Difficulty

Level
CONTENTS
Velocity Diagram

Thermodynamic of Axial
Compressor

Stage Losses & Efficiency

5 Axial Flow
Compressor Stage Reaction

Stage Performance

Surge & Stall Phenomena

 Axial Flow
Compressor:
Introduction
 The Axial Compressor Stage: Introduction
Three Shaft Gas Turbine
Compressor System Engine

Fan Rotor
(Suck huge Inlet Guide Outer Casing
Shaft
amount of air) Vane Rotor
Stator
Rotor Drum

AIR FLOW
HP Turb. LP Turb.

LP Comp. HP Comp.

First Stage of The

LP Compressor

Inlet Guide Vanes: Stator in

front of a first stage
Directing the flow away from
the axial direction
(PROVIDE THE BEST ROTOR
ANGLE FOR THE FIRST Stator
Guide

STAGE)
Vanes

Rotor

Accelerate the flow rather

than decelerate (diffuse) the
flow Pressure

It’s function is similar as p

turbine nozzles:
Increase the Kinetic Energy Velocity
c
of the Flow STATOR
 Axial Flow
Compressor:
Velocity Diagram
 Velocity Diagram of The Axial Compressor Stage
Previous Inlet guide NORMAL STAGE
stator
blade row @ vanes row
(1st-Stage)
c1 Absolute velocities
(N-Stage) 1 and flow directions at
1 1  stage outlet are the
same as at stage inlet
w = Relative Velocity
AIR FLOW w1
DIRECTION c1 U = Blade Speed
cx1=wx1 c = Absolute Velocity  c 3= c 1
x = Axial
cy1
3= 1
y = Tangential
wy1
 = Absolute Angle 
 U
 = Relative Angle
c3
3
Rotor Blade
blade Rotation COMPRESSOR STAGE VELOCITY
row Direction DIAGRAM
2 2 2  1
2 1
c2
 w2
cx2=wx2
A
Compressor
wy2 Stage
cy2 w2 c2 c1
U
w1
Stator #Trigonometry
blade and Triangle U
row Laws need to be
Both The Relative Velocity (w) in the Rotor
 3
used to
determine the & The Absolute Velocity (c) in The Stator
are Diffused
cx3 unknown
c3 components of
velocity vector Rotor: w2< w1 Stator: c3< c2
 Axial Flow
Compressor:
Thermodynamics
 Thermodynamics of the Axial Compressor Stage
2  1
Previous
stator 2 1
blade row h-s Diagram: Compression Process

Rotor Blade
h 𝒑𝟎𝟐 𝒑𝟎𝟑
blade
row
Rotation
Direction w2 c2 c1
𝟎𝟐
 w1 𝟎𝟑
Stator
blade 𝒑𝟑 𝒄𝟑 𝟐
U cy1

row 𝟐
cy2 𝟎𝟑𝒔 𝟑
Work Done by the Rotor on the Fluid (Compression):
𝒑𝟎𝟏𝒓𝒆𝒍
𝒄𝟐 𝟐
𝜟𝑾 = 𝑾 𝒎 = 𝒉𝟎𝟐 − 𝒉𝟎𝟏 = 𝑼 𝒄𝒚𝟐 − 𝒄𝒚𝟏 [1] 𝟎𝟑𝒔𝒔 𝟑𝒔
𝟐
Across the Rotor: Relative stagnation enthalpy is constant 𝟑𝒔s 𝒑𝟎𝟐𝒓𝒆𝒍
𝒉𝟎𝟏𝒓𝒆𝒍 = 𝒉𝟎𝟐𝒓𝒆𝒍 [2]
𝟎𝟏𝒓𝒆𝒍 𝟎𝟐𝒓𝒆𝒍
𝟏 𝒑𝟐
𝒉𝟎𝒓𝒆𝒍 = 𝒉 + 𝒘𝟐 [3]
𝟐 𝒄𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝒘𝟏 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐s 𝒑𝟎𝟏
𝒉𝟏 + 𝒘𝟏 𝟐 = 𝒉𝟐 + 𝒘𝟐 𝟐 [4]
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟎𝟏 𝒘𝟐 𝟐
Across the Stator: Stagnation enthalpy is constant
𝒑𝟏 𝟐
𝒉𝟎𝟐 = 𝒉𝟎𝟑 [5] 𝟏
𝟏 s
𝒉𝟎 = 𝒉 + 𝒄𝟐 [6]
𝟐
s : isentropic
𝟏 𝟏
𝒉𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 𝟐 = 𝒉𝟑 + 𝒄𝟑 𝟐 [7] ss : stage isentropic
𝟐 𝟐
T5-1: Answer the question below:
1. What is the obvious difference in term of work
done equation for axial flow compressor
compare to the axial flow turbine?
2. What is the obvious difference in term of
velocity diagram for axial flow compressor
compare to the axial flow turbine?
3. What is the obvious difference in term of blade
row arrangement in a stage for axial flow
compressor compare to the axial flow turbine?
# Instruction:
1) You have to answer the questions by clicking the link provided in my blog.
2) Remember that you need to know the password, in order to open the link.
3) The password was given through out the video related to this topic. The Clue
is also given in the link.
 Axial Flow
Compressor:
Stage Losses &
Efficiency
 Stage Losses Relationship and Efficiency
Actual work performed by the rotor on unit mass of fluid: Previous
stator
blade row
𝜟𝑾 = 𝑾 𝒎 = 𝒉𝟎𝟐 − 𝒉𝟎𝟏 = 𝑼 𝒄𝒚𝟐 − 𝒄𝒚𝟏 [1]

