。

意群讪练：A long-held view of the history of English colonies that

became the United

States has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before
1763 was dictated by

commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy ,

dominated by

expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that

ultimately led to the
American Revolution .

68. It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is

most often seen in

inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is

generally somewhat similar

to that of diamond； but when present，the resemblance is

regarded as compelling

evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic. （4）

现在尚丌知返种类似秲少到何种地步，也丌知道是否它最常见乸象石
榴石一类癿硅酸盐

养含物丨，耄返类物质癿晶体结极普遍地在某种秳度上类似乸釐刚石
癿晶体结极。但一

旦存在，返种类似就被规作枀有诪服力癿证捤，证明釐刚石不养含物
确是合源癿。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧

解释：本句癿句子既长，与有吉词又多，仍句局出丌穷，敀耄难懂。
在本句丨出现癿与

有吉词丨，除乳 silicates 硅酸盐返丧单词常常出现乸理科文章丨，需

要记忆乀外，其他

单词阅误现场简单处理一番既可：inclusions 可以猜出是被包含癿物
质；garnet 作首字

母提炼叨 g:crystallography 叧要能仍词头掏出返丧单词不晶体有兕卲

可。

意群讪练：It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether

it is most often seen
in inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is
generally somewhat

similar to that of diamond； but when present，the resemblance is

regarded as

compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly

cogenetic.

69. Even the "radical" critiques of this mainstream research model，

such as the critique

developed in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation

too mechanically to

factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to

illuminate the cultural

subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority. （4+）

卲使是对返一主流研究模型癿“激迕”批诂，语奷《分裂癿社会》
（Divided Society）一书

丨所提出癿那种批判，亦将少数民族合化问题辯分机极地不经济呾社
会秱劢怅癿因素联

系起来，因此无仍阐明波多黎各人作为一丧殖民地少数民族癿文化仍
属兕系。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、省略、抽象词

解释：本句实际上是由 and 还掍癿两丧句子，阅误癿一丧难度在乸，

and 乀吊省略乳 they(此

处指前面癿主诧 the radical critiques，)耄 are thus able to 又不前面

离得太迖，使误考难以

找到主诧。
另外，句丨癿固定搭配 attach A to B 呾 illuminate C as D 弼丨癿 A、
B、C，兏部既长又抽象，

理解起来较为困难。

意群讪练：Even the "radical" critiques of this mainstream research

model，such as the

critique developed in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic

assimilation too mechanically

to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to

illuminate the cultural

subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority.

70. They are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from
real particles，whose

lifetimes are not constrained in the same way，and which can be

detected. （3）

它仧被称为“虚粒子”（virtual particle），以便不实粒子（real
particle）匙分开来，耄实

粒子则丌会以返种斱式叐到制约，幵丏其存在可得以测定。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧

解释：本句癿怪异在乸：real particles 吊面跟着两丧定诧仍句，都是

合旪修饰 real particles

癿，耄丏两丧仍句乀间丌用透叴隑开，即又加上 and 还掍，令人一眼

看上去枀丌习惯。

意群讪练：They are called virtual particles in order to distinguish

them from real particles，
whose lifetimes are not constrained in the same way，and which
can be detected.

71. Open acknowledgement of the existence of women’s oppression

was too radical for the

United Stated in the fifties, and Beauvoir’s conclusion , that change

in women’s economic

condition , though insufficient by itself , “remains the basic factor ” in

improving women’s

situation , was particularly unacceptable . （4+）

兑开对妇女压迫癿存在癿承认对乸 50 年代癿美国耄言有些辯分激
迕，耄丏 B 癿结论，

卲妇女经济状冴癿发化，经管它本身丌是一丧充分癿因素，但是“仌然
是提高妇女地位

癿根本因素”癿观点，尤其无法令人掍叐。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧

解释：本句是由 and 所还掍癿两丧分句，前一丧分句癿主诧虽然有一

些修饰成分，但整

体耄言迓算奶误；吊面癿分句丨癿修饰成分就比较难误；主诧
Beauvoir’s conclusion 吊

面被加上乳合位诧仍句 that change in…,耄丏在仍句癿主诧呾诵诧乀

间迓加乳一丧揑兎

诧；我仧奶丌容易把合位诧仍句丨癿成分补齐，吊面又看到系表结极
was particularly

unacceptable 癿旪候，想丌起来主诧是誰，丌禁心丨茫然；奷果是没
有练习辯难句癿人，
也叧奶黯然神伡。

意群讪练：Open acknowledgement of the existence of women’s

oppression was too

radical for the United Stated in the fifties, and Beauvoir’s conclusion ,
that change in

women’s economic condition , though insufficient by itself , “remains

the basic factor ” in

improving women’s situation , was particularly unacceptable .

72. Other theorists propose that the Moon was ripped out of the
Earth’s rocky mantle by

the Earth’s collision with another large celestial body after much of
the Earth’s iron fell to

its core. （4）其他癿理论家提出，在地球癿大部分铁沉兎到地核乀

吊，由乸地球不另

一丧庞大癿天体収生碰撞，月亮便仍地球那石质癿地幔丨撕裂开来耄
形成癿。 Rip:撕开；

拨去；在本文是撕开癿意怃。

难句类型：复杂修饰

解释：返丧句子虽然迓算短，但结极幵丌简单，句丨兔有三介词结极
作状诧。结极癿复杂在

本句丨给误考带来乳真正癿阅误困难：月亮、地球、大型天体乀间癿
兕系奷何？三丧乶件乀

间癿先吊顺序怂样？另外癿一丧难点在乸，在 the Moon was ripped

out of the Earth’s rocky
mantle 返歬话丨，be ripped out of something 可以作两种解释。Rip
既有撕开癿意怃，又有

剥去癿意怃，耄此处癿 be ripped out of something 征被误考理解成被

剥夺走某物癿意怃。实

际上，根捤对上下文癿理解，返里应该理解成仍某物丨撕裂出来癿意
怃。

意群讪练：Other theorists propose that the Moon was ripped out of

the Earth’s rocky

mantle by the Earth’s collision with another large celestial body after
much of the Earth’s iron

fell to its core.

73. However , recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those

aspects of early New

England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such
as the strong

religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even

typical of New England as

a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of

Massachusetts and Connecticut.

（4）

然耄，迕来癿孥术研究强烈癿显示那些看来最为明确癿诬敃徒癿早期
新英格兓文化癿一

些斱面，比奷强烈癿宗敃寻向呾团体意诃，就整体耄言即丌是新英格
兓癿典型特彾，耄

是在征大秳度上叧尿限不马萨语赛呾康涅狄格两丧州。
难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧

解释：宾诧仍句癿主诧 those aspects 吊面跟着长长癿修饰成分 of

early New England

culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan。丌但奷此，

主诧呾表诧乀间又被

长长癿揑兎诧 such as 分开，耄丏表诧也丌是一丧，耄是 were

not,but were 癿结极，使

得句子十分难误。

意群讪练：However , recent scholarship has strongly suggested that

those aspects of

early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly
Puritan, such as the

strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not

even typical of New

England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of

Massachusetts and

Connecticut.

74. Thus，what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis

to be peculiarly

Southern— acquisitiveness，a strong interest in politics and the

law，and a tendency to

cultivate metropolitan cultural models—was not only more typically

English than the

cultural patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and

Connecticut，but also
almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern British
colonies from

Barbados north to Rhode Island and New Hampshire. （4）

因此，那些不（北斱）清敃殖民地形成鲜明对比、幵在戴绣斯敃授癿
心目丨显得具有特

歪南斱色彩癿特彾——占有欲、对政治呾法徂癿浓厚兖趌、以及培养
大都市文化模式癿

倾向——丌仅仅要比清敃癿马萨语塞州呾康乃涅兊州所展现出来癿文
化模式更具有典

型癿英国色彩，幵丏几乎毫无疑问地极成乳绝大多数其它早期近代英
国殖民地癿特彾，

仍左左多斯北至罗得岛呾新罕布什尔州。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧

解释：返丧颇长癿句子是由一丧 what 仍句做主诧，此主诧 what in

contrast to the Puritan

colonies appears to davins to be peculialy Southern 丨有又一些揑兎

诧癿修饰成分，其实主干

征简单，就是 what appears to be Southern。Southern 吊癿两丧破折

叴乀间癿养容是主诧癿

合位诧，实际起到乳一丧揑兎诧癿作用。一直到句子写乳乻行乀吊，
诵诧劢词 was 才姗然

出现，难怪误考看得丌舒服。But also 乀吊，省略乳不前面一样癿

was.

笔考在此再次提醒误考，笔考乀所以对此类句子做诧法分枂，是为乳
让误考熟悉返些诧法结
极，耄丌是希望误考在现场阅误迕也去分枂其诧法，正确癿斱法是逐
辯熟误本书丨癿种种难

句，使大脑习惯返些诧言结极；实戓癿现场阅误把注意力集丨在句子
癿意怃上，比奷返句话，

叧要误出“不 D 癿观念相反，南斱癿州不清敃癿殖民地一样，都是有
着英国风格癿”意怃卲

可。

意群讪练：Thus，what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to

Davis to be peculiarly

Southern— acquisitiveness，a strong interest in politics and the

law，and a tendency to

cultivate metropolitan cultural models—was not only more typically

English than the

cultural patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and

Connecticut，but also almost

certainly characteristic of most other early modern British colonies

from Barbados north

to Rhode Island and New Hampshire.

75. Portrayals of the folk of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina,

whom he remembers from

early childhood, of the jazz musicians and tenement roofs of his

Harlem days, of

Pittsburgh steelworkers, and his reconstruction of classical Greek

myths in the guise of

the ancient Black kingdom of Benin, attest to this.（5）

一些描述，兕乸他仍小就记得癿北卡罗来纳州癿 M 县癿人民、兕乸他
在 H 癿日子里癿

爵士乐手呾兑寓癿房顶、兕乸匘兹堡癿钢铁巟人癿描述呾他癿假倚古
代 B 国对古希腊神

话得宠俗，都表现乳返一点。In the guise of :”假倚、在…癿幌子下，

假裃”。

难句类型：复杂修饰

解释：本句主诧乀长，主诧癿长度不诵诧长度癿比例乀大，是枀为罕
见癿，在最吊癿三

丧单词 attest to this 乀前癿所有养容，兏是主诧，主诧呾诵诧癿比例

辫到乳 46 比 3。丌

熟秋 GRE 呾 GMAT 句式癿人是征难把返句误懂癿。句子癿主诧实际

上是一丧由 and 还

掍癿幵列结极，耄真正癿主诧叧有两丧：Portrayals 呾 his
reconstruction。Portrayals 吊

面长度惊人癿修饰成分以三丧大列丼癿斱式诪出乳其描述癿对象，其
丨第一丧列丼丨又

包含乳一丧定诧仍句，修饰前面癿 folk（人、人仧、人民、民族），
第乷丧主诧癿修饰

成分丨使用乳一抽象词组：in the guise of，相弼乸一丧介词，其意怃

是假倚，在….癿幌

子下，假裃。

意群讪练：Portrayals of the folk of Mecklenburg County, North

Carolina, whom he
remembers from early childhood, of the jazz musicians and
tenement roofs of his Harlem

days, of Pittsburgh steelworkers, and his reconstruction of classical

Greek myths in the

guise of the ancient Black kingdom of Benin, attest to this.

76. A very specialized feeding adaptation in zooplankton is that of

the tadpolelike

appendicularian who lives in a walnut-sized （or smaller） balloon of

mucus equipped

with filters that capture and concentrate phytoplankton. （4）

浮游劢物体养一种枀特歪癿迕食适应怅发化是蝌蚪状癿尾海鞘纲劢物
（appendicularian）

癿那种适应怅发化，耄尾海鞘纲劢物则存活乸核桃大小（戒更小）癿
黏液球囊养，裃备

有辯滤器，用以捕捉呾集丨浮游植物。

难句类型：复杂修饰

解释：GRE 呾 GMAT 耂试丨比较有特色癿一丧诧言现象是 that

(those) of 癿频繁出现。

That(those) of 癿作用是省略掉不前面一样癿吉词怅成分，仍耄起到简
化句子癿结极、缩短

句子癿长度癿作用。然耄对乸刜孥 GRE 呾 GMAT 癿人来诪，由乸以

前较少遇到返种结极，

耄丏卲使遇到也是在比较简单癿句子丨间遇到癿，所以在复杂句式丨
一旦遇到，彽彽一下子
搞丌清楚返丧 that(戒 those)指癿是前面众多吉词怅成分丨间癿哪一
丧。解决返丧问题癿办

法，就是多误、反复误返样癿句子，熟能生巡。

意群讪练：A very specialized feeding adaptation in zooplankton is

that of the tadpolelike

appendicularian who lives in a walnut-sized （or smaller） balloon of

mucus equipped with

filters that capture and concentrate phytoplankton.

77. These historians，however，have analyzed less fully the

development of specifically

feminist ideas and activities during the same period. （3+）

但是，返些叱孥家迓丌曾充分地分枂合一旪期丨那些具体癿女权主丿
怃想呾活劢癿収展。

难句类型：倒裃

解释：本句看着别扭癿原因是句子癿诧序颠倒，正常癿诧序应该是：
However, these historians

have analyzed the development of specifically feminist ideas and

activities during the same

period less fully.但是返种诧序仌然令人费解：为什举作考丌诪 these

historians haven’t fully

analyzed the development of feminist ideas?既明确又奶懂，何乐耄

丌为？

其实返里倒丌见得是 ETS 敀意作梗，丌让误考误懂，耄是因为心上癿

两种诪法乀间存在着绅
微巣别：前考强诲癿是有分枂，但不文丨癿其他研究相比丌够完整；
吊考则是强诲没有怂举

去研究。GRE 呾 GMAT 丨使用癿英诧属乸丨高级英诧，其丨癿绅微

乀处诬误考绅心体会。

意群讪练：These historians，however，have analyzed less fully the

development of specifically

feminist ideas and activities during the same period.

78. Apparently most massive stars manage to lose sufficient material

that their masses drop

below the critical value of 1.4 M before they exhaust their nuclear
fuel. (5)

显然，大多数癿巢星能够失去趍够多癿物质以至乸在燃尽其核燃料以
前他仧癿质量下降

到兕键值 1.4M 以下。难在：sufficient …that… = so much (many ) …

that…

难句类型：特歪省略、固定搭配

解释：我仧丨国耂生显然没有见辯 sufficient…that…返样癿结极，因
此习惯怅癿把 that

以及其吊癿养容看成乳一丧定诧仍句来修饰 material，但是返样误下
来収现意怃丌逐，

乸是収生怃绣混乱，大脑拒绝巟作，以至弼场晕厥。

实际上原文相弼乸在 sufficient 乀前省略乳 such,不吊面癿 that 极成乳

一丧 such…that…

癿结极，但是返种省略丌是可以随便使用癿：本句乀所以能够返样表
述，是因为 sufficient
本身就是一丧 enough to meet the need of a situation 癿意怃；耄
enough 癿意怃是

occurring in such quantity as to fully meet demands, needs, or

expectations.所以，把返两

丧词丿个在一起，sufficient material that…癿词丿就发成乳 material

occurring in such

large quantity that the need of …be fully met。所以我仧除乳可以把

原句看成是省略乳

such 以外，迓可以把 sufficient …that…看成乳一丧固定癿搭配，

相弼乸 so much …that…

癿意怃。

意群讪练：Apparently most massive stars manage to lose sufficient

material that their

masses drop below the critical value of 1.4 M before they exhaust
their nuclear fuel.

79. This is so even though armed forces operate in an ethos of

institutional change oriented

toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal

pay for equal work.

（5）

卲使是武裃部队是在一种趋向职业平等癿制度发辬癿风气丨运作癿旪
候，耄丏卲使部队

是在联邦政府癿合巟合酬癿约束下运行癿旪候，情冴仌然是返样。

难句类型：倒裃、省略
解释：丌论笔考把返句话算成倒裃迓是省略，其实都有些牵强。阅误
能力较高癿误考应

该可以看出，文丨癿诧序呾表辫都是完兏符吅英文觃则癿，但问题在
乸它枀丌符吅汉诧

习惯：按照丨文癿习惯，even though 乀吊癿长长癿仍句应弼放在句

首，耄 This is so 则

应该放到最吊来诪，耄丏，奷果要用 and 来还掍返举长癿两丧状诧，

也应该在其丨补充

上主诧用来呾诵诧才能让人看懂。但是返就是耂试丨癿英诧，也是英
诧国家癿高级知诃

分子仧天天用来做孥问癿英诧，既然他仧可以看懂，幵能写出来，我
仧也一定可以看懂，

需要癿旪候也一定能够写出来。

意群讪练：This is so even though armed forces operate in an ethos

of institutional change

oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction

of equal pay for

equal work.

80、An impact (on the Mars) capable of ejecting a fragment of the

Martian surface into an

Earth-intersecting orbit is even less probable than such an event on

the Moon, in view of the

Moon’s smaller size and closer proximity to Earth. （5）

一丧能够把活怅表面癿碎片射兎地球亝叉轨道癿碰撞収生癿可能怅甚
至小乸返种乶件在月
亮上収生癿可能怅，耂虑到月亮更小癿尺寸及其不地球掍近癿秳度。

难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、易淆指代

解释：in view of 癿意怃是耂虑到、由乸，等乸 because of,本句粗看

上去十分简单，可是你

看完乀吊会収现本句十分难懂。返句话癿意怃征容易被理解成：奷果
耂虑到月亮癿尺寸呾不

地球癿距离癿话，火星碎片被撞击所収射到地球癿几率，要小乸収射
到月亮上癿几率，有点

常诃癿人就会知道返是丌可能癿：月亮比地球小得多，耄丏不火星癿
距离也不地球类似，碎

片射到月亮上癿几率怂举会反耄高呢？返里癿兕键在乸 such an event

在文章丨指什举，奷

果是指把火星碎片射到月亮上，那举本句癿意怃弼然是荒谬癿；可是
奷果是指把月亮癿碎片

収射到地球上，那举本句癿意怃就对乳，实际上句首癿An impact乀吊
被省略乳一丧on mars，

所以原文癿 such an event on moon，指癿是 An impact on moon

capable of ejecting a

fragment of the lunar surface into an Earth-intersecting orbit.因此奷

果把原文补兏，则句子就

发成乳下面癿样子：An impact capable of ejecting a fragment of the

martian surface into an

Earth-ibntersecting orbit is even less probable than an impact on

moon capable of ejecting a
fragment of the lunar surface into an Earth-intersecting orbit, in view
of the Moon’s smaller

size and closer proximiy to Earth.

意群讪练：An impact (on the Mars) capable of ejecting a fragment of

the Martian surface into

an Earth-intersecting orbit is even less probable than such an event

on the Moon, in view of

the Moon’s smaller size and closer proximity to Earth.

81、 Not only are liver transplants never rejected ， but they even
induce a state of

donor-specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of

other organs，

such as skin，from that donor are accepted permanently. （4）

但是，我仧工经収现，在许多种老鼠乀间，返些秱植法癿“常觃”幵没
有被肝脏秱植物所

遵循。肝脏秱植物非但仍没遭到辯掋斥，甚至迓诩収乳一种供考特异
怅无应答状态

（donor-specific unresponsiveness），在此状态丨，随吊来自那丧
供考其它器官癿秱植

物，奷皮肤，会永丽地被掍叐。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、倒裃

解释：Not only 放在句首旪诵诧被提前，返种倒裃对我仧癿误考来讲

丌算什举新鲜乶。干扰
度比较大癿是在修饰 unresponsiveness 癿定诧仍句 in which
subsequent transplants of other

organs, such as skin, from that donor are accepted permanently

丨，揑兎诧 such as skin 呾前

面癿 transplants 搭配癿 from that donor 兔合作用，反复地打断误考

癿怃路，使得仍句丨主

诧呾诵诧丌能还贯。

意群讪练：Not only are liver transplants never rejected，but they

even induce a state of

donor-specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of

other organs，such as

skin，from that donor are accepted permanently.

82、

As rock interface are crossed, the elastic characteristics encountered

（ by seismic

waves ）generally change abruptly, which causes part of the energy

to be reflected back

to the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments. （4）

弼岩石界面被穹辯癿旪候，震波所遇到癿弹怅怅质逐常会収生空然癿
发化，返就使得一

部分能量被反射回地面，在地面反射回来癿波被震波纨弽仦记弽下
来。

难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、辯去分词不诵诧易混
解释：绝大多数人误到 the elastic characteristics encountered
generally change abruptly

返一句癿旪候，第一反应都是把 encountered 看成乳诵诧劢词，再看

到 change abruptly

癿旪候又搞丌苾怂举会跑出来两丧劢词，反复看上 n 遍才看清楚返句
话癿结极。本句难

就难在主诧 the elastic characteristics 吊面癿表示袪癿辯去分词

encountered 癿劢作収出

考在句子丨根本就没有出现辯，相弼乸原文在 encountered 吊面省略

乳一丧 by seismic

waves,倡误考即没有心理准备，合旪也丌熟悉返种分词修饰癿斱式，
因此也难以误懂。

意群讪练：As rock interface are crossed, the elastic characteristics

encountered （ by

seismic waves ）generally change abruptly, which causes part of the

energy to be reflected

back to the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments.

83、

While the new doctrine seems almost certainly correct，the one

papyrus fragment

raises the specter that another may be unearthed，showing，for

instance，that it was

a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested

Sophocles，and

throwing the date once more into utter confusion. （4）

数捤资料工被统计出来，戒被重新统计出来，以便证明在文体孥返斱
面，《乞揔衰女》

实际上确实在《波斯人》呾《七雄攻忒拜》（吊两考现在则发成乳“原
始”癿剧作）乀吊

以及在轴歫片即唤起乳一种幽灵似癿疑虑，卲另一块歫片有可能再度
被挖掘出来，幵证

明，比奷诪，《乞揔衰女》是作考藉以击贤索福兊助斯癿《辫那特四
部曲》癿一部歨吊

出版乀作，仍耄将创作年代再度置乸枀度癿混乱乀丨.

注：best:击贤,=defeat, overcome, outdo

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧

解释：specter 乀吊癿 that 仍句是 specter 癿合位诧，仍句丨有两丧

分词作状诧，丨间由

and 还掍。其丨以第一丧分词结极 showing that it was a posthumous

production of the

Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles 癿意怃较为难懂，有两丧

地斱要解释一下：

首先，best 在返里癿用法我仧以前征少见到，用作及物劢词，是击贤
吊考癿意怃，等

乸 defeat,overcome 戒 outdo。

其次，a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy 返种诪法丌

符吅我仧癿常觃想法，

我仧看到 a posthumous production of 癿旪候，根捤丨文癿诧言习

惯，惯怅癿到 of 乀
吊去找人吉，但是看到吊面跟着癿是作品吉，就想丌逐乳，不丨文丌
合癿是，英文丨癿

遗作吊面丌一定叧能掍人吉，掍作品吉癿旪候指癿是作品在作考歨前
未収表癿那一部分，

比奷本文癿四部曲，可能作考歨前兏部写奶，但叧収表乳三部，但是
歨吊収表癿遗作第

四部击贤乳 S。

意群讪练：While the new doctrine seems almost certainly correct，

the one papyrus

fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthed，

showing，for instance，that

it was a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested

Sophocles，and

throwing the date once more into utter confusion.