Rotor Blade
At Stator: blade Rotation
𝒉𝟎𝟐 = 𝒉𝟎𝟑 [2] row Direction

Substitute [2] in [1]:


Stator
blade
𝜟𝑾 = 𝒉𝟎𝟑 − 𝒉𝟎𝟏 [3] 
row

The reversible @ minimum work required to attain the same final h h-s diagram 𝒑𝟎𝟐 𝒑𝟎𝟑
stagnation pressure as the actual process (p03=p03ss): h-s diagram 𝟎𝟑
𝟎𝟐
𝜟𝑾𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝒉𝟎𝟑𝒔𝒔 − 𝒉𝟎𝟏 𝒑𝟎𝟑 = 𝒑𝟎𝟑𝒔𝒔 𝒑𝟑 𝒄𝟑 𝟐
= (𝒉𝟎𝟑 −𝒉𝟎𝟏 ) − (𝒉𝟎𝟑𝒔 −𝒉𝟎𝟑𝒔𝒔 ) − (𝒉𝟎𝟑 −𝒉𝟎𝟑𝒔 ) [4] 𝟐
𝟎𝟑𝒔 𝟑

𝒑𝟎𝟏𝒓𝒆𝒍
Actual Stage Related with Related with 𝟎𝟑𝒔𝒔 𝟑𝒔 𝒄𝟐 𝟐
Work, W losses in ROTOR losses in STATOR 𝟐
𝟏
𝒉𝟎 = 𝒉 + 𝒄𝟐 𝟑𝒔s 𝒑𝟎𝟐𝒓𝒆𝒍
𝟐
Work Done Enthalpy and
Equation Bernoulli’s Equations ∆𝒉 = 𝑪𝒑 ∆𝑻 𝟎𝟏𝒓𝒆𝒍 𝟎𝟐𝒓𝒆𝒍
𝒑𝟐
𝟏
∆𝒑 + ∆𝒄𝟐 = 𝟎 𝒄𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
𝒘𝟏 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐s 𝒑𝟎𝟏 𝒘𝟐 𝟐
∆𝑾 ∆𝒑𝟎,𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 ∆𝒑𝟎,𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓
𝟐 𝟎𝟏 𝟐
TOTAL-TO-TOTAL EFFICIENCY: Divide [4] with [3] 𝒑𝟏
s : isentropic
𝜟𝑾𝒎𝒊𝒏 ∆𝒑𝟎,𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 + ∆𝒑𝟎,𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 ss : stage isentropic
𝜼𝒕𝒕 = ≈𝟏− [5] 𝟏
𝜟𝑾 𝝆 𝒉𝟎𝟑 − 𝒉𝟎𝟏 s
 Stage Losses Determination: p0,stator & p0,rotor
Compressor ESTIMATE LOSSES Total-to-Total Efficiency , tt
Cascade IN COMPRESSOR
Performance STAGE: ∆𝒑𝟎,𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 + ∆𝒑𝟎,𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓
𝝎 ⟹ ∆𝒑𝟎
𝜼𝒕𝒕 ≈ 𝟏 −
(Howell, 1942) 𝝆 𝒉𝟎𝟑 − 𝒉𝟎𝟏 𝑼 𝒄𝒚𝟐 − 𝒄𝒚𝟏

∆𝒑𝟎,𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 ∆𝒑𝟎,𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓
𝝎𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 = =
𝟏
𝝆𝒄 𝟐 𝟏
𝝆𝒄 𝟐
∆𝒑𝟎,𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓
𝟐 𝒊𝒏𝒍𝒆𝒕,𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝟐 𝟏