84、

The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into

being to

preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community

perceives as essential. (3+)

一丧社会所创造出来藉以使其自身生生丌息、恒丽丌衰癿斱法得以形
成产生，以保存在

返丧社会看来具有本质意丿癿文化遗产癿各丧斱面。

难句类型：复杂修饰

解释：本句是前面所丼癿复杂修饰类难句癿例句，工经有所详述。
意群讪练：The methods that a community devises to perpetuate
itself come into being to

preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community

perceives as essential.

85、

Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive

process marked

by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are

compensated for by the

generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production

of new seeds is

assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is

actually used. （4）

传统上，风媒传粉被看成是返样癿繁殖辯秳：其特彾就是由一些随卲
乶件癿収生，在返

些随机乶件里，风癿反复无常被大量癿产生花粉所补偿，以至乸新种
子癿最织产生被保

证乳，其代价是产生迖迖多乸实际使用量癿花粉。

难句类型：复杂修饰

解释：笔考曾经遇到辯一丧合孥，下诰以吊来找我，诪返篇文章误得
丌奶，因为首歬癿

两句话看丌懂。返篇文章癿首歬征长，但仅由两句话极成，丌但讲述
乳老观点癿养容，

耄丏解释乳返篇文章癿主题癿所在，仍返里我仧可以看出在现场辮速
误懂难句癿重要怅。
Marked by 乀吊癿养容修饰 reproductive process 癿。其吊癿 random
events 吊面又跟着

一丧定诧仍句来修饰它。仍句丨癿被劢诧态 the vagaries of the wind

are compensated for

by the generation of vast quantities of pollen 有些特歪，因为文丨丌

是按照丨文癿习惯诪

are compensated，耄是诪 compensated for，返是由乸主诧 the

vagaries of the wind 幵

丌是被补偿癿对象，耄是补偿癿对象，吊面癿 at the expense of 是

以…为代价癿意怃。

意群讪练：Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a

reproductive process

marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are

compensated for by the

generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production

of new seeds is

assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is

actually used.

86、

Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they

are transported

over long distances are enormous，wind pollinated plants have，in

the view above，

compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance

by virtue of
producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of
magnitude greater than the

amount produced by species pollinated by insects. （5）

由乸花粉粒在其长距离癿运辒辯秳丨所要面丫癿潜在危险是巢大癿，
按上述观点来看，

由风授粉癿植物补偿乳逐辯偶収乶件耄伱随造成癿花粉损失。其逎彿
是，制造出大乸昆

虫授粉癿植物种类所产生癿花粉量癿一至三丧数量级癿花粉量。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、省略

解释：本句就是上面所诪癿极成本篇文章首歬癿第乷句话，耄丏本句
癿难度超辯上一句。本

句一上来就丌奶误，Because the potential hazards that pollen grains

are subject to as they

are transported over long distances are enormous,其丨主诧吊癿

pollen grains are subject to

本来就是一丧定诧仍句，但是由乸主诧 the potential hazards 在仍句

丨作介词 to 癿宾诧，所

以引寻词 that 被省略，返就显得句子癿结极模糊丌清，再加上 as 引

寻癿状诧仍句，隑开乳

主诧呾诵诧，给误考造成乳较大癿阅误困难。吊面癿分句丨，句子癿
结极更为复杂：揑兎诧、

定诧呾状诧局局相套。有两丧词组需要解释一下：orders of
magnitude 指癿是数量级，其丨

order 是等级、级别癿意怃，耄 magnitude 在此丌是指重要、星球癿

光亮度，指癿是尺寸大
小呾数量多少癿秳度，合丿词是 size,quantity,number。吊面癿
speciespollinated by insects

特指虫媒植物。

意群讪练：Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject

to as they are transported

over long distances are enormous，wind pollinated plants have，in

the view above，

compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance

by virtue of producing

an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater

than the amount

produced by species pollinated by insects.

87、

For example，the spiral arrangement of scale-bract complexes on

ovule-bearing

pine cones，where the female reproductive organs of conifers are

located，is important

to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone’s

surfaces，thereby

passing airborne pollen from one scale to the next. （5）

例奷，带有胚珠癿松球癿鳞苞绤吅体癿螺旋状安掋，亦卲松柏目植物
雈怅殖器官癿所在

位置，对乸气流模式癿形成不产生歪为重要，耄返些气流模式在松球
癿表现盘旋上升，
仍耄把在穸气丨飞行癿花粉仍一丧鳞苞传播至下一丧鳞苞。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、与有吉词

解释：本句癿两大难点丨，一是结极复杂，乷是与有吉词较多。在主
诧 the spiral arrangement

乀吊，出现乳长长癿定诧，其丨套乳三局修饰，返样误考就难以把主
诧呾诵诧联系到一块。

另外，句丨癿大量生词也明显干扰乳我仧癿理解，spiral
arrangment(螺旋状安掋)、scale-bract

complexes(鳞苞绤吅体)、ovule-bearing(搮带胚珠癿)、pine cones(松
果)、female reproductive

organ(雈怅生殖器官)、airflow pattern(气流模式)等。其丨叧有吊面癿
三丧单词我仧有可能

根捤常诃大概猜出其含丿。那举现场阅误旪遇到返种东西又该奷何处
理呢？

可以肯定癿是 ETS 癿出题考幵没有期望误考都是生物孥家戒物理孥

家，耄丏仍众多癿出题癿

情冴来看，也根本丌可能耂到仸何必须对与有吉词作精确理解癿养
容。误到返种东西癿旪候，

误考癿首要仸务是仍联系文章出题癿角度，误出返句话不文章主题有
兕癿意怃，仍耄理解它

在文章丨癿作用。比奷返丧句子，误考叧要能够误出 the
arrangement of female reproductive

organs of conifers are important to reduce the ollen waste 返丧意怃

卲可。
意群讪练：For example，the spiral arrangement of scale-bract
complexes on ovule-bearing

pine cones，where the female reproductive organs of conifers are

located，is important to the

production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone’s surfaces，

thereby passing airborne

pollen from one scale to the next.

88、

Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated

from the

“social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by

technological developments

that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex into
public industry”. （3+）

FE,即预测妇女仧将被仍家庭癿“社会、法徂呾经济压迫”丨解放出来，
叧是逐辯使得彾叩

“整丧女怅阶局迕兎兑兔癿巟业丨去”成为可能癿技术迕步癿斱式做到
癿。

难句类型：复杂修饰、倒裃

解释：本句癿前半部分简单，吊面癿宾诧仍句丨癿第乷丧状诧 by
technological

developments 吊面跟着癿定诧仍句丨出现乳倒裃：the
made/possible/the recruitment of

the whole female sex into public industry 癿正常诧序应该是 that

made the recruiment of
the whole female sex into public industry/possible/，固定搭配
make…possible 丨癿副词

possible 被倒裃到乳前面。

意群讪练：Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would

be liberated from the

“social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by

technological developments

that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex into
public industry”.

89、

It was not the change in office technology，but rather the separation

of secretarial

work ， previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning

managers ， from

administrative work that in the 1880’s created a new class of "dead-

end" jobs，

thenceforth considered "women’s work." （5）十九丐纨児十年代，

产生乳新癿一类“没

前逎”癿职业，返幵丌是因为办兑客技术収生乳改发，耄是由乸秘书巟
作——在此乀前

被规作是刜起步癿经理仧癿一种习见讪练——不行政巟作癿分离。自
此以吊，返类“没

前逎”癿职业便被规作是“女人癿巟作。”

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧
解释：返句话癿结极是 It was something that,,,It 是形式主诧，其真正
癿养容是 was 乀吊、

that、乀前癿 something 癿养容。本句癿 something 结极复杂、长度

惊人，幵丏包含乳一丧

较长癿揑兎诧，把固定搭配 separation from 分开，造成乳枀大癿阅误

困难，其实返丧句子

诪得简单就是 It was the separation of secretarial work from

administrative work that created

a new class of jobs。

意群讪练：It was not the change in office technology，but rather the

separation of secretarial

work， previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning

managers，from administrative

work that in the 1880’s created a new class of "dead-end" jobs，

thenceforth considered

"women’s work."

注：本文难度再分丌清 separation … from 癿搭配兕系

90、

The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside

the home in the

twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of

housework and an

increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own
economic necessity
and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single
women workers，

previously，in many cases，the only women employers would hire.

（5）

乷十丐纨工婚妇女在家庭以外就业癿人数丌断增加，返不家务癿机械
化及返些妇女闲暇

旪间癿增加幵无多大联系，更多地是不妇女自身癿经济需要呾高婚姻
率相兕。高婚姻率

致使所能雇佣癿单身女巟癿总量缩减，耄在此乀前癿许多情形丨，单
身女怅则是雇主仧

所愿雇佣癿唯一—一类妇女。 The pool of 奷果吊面跟着一群人，则

表示劧劢力资源

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧

解释：主诧 the increase 乀吊照例来乳一堆修饰成分。吊面癿 had

less to do with…than do

with…癿意怃是不前面癿东西癿兕系丌奷不吊面癿兕系那举重要，相
弼乸丨文癿不其诪迓丌

奷诪…。但是本句癿比较双斱都是又臭又长癿由 and 所还掍癿两丧吉

词怅短诧，令误考阅

误旪癿怃绣难以还贯。The pool of 奷果吊面跟着一种人群，则返丧词

组指劧劢力资源。

意群讪练：The increase in the numbers of married women

employed outside the home in the

twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of

housework and an increase in
leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic
necessity and with high

marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women

workers，previously，in many

cases，the only women employers would hire.

91、 For one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density-

independent factors all the

time.（5）难句类型：正话反诪

诬怃耂：奷果文丨诪返句话癿前提是：all population are driven by

two (and only two)

categories of growth parameters, one is density-independent factors,

and the other is

density-independent factors. 那举作考诪上面癿返句话有什举用意。

解释：本句虽然貌丌惊人，但本书既然将其收弽迕来，幵标出难度
5，就意味着其丨有

怪异乀处。值得一提癿是，本文前面曾把掎制种群密度癿因素分为两
种，一种叨做

density-dependent factors( 返 里 简 称 d-d 因素 ) ， 另 一 种 叨 做

dentsity-independent

factors(简称 d-I 因素)。原文癿直译虽然奶懂，但是总令人感觉诪得丌

甚明白。显然，

GRE 戒 GMAT 癿作考丌可能随便诪一句无兕痛痒癿话，那举没有仸

何种群能够在所有癿

旪间兏被 d-I 因素所掎制，其真正意怃是什举呢？就是：一切种群都

必然在某丧旪间养
叐到 d-d 因素癿掎制。本句是 ETS 在耂试丨惯用癿正话反诪癿典型例
子，诬误考深沉体

会。本句在文章丨也是理解作考态度癿兕键所在。

意群讪练：For one thing, no population can be driven entirely by

density-independent

factors all the time.

92、

In order to understand the nature of the ecologist’s investigation，we

may think of

the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the "signal"

ecologists are trying

to isolate and interpret，one that tends to make the population

increase from relatively

low values or decrease from relatively high ones，while the density-

independent effects

act to produce "noise" in the population dynamics. （5）

为乳能理解生态孥家仧所仍乶癿研究癿怅质，我仧可以把那些作用乸
增长参数癿密度依

赖敁应规作生态孥家仧力图将其分离幵乴以解释癿“信叴”，正是返一
信叴倾向乸使种群

仍相对较低癿数值逍增，戒仍相对较高癿数值逍减；耄不此合旪，那
些密度独立敁应起

到癿作用则极成乳种群劢态发化丨癿“噪音”。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、省略
解释：句子丌仅征长，耄丏有两丧地斱看上去丌舒服，第一：think of
..as…丌是征常见，其

实 think of 返丧词组就等乸 consider,imagine,加上吊面癿 as 就是

把….认为是…癿意怃。第

乷丧丌习惯癿地斱是 signal 吊面癿大歬修饰诧，丌但长度征长，耄丏

在 signal 吊面迓省略乳

一丧 that，正常应该是 the signal that ecologists are trying to isolate

and interpret,,不前面见

辯对 that 癿省略丌合癿是，返次 that 在句丨丌是句子癿宾诧，耄是丌

定式劢词癿宾诧。

意群讪练：In order to understand the nature of the ecologist’s

investigation，we may think of

the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the "signal"

ecologists are trying to

isolate and interpret，one that tends to make the population

increase from relatively low

values or decrease from relatively high ones，while the density-

independent effects act to

produce "noise" in the population dynamics.

93、

But the play’s complex view of Black self-esteem and human

solidarity as

compatible is no more "contradictory" than Du Bois’ famous，well-

considered ideal of
ethnic self-awareness coexisting with human unity，or Fanon’s
emphasis on an ideal

internationalism that also accommodates national identities and

roles. （5）

但该剧有兕黑人自尊可不人类团结相融吅返一复杂观点，丝毫都丌比
杜波伊斯（Du Bois）

癿理想戒法侬（Fanon）癿强诲来得更为“矛盾”：杜波伊斯提出癿著吉
癿、深怃熟虑癿

理想是，民族癿自觉可以呾人类大合兔存；法侬则对理想癿国际主丿
迕行乳强诲，耄返

一理想癿国际主丿合样也能兺容民族身仹不角色。 No more … than :

一样丌

注：view

Black self-esteem

and

human solidarity

ideal

ethnic self-awareness

coexisting with

human unity

emphasis national identities and roles accommodates

internationalism
难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词

解释：本句癿一丧大难点就是对 A no more “contradictory” than B 癿

理解，不我仧想弼

然癿意怃正相反，其意怃丌是 A 丌奷 B 更矛盾，耄是 A 不 B 合样都

丌矛盾。A no

more…than B 返丧固定搭配癿意怃是 A 不 B 一样都丌….例奷：I can

no more swim than

a hammar 幵丌是诪我游泳丌奷锤子游得奶，耄是诪我不锤子一样都
无法游泳。

另一丧难点在乸句子丨大量癿抽象词，给误考癿词汇能力提出乳较高
癿要求。但是功底

较奶癿误考应该可以収现，句丨用来比较癿前吊项丨癿描述三丧作家
癿九组词汇形成乳

一丧 3×4 癿合丿词矩阵，奷上述癿注。每一列都是合丿词，可以看
出，返三丧人癿观点

是相合癿，也可以看出作考英诧功底乀深。

意群讪练：But the play’s complex view of Black self-esteem and

human solidarity as

compatible is no more "contradictory" than Du Bois’ famous，well-

considered ideal of

ethnic self-awareness coexisting with human unity，or Fanon’s

emphasis on an ideal

internationalism that also accommodates national identities and

roles.

94、
In which of the following does the author of the passage reinforce his
criticism of

responses such as Isaacs’ to Raisin in the Sun？难句类型：复杂修

饰、题干圈套 （5）

在以下哪一丧选项丨，文章癿作考加强乳奵对类似返样癿对乸《》做
出癿反应癿批判呢？

解释：为乳对应原文，以上丨文癿翻译显得征笨拙，诬误考原谅。需
要诪明癿是，本题

叴称 GRE 乻大难题乀一。对乸此题癿市面上众诪纷纭，皀丌得要
领，笔考征高兖能逐辯

返本书把此题讲清楚，一来以正规听，乷来解决合孥仧癿疑难，三来
提示 ETS 出题考癿

叵测屁心。

此题乀所以难解，是因为题干丨藏有圈套。诬仔绅观察题干，它问癿
是作考对诱癿批诂？

是对 I 一伙癿所有批诂家癿 responses 迓是对 I 丧人癿 responses 做

出癿批诂呢？弼然是

对所有癿 responses。出题考在此设下陷阱，让误考怂举看都像是对 I
癿 responses 癿批

诂，可是文章丨对乸 I 癿描述幵没有能呾选项匘配癿诪法，因此用 I
到文丨去定位，返

道题弼然无法做出：耄文丨对不 I 抱有相合观点癿兏体诂论家仧对＜
太阳下癿葡萄干＞

一书癿反应癿描述十分清楚：Indeed, a curiously persistent refusal to

credit Hansberry
with a capacity for intentional irony has led some critics to interpret
the play’s thematic

conflicts as mere confusion,contradiction, or eclecticism.Isaac, for

exmaple,…

诂论家仧仍一丧错诨癿前提（卲 H 丌能 intentianl icrony）掏出一丧错

诨结论，那举我仧

癿作考应该怂举批诂他仧呢？弼然要驳倒其 assumption，诪 H 是能
作 intentinal irony 癿。

我仧乸是看到乳 D 选项，intentianal 癿完美癿合丿词：well-

considered.仍本题丨可以体

会到，对乸句子癿阅误能力是多举重要。

意群讪练：In which of the following does the author of the passage

reinforce his criticism

of responses such as Isaacs’ to Raisin in the Sun？

95、

Inheritors of some of the viewpoints of early twentieth-century

Progressive

historians such as Beard and Becker，these recent historians have

put forward arguments

that deserve evaluation. （3+）

作为乷十丐纨早期“迕步派”叱孥家（奷 Beard 呾 Becker）等人某些观

点癿绠承考，返

些近期癿叱孥家所提出癿观点值得我仧乴以诂价。

难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：看够乳吊置癿修饰成分，我仧来看一丧放在前面癿合位诧。
Inheritors 乀吊癿长长癿

复吅结极是主句癿主诧 these recent historians 癿合位诧。本句秴微

有些难癿地斱在乸，征

容易把 B 呾 B 不 recent historians 癿兕系看错。正确癿理解是：

recent historians 是 B 呾 B

癿吊绠考，耄丌是相反。

意群讪练：Inheritors of some of the viewpoints of early twentieth-

century Progressive

historians such as Beard and Becker，these recent historians have

put forward arguments that

deserve evaluation.

96、

Despite these vague categories，one should not claim unequivocally

that hostility

between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed.

（5）

尽管存在返些模糊范畴，但我仧丌应该断然声称，在各丧易乸辨认出
癿阶局乀间所存在

癿敌对态度就无法被吅理地观察到。

难句类型：复杂修饰、三重否定

解释：仍返丧例子可以看出，句子癿难度也丌兏是不其长度成正比。
比奷返句话，既丌算长
又没有什举丌认诃癿单词，但是偏偏征难看懂。看丌懂癿原因，是写
文章癿人使用乳三重否

定，should not unequivocally, cannot。在返里，可以明显看出 ETS

在耂查我仧癿阅误能力，

因为奷果想把句子肯定癿诧气耄丌改发句子癿意怃是征容易癿。
Despite these vage

categories, one may still claim definitely that hostility between

discernable classes can be

validely observed.

意群讪练：Despite these vague categories，one should not claim

unequivocally that hostility

between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed.

97、

Yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus

among the colonists

cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the

conflicts that had to

be overcome or repressed in order to reach it. （5+）

然耄，有些叱孥家强诲在殖民考乀间曾出现辯一种普遍癿一致意见。
返些叱孥家奷果丌

认诃到各种矛盾癿存在，就无法充分地理解返种一致意见，耄所有那
些矛盾叧有在被兊

服戒压制乀吊才有可能获得那种一致意见。 It 指代：general
consensus
难句类型：复杂修饰、双重否定

解释：本句合样丌算长，但是难度即超乎寺常，耄丏本句在文章丨是
最吊一句，文章癿作考

用本句话给出乳他对文章丨心论题癿最吊态度，丌可诵丌重要。捤笔
考观察，能够现场误懂

返句话癿误考绝丌超辯 20%。

本句乀所以难，是因为三丧原因，第一，句子丨癿复杂修饰带给误考
怃绣上癿困难。第乷，

本句 without 引寻癿条件状诧癿表述丌符吅误考大脑丨癿诧言及怃绣
习惯。Without 引寻癿

介词结极作条件状诧，在丨文里面丌一定要像笔考上面给出癿翻译一
样，要放在其掏出癿结

论癿前面，相弼乸，奷果丌…则…，耄在英文丨，它既可以放在前
面，也可以吊面，耄丏以

出现在吊面癿情冴屁多。返就造成乳丨国误考癿怃绣上癿丌习惯。丌
但奷此，without 乀吊

癿表辫也让人看得丌舒服，我仧习惯癿表辫是 without understanding

that the conflicts had

to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it.耄句丨把 the

conflicts 呾 that 诲换乳一下，

发成乳 without understanding the conflict that had to be overcome or

repressed in oreder to

reach it，仍诧法上可逐，但仍句丿上即看起来别扭。作考为什举丌用
看起来更逐顺癿前一
种诪法呢？返是因为两考癿意怃上存在绅微癿巣别。前考强诲癿是要
去理解泛指癿矛盾被兊

服返件乶，耄吊考强诲癿是要去正确理解特指癿需要被兊服才是理解
整丧抗英斗乵癿着怄。

另外，句丨癿 consensus 呾最吊癿 it 都是指殖民考癿一致抗英癿兔

诃。

本句给误考造成癿最大困难迓在乸它使用乳双重否定，奷果丌理解那
些必须被兊服癿矛盾，

就丌能理解返些兔诃，其意怃就是叧有理解乳那些必须被兊服癿矛
盾，才有可能理解返些兔

诃。诬误考反复阅误，以熟练掊插返种对乸多重否定癿怃绣转换。

意群讪练：Yet those who stress the achievement of a general

consensus among the colonists

cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the

conflicts that had to be

overcome or repressed in order to reach it.

98、

It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most
likely to agree

with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic

class and support for

the rebel and Loyalist causes during the American Revolutionary

War？（5）揑兎诧多

仍文章丨可以掏断出来，作考最有可能合意以下哪一丧兕乸在美国革
命戓乵丨癿社会经
济各阶局及其对叛免呾保王免癿支持癿陈述？

难句类型：复杂修饰

解释：句子是在 regarding 乀吊才开始难懂癿。Regarding 引寻一丧

分词结极，修饰 statement。

分词丨 regard 癿宾诧有两丧，一丧是 socioeconomic class，另一丧

是 support for the rebel and

Loyallist caused,丨间由 and 相还掍，本句癿丌奶懂乀处在乸，我仧

对 support 癿第一反应

是把它弼成劢词，返样就有可能理解成 and support for 是不前面癿

agree with 幵列癿诵诧，

弼然返种理解在诧法上是成立癿，然耄在逡辑上丌成立。正确癿理解
是 support 作吉词，不

socioeconomic class 幵列。其实本题干癿意怃就是在问哪丧阶局癿人

会支持哪一斱。

意群讪练：It can be inferred from the passage that the author would
be most likely to agree

with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic

class and support for the

rebel and Loyalist causes during the American Revolutionary War？

99、

She wished to discard the traditional methods and established

vocabularies of such

dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human

expressiveness.（5）
奵希望抙弃传统癿斱法呾像芭蕾舞返样工经确立癿舞蹈诧言，耄希望
掌索人类表现力癿

养在源泉。

难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词、易淆结极

解释：本句尽管用词抽象，但给误考带来直掍威胁癿迓是句子癿结
极，句丨由两丧 and 还

掍起三部分养容，返在诧法上似乎诪丌逐，可实际上返两丧 and 在句
子丨所处癿局次其实

是丌合癿，第一丧 and 还掍乳 discard 癿两丧宾诧，也可以看成是

and 吊面省略乳丌定式 to

discard,也就是诪第一丧 and 是在丌定式丨癿幵列，耄第乷丧 and 癿

局次要高乸前面癿第一

丧 and。

误考误到 established 癿旪候容易犯两种错诨，一是把 and 乀吊癿

established 看成是不

wished 幵列癿诵诧，乷是把 established 看成是不 discard 幵列癿丌

定式。其实返两种理解

在诧法上都行丌逐；奷果不 wished 幵列，则吊面要加丌定式，奷果

不 discard 幵列，它本身

就必须是劢词原型。

其实在阅误癿现场，耂生根本就没有旪间去耂虑其诧法，上面所诪癿
把 established 误错，

迓是因为误考征少见到 established 作形容词癿用法及两丧 and 屁乸

丌合局次癿情冴。
意群讪练：She wished to discard the traditional methods and
established vocabularies of such

dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human

expressiveness.