Blade Profile: s/l= 0.9, 1’ = 44.5, 2’ = -0.5 1 1

40 0.10
Flow Condition: Re = 3 x 105 w1 c1 cinlet, rotor
cx1=wx1

30 0.075  wy1 cy1

U
 ()

ROTOR
 2

Total Pressure Loss Coefficient

U 2
c2 cinlet, stator
Deflection

20 0.05 w2
cx2=wx2
 wy2
cy2
U
10 0.025
STATOR
3
cinlet  cx3
0 0 c3
-30 -20 istator -10 0 10 irotor 20
Incidence Angle i=1-1’ ()
∆𝒑𝟎,𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 ∆𝒑𝟎,𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓
Compressor Cascade Performance 𝝎𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 = =
(Howell, 1942) 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 ∆𝒑𝟎,𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓
𝝆𝒄
𝟐 𝒊𝒏𝒍𝒆𝒕,𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝝆𝒄 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
 Example 5.1
Figure 1 shows the general velocity diagrams Figure 1

at the rotor and stator inlets for a compressor

stage. The detail conditions of the compressor
rotor and stator inlets are stated in Table 1. The
compressor rotor rotates at blade speed 100
m/s and cause fluid flow through the Table 1
compressor rotor with constant axial velocity
at 50 m/s. The characteristics of the
compressor blades as shown in Figure 2 can be
∆𝑝0,𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 + ∆𝑝0,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
used to estimate the performance of the 𝜂𝑡𝑡 ≈ 1 − Equation 1
𝜌 ℎ03 − ℎ01
compressor. (Take air density,  =1.225
kg/m3). 40 Figure 2 0.10
(a) Draw the velocity diagram by using a
graphical approach. State all the vector
30 0.075
component values including the angles.

 ()


Total Pressure Loss Coefficient

(b) By referring to the compressor blade
Deflection
20 0.05
characteristics in Figure 2, determine the
total pressure loss (p0) in the rotor and
stator. 10 0.025

(c) If Equation 1 is use to determine efficiency

of the compressor, calculate the total-to- 0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20
0

total efficiency of the compressor.

Incidence Angle i=1-1’ ()
 Solution 5.1
(a) Velocity Diagrams and state all components (100 m/s:5”): Use your own scale

𝜶𝟏 ′ = 𝜶𝟏 = 𝜷𝟏 =
𝜶𝟐 ′ = 𝜶𝟐 = 𝜷𝟐 =

Constant axial velocity

2=55
 2=30 1=25
 1=57
cx2= wx2 cx1= wx1

w2=57.4 m/s c1=55.4 m/s cx =50m/s

w1=91.2 m/s
c2=86.7 m/s
30 25

U=100 m/s

wy1 cy1

Absolute velocity: wy2 cy2 X-components : Y-components :

𝑐1 = 55.4 𝑚/𝑠 𝑐𝑥1 = 50 𝑚/𝑠 𝑐𝑦1 = 23.4 𝑚/𝑠
𝑐2 = 86.7 𝑚/𝑠 𝑤𝑥1 = 50 𝑚/𝑠 𝑤𝑦1 = 76.5 𝑚/𝑠
Relative velocity:
𝑐𝑥2 = 50 𝑚/𝑠 𝑐𝑦2 = 71.0 𝑚/𝑠
𝑤1 = 91.2 𝑚/𝑠
𝑤𝑥2 = 50 𝑚/𝑠 𝑤𝑦2 = 28.7 𝑚/𝑠
𝑤2 = 57.4 𝑚/𝑠
 Solution 5.1
(b) Total pressure loss in rotor and stator: 40
FIGURE 2 0.10

Data given for rotor: 𝛼1 ′ = 45° 𝛼1 = 25°

Incidence angle for rotor:
30 0.075
′
𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝛼1 − 𝛼 1 = 25° − 45° = −20°

 ()


Total Pressure Loss Coefficient

𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = −20°

Deflection
From Figure 2: 20 0.05
Δ𝑝0,𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟
⟹ 𝜔𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.027 = [1]
1 2
𝜌𝑐 0.027
2 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡,𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 10 0.025
0.024
From Velocity Diagram: 𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡,𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑐1 = 55.4 𝑚/𝑠