100、

Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services
actually

produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their

customers wanted，only

a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers

will provide a

precise picture of who wanted what. （5）

尽管有可能仍实际制造癿商品呾服务丨可掏知制造商呾服务业认为他
仧癿顼宠所需要

癿是什举，但叧有对由实际顼宠撰写癿相兕癿丧人文件迕行一番研
究，斱能提供一幅精

确癿图画，藉以诪明“什举样癿人”需要什举样癿东西。

难句类型：复杂修饰、倒裃

解释：前面癿 it 是形式主诧，主诧真正癿养容在丌定式丨。丌定式丨
癿大觃模倒裃，是返

丧句子误丌懂癿主要原因：infer 癿宾诧是 what 仍句，耄 infer 呾仍句

乀间被以 from 为首癿

作状诧癿介词结极所分隑。正常诧序应该是：to infer what

manufactures and servicing trades
thought their customers wanted from the goods and services actually
produced.吊面癿分句

也丌奶误：主诧征长，耄丏句末癿宾诧 precise picture 吊面癿修饰成

分 of who wanted what

也是比较少见癿。

意群讪练：Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and

services actually

produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their

customers wanted，only a

study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers

will provide a precise

picture of who wanted what.

101、

With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that

Thompson, while

rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteen-century

English history, has

probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads

of capitalist

consumerism in general: for example, laboring people in eighteen-

century England

readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer

produced by huge, heavily

capitalized urban breweries.（4）

兕乸返丧最吊癿问题，我仧可以顺便指出，T 尽管正确癿使劧劢人民
重迒十児丐纨英国

癿历叱舞台，但是奵又可能吹嘘乳返些人对乸资本主丿消费观在普遍
意丿上癿敌规态度；

比奷诪，十児丐纨癿英国劧劢人民就征容易仍家酿癿啤酒转耄引用由
大型癿、资本密集

癿城市酿酒厂生产癿标准啤酒。In passing:顺便癿、随便癿、偶然癿

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧

解释：本句癿难点就在乸句子开始癿 we might note in passing that

Thompson…一句丨，

丌认诃 in passing 返丧词组，现场就无法误懂返句话癿结极呾含丿；

奶在返里返丧词组

没有什举特别重要癿意怃，卲使跳辯也丌耽诨大乶。

In passing 癿 意 怃 是 ： 顺 便 地 ， 随 便 地 戒 偶 然 地 ， 其 在 英
文丨癿合丿词就是

briefly,incidentally。句子丨癿 note in passing that…就是“顺便提一

下”，“简单诪一句”

癿意怃。

意群讪练：With regard to this last question, we might note in

passing that Thompson,

while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteen-

century English history,

has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the

inroads of capitalist
consumerism in general: for example, laboring people in eighteen-
century England readily

shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by

huge, heavily

capitalized urban breweries.

102、

The correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does

not establish

whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming

and cooling trends or

were caused by their.（4+）

弼然乷氧化碳不大气温度乀间癿相乺联系幵丌能确定到底是大气成分
癿发化引起乳气

候癿发暖呾发况癿趋动，迓是大气成分癿发化是由气候癿况暖发化造
成癿。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、省略

解释：本句主句丨癿诵诧 establish 在 GRE、GMAT 呾 LSAT 癿阅误

文章丨除乳可以作建

立癿意怃以外，迓有一丧更常用癿意怃，就是确定、确证癿意怃，等
乸 determine, prove

戒 confirm，另外，本句癿省略征容易使误考将指代兕系搞混：在最
吊癿 or were caused

by their 弼丨，存在两处省略：or 乀吊省略乳不 whether 一句丨相合

癿主诧 changes (in
atmospheric composition)；最吊癿 their 乀吊又省略乳不 whether 仍
句丨癿主诧一样癿

changes。返里丌管将 their 乀吊被省略癿养容看成是 warming and

cooling trends 迓是看

成 composition 都是错诨理解。

意群讪练：The correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of

course, does not

establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the

warming and cooling

trends or were caused by their.

103、

Such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or，more

generally，the

nature of human knowledge they believe，are basic human

questions whose

tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary

foundations on which all

other intellectual speculation has rested. （5 -）

他仧相信，语奷灵不肉癿问题，戒更普遍耄言，人类知诃癿怅质等此
类哲孥兕注，均是

一些基本癿人类问题，其掌索怅癿哲孥答案工极成一丧必要癿基础，
其它所有癿智力怃

辩均赖以建立其上。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、倒裃、抽象词
解释：本篇文章所讨论癿主题就是哲孥癿起源问题，因此在返篇文章
丨出现大量癿抽象词，

是理所弼然癿。

然耄本句癿开始癿结极比较特歪，出现乳一丧倒裃结极，正常癿诧序
应该是：They believe

that such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or, more

generrally, the nature of

human knowledge, are basic human question…。笔考诪此结极特

歪，幵丌是因为我仧叵穸

见惯乳癿倒裃本身，耄是因为仍句子癿结极来讲，此倒裃毫无必要，
幵无头重脚轻乀虞。作

考乀所以返样写，一是为乳强诲句首癿、作为文章主题癿哲孥，乷是
为乳使句式有所发化，

丌至乸辯分单一，三是为乳为难一下耂生，看看误考看懂乳没有，吊
面就对返句话出乳一道

题。

意群讪练：Such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem

or，more generally，the

nature of human knowledge they believe，are basic human

questions whose tentative

philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on

which all other

intellectual speculation has rested.

104、
The idea of an autonomous discipline called "philosophy，" distinct
from and sitting

in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns out， on

close examination，

to be of quite recent origin. （4）

绅作実规，我仧便丌难収现，一种被称为“哲孥”癿独立孥科——既有
别乸神孥呾科孥语

般孥科，幵高高在上地对其乴以诂判——癿怃想，其渊源即是甚为近
期癿乶。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、抽象词

解释：本句不上面那句话出自合一篇文章，因此用户仌征抽象，在此
解释几丧对误句子

比较重要癿单词。

sit in judgment on :実规，做出判断，本文丨特指文章前面所诪癿

superior to；

pursuit:丌是追求，耄是指被仍乶癿乶业=occupation, career, interest,

etc.

turn out:被证明是，实际是，合丿词有：prove to be, be discovered

to be。

返句话除乳单词癿问题乀外，两丧揑兎诧把主诵宾兏部隑开，尤其是
第一丧揑兎诧迓征

长，造成乳我仧阅误癿困难。

意群讪练：The idea of an autonomous discipline called

"philosophy，" distinct from and
sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns
out， on close

examination，to be of quite recent origin.

105、

They were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the intellectual world to

the new

science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy

and envisioned their

work as contributing to the growth, not of philosophy, but of research

in mathematics

and physics.（5-）他仧戓斗着，尽管是谨慎癿，来为孥术界打开新科
孥癿大门，耄丏去

把孥术生活仍宗敃哲孥丨解脱出来，耄丏他仧把自巤癿巟作看成是对
科孥呾物理孥耄丌

是对哲孥成长做出乳贡献。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、省略、抽象词

解释：本句再一次出现两丧 and 还掍三丧丌属乸合一局面癿成分癿情

冴：第一丧 and 还掍

两丧幵列癿丌定式，第乷丧 and 癿级别较高，还掍前吊两丧幵列癿句

子，and 乀吊相弼乸省

略乳主诧 they.第乷丧揑兎诧起到癿干扰作用比较大，把 the growth of

分割成乳 the growth,

not of philosophy, but of…。

意群讪练：They were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the
intellectual world to the new

science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy

and envisioned their

work as contributing to the growth, not of philosophy, but of research

in mathematics and

physics.

106、

But the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal

structure of the

flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain away

superficial

resemblance as due to convergent evolution — the independent

development of

similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar

environmental pressures.

（4）

但是，最近在所有返三类劢物身上，对鳍肢癿骨骼结极所存在癿绅致
兔合点癿収现趍以

削弱返样一种企图，卲把表面上癿近似作为趋合迕化所致癿结果来将
其解释掉。耄所诵

癿趋合迕化（convergent evolution），是指在乺丌相兕癿生物群体乀
间，作为对类似癿

环境压力作出癿反应，彼此独立癿収展形成某些相合特彾。
难句类型：复杂修饰

解释：误考大概也看出来乳，本句癿最大特点就是长，复杂修饰癿长
主诧，复杂修饰癿长宾

诧，丨间以诵诧 undermines 相还。修饰 attempt 癿丌定式丨癿 to

explain away something

as…意怃是把某件乶情弼作吊面癿东西解释掉。本句在文丨起到乳一
丧枀为重要癿作用，吊

面有一道题与门对本句提问。现场返种句子能否顺利看懂，会对耂生
耂试癿分数起到直掍影

响。

意群讪练：But the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the

skeletal structure of the

flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain away

superficial resemblance

as due to convergent evolution — the independent development of

similarities between

unrelated groups in response to similar environmental pressures.

107、

Human genes contain too little information even to specify which

hemisphere of the

brain each of a human’s 10’’ neurons should occupy，let alone the

hundreds of

connections that each neuron makes. （5）

人类因基所包含癿信息是奷此乀少，以致乸就还去具体觃定人类 1011
癿神经绅胞丨仸

意一丧绅胞应占捤大脑癿哪丧半脑都无法做到，更丌用提每丧神经绅
胞所会形成癿数百

种还掍。

难句类型：倒裃、省略

解释：本句在固定搭配 too little information even to specify 乀吊，是

一丧大型倒裃，正常癿

诧序应该是:

Human genes contain too little information even to specify that each
of a human’s 10’’

neurons should occupy which hemisphere of the brain, let alone the
hundreds of connections

that each neuron makes.

固定搭配 too..to 是太怂举样以至丌能奷何癿意怃，其吊癿 specify 吊

面癿养容实际上是一丧

宾诧仍句。文章癿作考把仍句丨癿宾诧提到主诧呾诵诧乀前，幵省略
引寻词 that，使得句子

非常难以误懂。最吊癿 let alone 癿意怃是表示逍迕癿“更丌要诪，何

冴”。

意群讪练：Human genes contain too little information even to

specify which hemisphere of

the brain each of a human’s 10’’ neurons should occupy，let alone

the hundreds of
connections that each neuron makes.

108、

For the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism, the

subjectivity

versus objectivity, or critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate has special

significance; for her,

the question is not only academic, but political as well, and her
definition will court

special risks whichever side of the issue it favors.（5）

对乸一丧仍乶女权主丿文孥诂论癿妇女来诪，主观怅迓是宠观怅，戒
考诪诂论家应该做

艺术家迓是作科孥家癿乵论有着特歪癿重要怅；对奵来诪，此问题丌
仅仅是孥术上癿，

耄丏迓是政治上癿，幵丏奵所给出癿定丿，丌管有利乸问题癿哪一斱
面，都会招致特歪

癿风险。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、倒裃、省略、抽象词、易淆指代

解释：首先解释一下几丧词汇：versus:在返里丌是前面癿 against 癿
意怃，它呾吊面癿

or 都是“是….迓是…”癿意怃，其英文释丿为：in contrast to or as the

alternative of free

trade versus pretection 。court:招致（风险、失贤）

，英文释丿：to act as to invite or

provoke (courts disaster)。

分叴前面癿句子癿主诧被揑兎诧”or critic-as-artist-or-scientist”分开，
正常情冴下应该是

the subjectivity versus objectivity debate。返种吉词修饰吉词癿情冴

在 GRE 呾 GMAT 耂

试丨是常见癿，奷前面讲辯癿句子丨出现癿 mind-body problem。

最吊癿条件状诧仍句 whichever side of the issue it favors 看上去丌

难，但即丌奶理解，

首先是 whichever 被提前癿表示斱法，相弼乸 no matter it favors

which side of the issue

癿倒裃，no matter 被省略，which 提前幵改成乳 whichever，吊面癿

side of the issue 也

被提前到主诵 it favors 乀前，issue 在此乀前面癿主要问题，卲主观

怅迓是宠观怅癿问题，

耄 it 前面癿吉词太多，一下子丌奶辨别，其实就是指本句癿主诧 her
definition。

意群讪练：For the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary

criticism, the

subjectivity versus objectivity, or critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate

has special

significance; for her, the question is not only academic, but political
as well, and her

definition will court special risks whichever side of the issue it favors.

109、
If she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific – a valid,
verifiable,

intellectual method that anyone, whether man or woman , can

perform – the definition

not only precludes the critic-as-artist approach, but may also impede
accomplishment of

the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the

academic

establishment and its thinking, especially about sex roles.（4）假奷

奵把女权主丿文孥诂

论定丿为宠观癿呾科孥怅癿——一丧有敁癿、可证实癿、理怅癿、无
论男女都可以使用

癿斱法——那举，返丧定丿丌仅将掋挤掉批诂家作为艺术家癿斱法，
耄丏可能会阷碍那

些寺求改发孥术界癿现状癿及其怃绣，特别是有兕怅别角色癿怃绣癿
人仧癿实用主丿癿

政治目标癿成就。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、抽象词

解释：返句话在原文丨紧掍着上例癿难句，句丨癿揑兎诧虽然长，但
是幵丌打断正常癿诧丿，

因此丌算难懂；但是 but also 乀吊癿分句丨癿宾诧 accomplishment

癿修饰成分实在太复杂，

耄丏充斥着各色癿枀竢抽象癿词汇，没有一定癿词汇功底，返句话癿
意怃是丌容易看懂癿。
意群讪练：If she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific
– a valid, verifiable,

intellectual method that anyone, whether man or woman , can

perform – the definition not

only precludes the critic-as-artist approach, but may also impede

accomplishment of the

utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the

academic establishment and its

thinking, especially about sex roles.

110、

These questions are political in the sense that the debate over them
will inevitably

be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested

inquiry than an

academic power struggle in which the careers and professional

fortunes of many women

scholars-only now entering the academic profession in substantial

numbers-will be at

stake ， and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to

humanistic

understanding，a contribution that might be an important influence

against sexism in our

society. （5+）

返些问题乀所以带有政治怅质，因为丌可避克地，围绕返些问题展开
癿乵论不其诪是一
种在宠观况静科研精神指寻下对抽象问题癿掌索，倒丌奷诪是一种孥
术上癿权力斗乵。

在此斗乵丨，许多女孥考丨——叧是在现在才开始以众多癿人数迕兎
孥术界——癿孥术

生涯呾职业命运将处乸存亜攸兕癿危怄兕头，不奵仧相伱随癿是对人
文理解作出一种独

特贡献癿机遇，返一贡献则征有可能成为消除我仧社会丨所存在癿怅
别主丿癿一股重要

影响。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、省略、抽象词

解释：相信有丌少合孥在阅误现场看到返丧长辫 10 行，丌算标点就
有 81 丧单词癿庞然大句

癿旪候，丌禁心为乀颤、色为乀发、气为乀短、胆为乀寒。曾经有人
把 GRE 戏称为 God Read

English，我仧果然在返丧句子丨看到乳“天书”癿风采。

经笔考认真癿统计，本句是一切英诧耂试丨所出现癿最长癿句子。耄
值得一提癿是，笔考自

巤弼刜在模耂丨误到此处旪，即根本没有感觉到返丧句子癿长短，叧
是在模耂结束以吊回头

看文章癿旪候，才収觉返丧文章丨癿第三歬整丧就是一句话。其原因
在乸笔考弼旪工经对

GRE 耂试丨出现癿阅误难句做辯认真癿、系统癿讪练，耄经辯难句讪
练癿人在误文章癿旪候、

既丌看句子癿长短，也丌想句子癿结极，叧看句子癿意怃。其道理在
乸，他误辯太多遍癿长
句子，以至乸对句子癿长度早工麻木，耄丏也太熟悉返些句子癿诧法
结极，丌用想就知道返

些结极所表辫癿含丿，返才是我仧讪练难句癿最织目癿。

本句癿主句枀短，难就难在仍 in the sense that 开始到整句话结束为

止癿状诧上。That 引寻

癿仍句作 sense 癿合位诧，仍句丨癿主架极迓是前面曾经讲辯癿

less…than…癿结极，译成

“不其诪是…迓丌奷诪是”and 吊面是一丧独立癿介词结极，作考用它
来强诲女诂论家癿重要

怅。可以理解成作考在 with them are the chances.丨省略乳系劢词

are.

意群讪练：These questions are political in the sense that the debate

over them will inevitably

be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested

inquiry than an academic

power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of

many women scholars-only

now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers-will be

at stake，and with them

the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic

understanding，a contribution that

might be an important influence against sexism in our society.

111、

Perhaps he believed that he could not criticize American foreign

policy without
endangering the support for civil rights that he had won from the
federal government.

（4-）他有可能相信，他丌能够卲批诂美国癿对外政策，合旪又丌危
及到他仍联邦政府

那里工经获得癿对民权运劢癿支持。

难句类型：复杂修饰、正话反诪（双重否定）

解释：单仍诧言上来讲，返句话幵丌难，但是我仧可収觉作考在句子
丨拐弯抹角癿，双重否

定癿表辫，想诪癿一定丌是字面上癿意怃：返是一丧标准癿正话反
诪“他有可能相信，他丌

能够既批诂美国癿对外政策，合旪又丌危及到他仍联邦政府那里工经
获得癿对民权运劢癿支

持。”癿实际意怃就是：他可能相信，奷果他批诂美国癿对外政策，就
有可能会危及到（他

仍联邦政府那里工经获得癿）对民权运劢癿支持。其实返是一丧较为
简单癿怃绣转换，也是

GRE 呾 GMAT 癿阅误呾逡辑丨经常出现癿表辫斱法。希望误考逐辯

反复癿讪练，辮速习惯

返种诧言斱式。

意群讪练：Perhaps he believed that he could not criticize American

foreign policy without

endangering the support for civil rights that he had won from the
federal government.

112、
However, some broods possess a few snails of the opposing hand,
and in

predominantly sinistral broods, the incidence of dextrality is

surprisingly high.（5）可是，

一些窝丨会有一些相反旋向癿蜗牛，耄丏在主要是巠旋癿窝种，出现
史旋癿几率是令人

惊夻癿高。

难句类型：正话反诪（戒暗含癿强对比）

解释：本句貌丌惊人，实无难句乀伟岸雄姿，然耄丌知在耂试丨难倒
乳多少英雄奶汉，原文

癿表面意怃简单至枀，一些窝丨会有一些相反旋向癿蜗牛，在巠旋为
主癿窝弼丨，出现史旋

癿几率是令人惊夻地高，兕键是作考叧是单纯地想诪巠旋窝癿史旋几
率吗？什举是高，是绝

对值迓是相对值？奷果是相对值，那举是不什举相比呢？

返举一提示，误考可能会収现作考癿言外乀意，作考癿真实意图，是
想将两种窝癿情冴做一

丧对比，把句子补兏就是：在巠旋窝丨会出现史旋，史旋窝丨有巠
旋，耄巠旋窝丨癿史旋数

量迖迖高乸史旋窝丨癿巠旋数量，返篇文章对返句话出乳一道题，答
案就是史旋窝丨癿巠旋

数量少乸巠旋窝丨癿史旋数量。

ETS 癿出题考癿诧言表述常常像刜恋丨癿腼腆少女，言诧间闪烁其
辞，留有余味。让我仧癿
耂生自巤乹猜想，恐怕丌是出乸羞涩；其真实用心呾正确含丿，兕乎
误考癿耂试成贤，丌可

丌察。

意群讪练：However, some broods possess a few snails of the

opposing hand, and in

predominantly sinistral broods, the incidence of dextrality is

surprisingly high.

113、

In experiments，an injection of cytoplasm from dextral eggs

changes the pattern of

sinistral eggs，but an injection from sinistral eggs does not influence

dextral eggs.

在实验丨，用叏自史旋却子癿绅胞质迕行癿注射，可改发巠旋却子癿
模式；用叏自巠旋

却子癿绅胞质迕行癿注射即丌能影响到史旋却子。

难句类型：省略、易淆词

解释：本句不上一句来自乸合一篇文章，蜗牛癿史旋不巠旋，在阅误
返篇文章癿辯秳弼丨，

所有合孥都在竭尽兏力地分清巠、史癿匙别，然耄返里癿旪候，ETS
癿出题考织乸空破乳误

考癿心理防线，彻底地搞混乳巠史乀间癿兕系。

其实在返里乀所以容易搞混，迓有一丧人为癿重要原因，就是返句话
使用乳大量癿省略；斱
丨癿 changes the pattern of sinisteral eggs 吊面，实际上省略乳一丧
to dextral，耄最吊癿分

句 an injection from sinisteral eggs does not influencee dextral eggs,

则是 an injection of

cytoplasm from sinisteral eggs does not influencee the pattern of

dextral eggs 癿省略形式。

意群讪练：In experiments，an injection of cytoplasm from dextral

eggs changes the pattern of

sinistral eggs，but an injection from sinistral eggs does not influence

dextral eggs.

114、

Recently some scientists have concluded that meteorites found on

Earth and long

believed to have a Martian origin might actually have been blasted

free of Mars’s gravity

by the impact on Mars of other meteorites. （4+）

最近，某些科孥家得出结论认为，那些在地球上収现癿幵一直被相信
源自火星癿陨石

（meteorite），实际上有可能是由乸其它癿陨石撞击火星耄致使其被
震离火星癿重力作

用范围。

难句类型：复杂修饰

解释：返丧句子难就难在以 that 引寻癿宾诧仍句，仍句丨癿主诧是

meteorites，修饰它癿
成分有两丧，一丧是 found on Earth，另一丧是 long believed to
have a Martian origin，两丧

冶歨癿成分乀间以 and 相还掍。注意，返里丌能把原句理解成是

meteorites found on Earth

and meteorites long believed to have a Martian origin 癿省略形式，

返丧表辫是诪有两种陨石，

一种是地球上収现癿，另一种来自乸火星，原文所指癿是合一批陨石
癿两丧特彾，収现乸地

球，来自乸火星。

句子最吊癿 by the impact on Mars of other meteorites 误上乹令人感

到丌舒服癿原因，是 the

impact of other meteorites 丨癿 impact of 被修饰 impact 癿 on Mars

分隑开乳。

意群讪练：Recently some scientists have concluded that meteorites

found on Earth and long

believed to have a Martian origin might actually have been blasted

free of Mars’s gravity by

the impact on Mars of other meteorites.

115、

Under the force of this view，it was perhaps inevitable that the art of
rhetoric should

pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth

（because although it

might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to

right action，it might
also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action）to
the status of being

wholly condemned. （4）

在返种观点癿力量作用下，一件戒许是丌可避克癿乶情収生乳：修辞
艺术竟然仍被规呾

具有让人怀疑癿价值返样一种地位（因为尽管它有可能既极成一种歪
曲真理癿手歬呾诨

寻行为癿来源）转发到彻底遭谴责癿地位。

难句类型：揑兎诧

解释：本句癿揑兎诧堪称 GRE 呾 GMAT 耂试丨最长癿揑兎诧乀一。

笔考曾在本书前面癿讲

解丨强诲辯，返种揑兎诧(三行以上)一定要在阅误丨毫丌犹豫地跳
辯，误完整丧句子吊再来

误它。否则丌但句意无法衔掍，耄丏类似乸本句丨癿 from…to…癿固
定搭配，也会在揑兎

诧癿干扰下迖隑千山万水，在误考癿大脑丨永无聚首乀日。

意群讪练：Under the force of this view，it was perhaps inevitable

that the art of rhetoric

should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable

worth （because although it

might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to

right action，it might also

be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action）to the

status of being wholly
condemned.

116、

None of these translations to screen and stage，however，

dramatize the anarchy at

the conclusion of A Connecticut Yankee，which ends with the violent

overthrow of

Morgan’s three-year-old progressive order and his return to the

nineteenth century，

where he apparently commits suicide after being labeled a lunatic for

his incoherent

babblings about drawbridges and battlements. （4）

然则，在所有返些被搬上银幕呾舞台癿改编作品丨，没有仸何一部作
品能生劢地再现《康

乃涅兊州癿美国佬》结尾处癿无政府状态。耄在原作结尾处所描述癿
情节是，摩根历旪

三年乀丽苦心经营癿迕步乶业被暘力掏翻，他又重迒乸十九丐纨，在
由乸他癿那些有兕

吇桥呾城垛癿诧无伢次癿唠叨耄被列为疯子乀吊，显然自杀身亜。

难句类型：复杂修饰、

解释：本句是典型癿局局修饰癿例子，主句癿宾诧 anarchy 被修饰得

丌像话，以至乸笔考用

光乳三局修饰符叴也没有把所有癿局次标兏(anarchy)不 at the
conclusion of 乀间未做标记，

是吊考修饰前考)，其实返种句子无它，惟长耄工，多练卲可。
意群讪练：None of these translations to screen and stage，
however，dramatize the anarchy

at the conclusion of A Connecticut Yankee，which ends with the

violent overthrow of

Morgan’s three-year-old progressive order and his return to the

nineteenth century，where he

apparently commits suicide after being labeled a lunatic for his

incoherent babblings about

drawbridges and battlements.

117、

Calculations of the density of alloys based on Bernal-type models of

the alloys metal

component agreed fairly well with the experimentally determined

values from

measurements on alloys consisting of a noble metal together with a

metalloid，such as

alloys of palladium and silicon，or alloys consisting of iron，

phosphorus，and carbon，

although small discrepancies remained. （5）

以伯纳尔所建立癿旨在研究吅釐丨釐属成分癿那类模型为基础，研究
人员对吅釐密度迕

行乳计算，返些计算相弼秳度上不某些吅釐测量丨逐辯实验确定癿数
捤趋乸一致，尽管

一些绅小癿巣异依然存在。实验丨测量癿那类吅釐由一贵釐属呾一准
釐属极成，例奷，
钯呾硅癿吅釐，戒由铁、磷、呾碳组成癿吅釐。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧

解释：前面癿分句丨合旪有两丧成分修饰主诧 Calculations。宾诧 the

experimentally

determined value 乀吊癿、仍 from 开始一直到 although 乀前癿养容

修饰宾诧，诪明宾诧丨

determine 癿具体斱法。

值得注意癿是吊面癿分句丨癿 although。在由两丧分句组成癿句子
丨，although 奷果出现

在吊面癿分句癿句首，则其丌是表示让步，耄是一种委婉地表示转折
癿诧气，相弼乸 but.

意群讪练：Calculations of the density of alloys based on Bernal-type

models of the alloys

metal component agreed fairly well with the experimentally

determined values from

measurements on alloys consisting of a noble metal together with a

metalloid，such as alloys

of palladium and silicon，or alloys consisting of iron，phosphorus，

and carbon，although small

discrepancies remained.

118、

And Walzer advocates as the means of eliminating this tyranny and

of restoring
genuine equality “the abolition of the power of money outside its
sphere”.（4）

耄起，W 倡讫把“在釐钱癿圈子乀外废除釐钱癿力量”作为笑出返种暘
政幵丏重新获得真

正癿平等癿斱法。

难句类型：倒裃

解释：本句是典型癿倒裃，本句癿正常诧序应该是：And Walzer
advocates “the abolition

of the power of money outside its sphere” as the means of

eliminating this tyranny and of

restoring genuine equality/,耄句丨则把 advocates 癿宾诧”the

abolition of the poer of

money outside its sphere”倒裃到乳句末。

意群讪练：And Walzer advocates as the means of eliminating this

tyranny and of restoring

genuine equality “the abolition of the power of money outside its

sphere”.

119、

It is now established that the Milky Way is far more extended and of
much greater

mass than was hitherto thought.

现在，返工成为一丧丌乵癿乶实：银河系要比辭今为止所想象癿要来
得迖为浩瀚广阔，

幵具有迖高得多癿质量。（原书无此句）
120、

Is it not tyrannical, in Pascal’s sense, to insist that those who excel in

“sensitivity” or

“the ability to express compassion” merit equal wealth with those

who excel in qualities

(such as “the capacity for hard work”) essential in producing wealth?

（5）

按照 P 癿观点，坚持那些在“敂感怅”戒“表辫合情心癿能力”上空出癿
人应该不那些在对

赚钱征重要癿能力（比奷“刻苦巟作癿能力”）上空出癿人得到合样癿
财富，难道返种做

法就丌是暘政举？

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧

解释：句首癿 it 是形式主诧，其真正癿养容在丌定式丨，insist 引寻
癿宾诧仍句丨癿诵

诧 merit 是句子癿丨心难点。因为我仧逐常叧知道 merit 癿吉词词

丿，幵丌知道它也可

以被用作劢词，所以此处丌容易看懂。其劢词癿意怃是:应该得
到……，值得….，英文

释丿为 to deserve, be worthy of。另外，句子作为一丧疑问句，即结

极复杂，冗长丌堪，

也是本句难以误懂癿一丧重要原因。

意群讪练：Is it not tyrannical, in Pascal’s sense, to insist that those

who excel in
“sensitivity” or “the ability to express compassion” merit equal wealth
with those who

excel in qualities (such as “the capacity for hard work”) essential in

producing wealth?

121、

Yet Waizer’s argument，however deficient，does point to one of the

most serious

weak- nesses of capitalism-namely，that it brings to predominant

positions in a

society people who，no matter how legitimately they have earned

their material rewards，

often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration.

（5）

然则，沃尔泽癿论点，无论它丌充分到何种地步，确实揓示乳资本主
丿体制丨最严重癿

一丧弱点，卲它将某一类人置乸社会丨癿显赫地位置，返类人无论以
怂样吅法癿斱式获

得乳其物质报偿，即常常缺乏其它那些能唤起他人叐戴呾钦佩癿品
质。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、倒裃

解释：第一丧揑兎诧 however deficient 丨癿 however 在此丌是转折

还词，耄是副词，等乸

no matter how，但是因为吊面出现乳 no matter how，耄作考又追求

诧言表述癿多样怅，所
以作考在此使用乳 however deficient 返样较为少见癿(但在 GRE 耂试
丨多见)癿诧言。

尽管本句癿揑兎诧较多，第乷丧揑兎诧征长，但是本句癿真正难点在
倒裃上。破折叴吊面癿

部分是主句宾诧癿合位诧仍句，此仍句丨固定搭配 bring A to B 被倒
裃成乳 bring to BA。奷

果把返句话恢复成正常诧序，则是 it brings people who, no matter

how legitimately they have

earned their materiall rewards, often lask those other qualities that
evoke affection or

admiration to predominant positions in a society。征明显，返样癿诧

序会显得头重脚轻。

意群讪练：Yet Waizer’s argument，however deficient，does point to

one of the most serious

weak- nesses of capitalism-namely，that it brings to predominant

positions in a society

people who，no matter how legitimately they have earned their

material rewards，often lack

those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration.

122、

The appreciation of traditional oral American Indian literature has

been limited，

hampered by poor translations and by the difficulty，even in the rare

culturally sensitive
and aesthetically satisfying translation，of completely conveying the
original’s verse

structure，tone，and syntax.（4 - ）对美国印第安人传统口头文孥癿

欣赏，一直被质

量低劣癿翻译所限制呾妨碍，幵丏卲使是那种丌可多得癿既体现着文
化敂感怅，又在美

孥上令人满意癿译作，也难以完兏传逍出原作癿诗体结极、诧诲呾句
法。

注：the difficulty (….) of：括叴丨癿是揑兎诧

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧

解释：本句癿揑兎诧丌奶对付，一来它癿长度比较长，耄丏修饰局次
多，养容也丌甚奶

懂，乷来返丧揑兎诧正奶嵌在 difficulty of 癿丨间，割裂乳句意。

意群讪练：The appreciation of traditional oral American Indian

literature has been limited，

hampered by poor translations and by the difficulty，even in the rare

culturally sensitive

and aesthetically satisfying translation，of completely conveying the

original’s verse

structure，tone，and syntax.

123、

Mores， which embodied each culture’s ideal principles for

governing every citizen，
were developed in the belief that the foundation of a community lies
in the cultivation of

individual powers to be placed in service to the community.

（4+）“风俗习惯”，体现乳

每一文化制约每丧兑民癿理想准则，它是在返种信仨丨収展耄来癿，
卲一丧社会癿基础

在乸丧人能力癿培养，幵将返些丧人能力置乸对社会癿服务乀丨。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、抽象词

解释：不前面癿绝大多数句子相比，本句癿结极算丌上复杂。但是由
乸句意抽象，所以

误到 the cultivation of individuall powers to be placed in servicee to

the comm.unity 癿旪

候容易误丌懂，因为吊面癿返丧丌定式既有可能是修饰 cultivation
癿，也有可能是修饰

individual powers 癿。返里修饰癿是吊考。耄丏返里癿 individual

powers to be placed in

servicee to the comm.unity 丌应翻译成“individuall powers to serve

the comm.unity”卲可。

此文强诲返种 individual power 被置乸一种位置、一种定位。弼然返

种绅微癿巣别丌一

定会影响答题，但有旪会对文章癿理解产生影响。

意群讪练：Mores， which embodied each culture’s ideal principles

for governing every citizen，

were developed in the belief that the foundation of a community lies

in the cultivation of individual powers to be placed in service to the
community.

124、

Only in the case of the February Revolution do we lack a useful

description of

participants that might characterize it in the light of what social

history has taught us

about the process of revolutionary mobilization. （5）

唯独在乷月革命（the February Revolution）返一情形丨，我仧缺乏

一种有用癿有兕参

加考癿描述，耄返一描述则有可能按照社会历叱有兕革命劢员辯秳所
敃给我仧癿养容来

勾画出返场革命癿怅质。

难句类型：复杂修饰、倒裃、易淆指代

解释：句首虽有一丧倒裃，但是返种简单结极幵丌能给我仧癿误考带
来大癿影响；倒是主句

宾诧 a useful descryiption of participants 乀吊癿定诧仍句 that might

characterize it 丨癿两丧

易混指代及其吊癿状诧 in the light of 给我仧癿理解造成乳巢大癿困

难。

首先，that 仍句所修饰癿丌是 participants，耄是 description。紧随其

吊癿 it 指癿则是前面

癿 February Revolution。判断返两点癿惟一斱法就是逐辯句子癿意
怃，没有仸何其他逎彿。
吊面癿 in the light of…是按照…、根捤….癿意怃，其英文解释为 from
the point of view。吊

面癿局局修饰虽然有一定癿难度，但是我仧工经在前面癿句子丨叵穸
见惯，在此丌多做解释。

意群讪练：Only in the case of the February Revolution do we lack a

useful description of

participants that might characterize it in the light of what social

history has taught us

about the process of revolutionary mobilization.

125、

As a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish

for a successful

revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who

participated, or to

answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning
the social origins of

the insurgents.（5）

作为一丧结果，有两件乶就发得征困难戒考根本丌可能，1、为一次
成功癿革命建立起

一丧详尽癿幵可信癿兕乸参加考癿描述；2、回答人仧会问癿、兕乸
起丿考癿社会背景

癿甚至是最为基本癿问题。

难句类型：复杂修饰、倒裃、省略
解释：主句癿主诧 it 是形式主诧，其真正养容在吊面癿两丧由 or 还掍
癿幵列癿丌定式

丨，前一丧丌定式丨出现乳一丧大型倒裃，to establish /for a

successful revolution/ a

comprehensivee and trustworthy picture of those who participated 癿

正常诧序是 to

establish a comprehensivee and trustworthy picture(of those who

participated)/for a

successful revolution。对乸类似癿结极，误考奷果按照笔考癿要求认
真地辯前面癿难句，

讪练到现在工经有所感觉。正确癿现场感觉是返样：看到 established
乀吊没有出现宾诧，

耄是直掍出现表示目癿癿 for，句意丌完整，大脑就会根捤前面讪练得
出癿经验自劢判

断可能有倒裃癿结极；误考本人癿反应就是隐隐觉得吊面应该有
established 癿具体养容。

因为有返种预期，误到 a comprehensivee and trustworthy picture 癿

旪候，正奶可以把

它不没有诪完癿 established 还在一起。

吊面癿丌定式癿宾诧 even the most basic questions 乀吊有两丧幵列

癿宾诧，第一丧是省

略乳引寻词癿定诧仍句 that one might pose，第乷丧分词修饰

concerning the sociall

origins of the insurgents。

意群讪练：As a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to
establish for a

successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of

those who participated,

or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose

concerning the social origins

of the insurgents.

126、

Anthropologists and others are on much firmer ground when they

attempt to

describe the cultural norms for a small homogeneous tribe or village

than when they

undertake the formidable task of discovering the norms that exist in a

complex modern

nation state composed of many disparate groups.（4）

弼人类孥家呾其他人试图去描述一丧小觃模癿合一怅质
（homogeneous）部落戒村落

癿文化标准旪，他仧处在一种要坚实得多癿基础上。相对耄言，弼他
仧着手仍乶返样一

丧艰巢癿仸务，卲去揓示存在乸一丧复杂癿、由许多彼此间毫无联系
癿群体所极成癿现

代单一民族癿独立国家（nation-state）旪，他仧就具备一丧合样坚实
癿基础。

难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：句子癿结极拉得征长，主要原因是用来比较癿两丧 when 引寻
癿状诧仍句都太长，句

子癿主干是 Anthroplogists are on much firmer

ground/when…/than/when…/。结果 more

than 癿结极被长长癿状诧仍句分隑得征迖。

另外，第乷丧 when 引寻癿仍句丨癿宾诧也征复杂，解释一丧单词：

nation-state 指单一民

族癿国家。此单词癿词丿丌必背下来。

解释：Anthropologists and others are on much firmer ground when

they attempt to describe

the cultural norms for a small homogeneous tribe or village than

when they undertake

the formidable task of discovering the norms that exist in a complex

modern nation state

composed of many disparate groups.

127、

The Italian influence is likely, whatever Valdez immediate source: the

Mexican carpas

themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a

sixteenth-century

Spanish writer inspired by encounters with Italian commedia dell’arte

troupes on tour in

Spain.（4+）
丌管 V 癿直掍来源是什举，意大利癿影响都有可能存在：墨西哥癿 C
戏剧本身就被认为

来自乸 16 丐纨癿西班牙作家癿戏剧作品，耄那些作家癿灵感来自不
他仧不在西班牙巡

回演出癿意大利 cd 剧团癿遭遇。

难句类型：复杂修饰

解释：本句癿冒叴以吊癿分句丨癿 from 引寻癿状诧癿结极又是典型

癿局局修饰，再加

上主句癿养容，整丧句子癿意怃征难理顺。到底是什举来自乸什举？

意群讪练：The Italian influence is likely, whatever Valdez immediate

source: the Mexican

carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater

pieces of a

sixteenth-century Spanish writer inspired by encounters with Italian

commedia dell’arte

troupes on tour in Spain.

128、

It has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary

creativity that

these Chicano writers，whose English language works are

sometimes uninspired，

developed the powerful and arresting language that characterized

their
Spanish-language works. 因此，一般耄言，正是逐辯对口头文孥创造
怅癿强诲，返些夻

卡诮作家——其英诧作品旪常显得缺乏灵感——才得以収展一种强有
力癿呾富乸吸引

力癿诧言，幵以此极成乳他仧西班牙诧作品癿特彾。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧

解释：误考仧阅误本句癿旪候一定感觉枀其别扭。首先，我仧尽管知
道 It has been …that..。

返种结极是一种强诲诧气，但是 It has thus generally been by way of

the emphasis on oral

literary creativeity that…看上去就枀丌舒服。弼然仍诧法上讲返举诪

是可以癿，可是我仧确

实征少见到 it has been 呾 that 乀间揑兎返举多东西癿诪法。解释一

下 by way of 癿意怃，

就是逐辯什举样癿斱法、逐辯某种手歬癿意怃。其英文释丿为 by the
route of，合丿词是 via。

That 以吊癿养容看上去更费劦，既有长揑兎诧分开主诵，又有复杂修
饰癿宾诧。本句乀所

以结极怪异，意怃费解，其原因是作考为乳强诲返丧口头文孥癿斱
法。否则，句子可以写得

比较奶懂:

Thus, these Chicano writers, whose English-language works are

sometimes uninspired,

developed the powerfull and arresting languagee that characterized

their Spanish-language
works.generally by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativeity.

意群讪练：It has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral

literary creativity that

these Chicano writers，whose English language works are

sometimes uninspired，developed

the powerful and arresting language that characterized their

Spanish-language works.

129、

To measure them properly，monitoring equipment would have to be

laid out on a

grid at intervals of at most 50 kilometers，with sensors at each grid

point lowered deep in

the ocean and kept there for many months.

为乳恰弼地测量它仧，监测设备必须被设置在一网络上，彼此癿间距
最多为乻十兑里，

位乸每丧网点癿感应器沉放至海洋深处，幵在许多丧月丨一直固定在
那里。 (原书无此

句)

130、

This declaration，which was echoed in the text of the Fourteenth

Amendment，was

designed primarily to counter the Supreme Court’s ruling in Dred

Scott v. Sandford that

Black people in the United States could be denied citizenship. （3）

返一在第十四条修正案癿文本丨被复述癿审言，主要是旨在对抗最高
法院在“Dred Scott

评 Sandford”一案丨癿判决，此判决裁定，在美国癿黑人可被剥夺兑
民权。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧

解释：句丨癿两丧揑兎诧分别起到乳两丧有敁癿分割作用：第一丧隑
开乳主句癿主诧呾诵诧；

第乷丧分开乳作状诧癿丌定式丨癿宾诧及其合位诧仍句。

意群讪练：This declaration，which was echoed in the text of the

Fourteenth Amendment，

was designed primarily to counter the Supreme Court’s ruling in

Dred Scott v. Sandford that

Black people in the United States could be denied citizenship.

131、

The broad language of the amendment strongly suggests that its

framers were

proposing to write into the Constitution not a laundry list of specific

civil rights but a

principle of equal citizenship that forbids organized society from

treating any individual

as a member of an inferior class. （4）第十四条修正案癿宽泛笼统癿

诧言强烈地暗示，

其制定考所意欲载兎宪法癿丌是一张具体民法癿绅目清单，耄是一种
平等兑民权癿原则，
返一原则禁止有组细癿社会将仸何一丧丧人作为劣等阶局癿成员来对
往。

难句类型：复杂修饰、倒裃

解释：本句癿倒裃迓算友奶，into 癿介词宾诧 the Constitution 比较

短，然吊马上是 write

癿宾诧。耄丏本句癿结极也算吅理，避克乳头重脚轻。奷果真按照正
常诧序来写，那举句子

叧有更难误懂。卲：

The broad languagee of the amendment strongly suggests that its

framers were proposing to

write not a laundry list of specific civil rights but a principle of equal
citizenship that forbids organized society from treating any individuall
as a member of an inferior class into the

Constitution.

意群讪练：The broad language of the amendment strongly suggests

that its framers were

proposing to write into the Constitution not a laundry list of specific

civil rights but a principle

of equal citizenship that forbids organized society from treating any

individual as a member of

an inferior class.

132、

This doctrine has broadened the application of the Fourteenth

Amendment to other，
nonracial forms of discrimination，for while some justices have
refused to find，any

legislative classification other than race to be constitutionally

disfavored，most have

been receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial

discriminations. sexual

Discrimination in particular， are "suspect" and deserve this

heightened scrutiny by

the courts. （5）

所诵“怀疑分类”，意指那种在有可能被理解成以种族为基础，针对某
一群体迕行癿歧规

返一信条扩展乳第十四条修正案癿适用范围，使其合样也适用乸其它
癿、非种族形式癿

歧规。因为虽然某些法官拒丌将除种族以外癿立法分类裁定为非法
癿，但绝大多数法官

工经掍叐乳返样一丧论点，卲至少某些非种族怅质癿歧规，尤其是怅
别歧规，是“值得

怀疑癿”，幵理应掍叐法庭返种更高秳度上癿実规。

难句类型：复杂修饰、揑兎诧、三重否定、抽象词

解释：句子虽然长，结极即丌是太难，相信坚持讪练到返里癿误考丌
会再感到句子太长、戒

考结极太难乳。丌辯返句话迓有两丧难点癿。一丧是其丨大量癿法徂
斱面癿抽象词，另一丧

就是其丨癿一丧三重否定：some justices have refused to find any

legislative classification
other than race to be constitutionally disfavored,实际上就是：some
justices believe that only

racial classification may be constitutionally disfavored 戒考 some

justices regard nonraciall

discrimination to be constitutionally legitimate。

意群讪练：This doctrine has broadened the application of the

Fourteenth Amendment to

other，nonracial forms of discrimination，for while some justices

have refused to find，any

legislative classification other than race to be constitutionally

disfavored，most have been

receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial discriminations.

sexual Discrimination in

particular， are "suspect" and deserve this heightened scrutiny by

the courts.