Total pressure loss in rotor (Rearrange [1]): 0 0

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20
1 1
irotor irotor
Δ𝑝0,𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = (0.027)( 𝜌𝑐1 2 ) = 0.027 (1.225) 55.4 2
= 𝟓𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝑷𝒂
2 2 Incidence Angle i=1-1’ ()
′
Data given for stator: 𝛼2 = 50° 𝛼2 = 55° Compressor Cascade Characteristics (Howell, 1942)
Incidence angle for stator:
2=55
𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝛼2 − 𝛼 ′ 2 = 55° − 50° = 5°  2=30 1=25
 1=57
From Figure 2: 𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 5°
Δ𝑝0,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
⟹ 𝜔𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.024 = w2=57.4 m/s c1=55.4 m/s
[2]
1 2
𝜌𝑐
2 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 30 w1=91.2 m/s 25
From Velocity Diagram: 𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑐2 = 86.7 𝑚/𝑠 c2=86.7 m/s

Total pressure loss in stator (Rearrange [2]): U=100 m/s

1 1
Δ𝑝0,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = (0.024)( 𝜌𝑐2 2 ) = 0.024 (1.225) 86.7 2
= 𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟒𝟗 𝑷𝒂 VELOCITY DIAGRAM
2 2
 Solution 5.1
(c) Total-to-total efficiency:
Total-to-total efficiency equation:
∆𝑝0,𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 + ∆𝑝0,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 ∆𝑝0,𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 + ∆𝑝0,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝜂𝑡𝑡 = 1 − =1− [3]
𝜌 ℎ03 − ℎ01 𝜌𝑈 𝑐𝑦2 − 𝑐𝑦1

From the velocity diagram:

𝑈 = 100 𝑚/𝑠 𝑐𝑦1 = 23.4 𝑚/𝑠 𝑐𝑦2 = 71.0 𝑚/𝑠

Total pressure losses obtained:

Δ𝑝0,𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 50.75 𝑃𝑎 Δ𝑝0,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 110.49 𝑃𝑎

Substitute all data obtained in term of velocity diagram components and total pressure losses into [3]. Thus:

∆𝑝0,𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 + ∆𝑝0,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 50.75 + 110.49

𝜂𝑡𝑡 = 1 − =1− = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕 @ 𝟗𝟕%
𝜌𝑈 𝑐𝑦2 − 𝑐𝑦1 (1.225)(100) 71 − 23.4
T5-2: Answer the question below:

1. What kind of losses need to considered for

total-to-total efficiency calculation for a
compressor stage?
2. Give brief explanation on how to manipulate
graph that obtained by Howell (1942) for
compressor efficiency determination?
3. What is the importance of velocity diagram in
term of efficiency determination?
# Instruction:
1) You have to answer the questions by clicking the link provided in my blog.
2) Remember that you need to know the password, in order to open the link.
3) The password was given through out the video related to this topic. The Clue
is also given in the link.
 Axial Flow
Compressor:
Stage Reaction
 Degree of Reaction @ Reaction Ratio
Incompressible & Reversible Compressible & Irreversible Flow:
Flow: Ideal Flow Condition Actual Flow Condition
General Reaction Equation: Based on p General Reaction Equation: Based on h CONSTANT AXIAL VELOCITY
Static pressure Static enthalpy CONDITION: cx1= cx2= cx3
𝒑 𝟐 − 𝒑𝟏 difference in ROTOR 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 difference in ROTOR
𝑹= [1] 𝑹= [2] Based on triangle law and velocity
𝒑 𝟑 − 𝒑𝟏 Static pressure 𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟏 Static enthalpy diagram: w2=cx2+wy2
difference in a STAGE difference in a STAGE
Across the ROTOR: 𝑤1 2 − 𝑤2 2 = 𝑤𝑦1 2 − 𝑤𝑦2 2 [9]
Previous
stator ℎ02𝑟𝑒𝑙 = ℎ01𝑟𝑒𝑙 [3]
Substitute [9] into [8]:
blade row
1
1
(N-Stage)
ℎ0𝑟𝑒𝑙 = ℎ + 𝑤 2 [4] 𝒘𝒚𝟏 𝟐 − 𝒘𝒚𝟐 𝟐
1 2 𝑹= [10]
w1 c1 Manipulate [4] and substitute into [3]: 𝟐𝑼 𝒄𝒚𝟐 − 𝒄𝒚𝟏
cx1=wx1 1 Based on the velocity diagrams:
ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 𝑤1 2 − 𝑤2 2 [5] 𝑐𝑦1 = 𝑈 − 𝑤𝑦1
wy1 cy1 2 [11]
 U NORMAL STAGE CONDITION: 𝑐𝑦2 = 𝑈 − 𝑤𝑦2 [12]
c1=c3, 1=3
Rotor Blade Implement quadratic equation principal
blade Rotation Manipulate the basic stagnation enthalpy to [10] and substitute [11] & [12] into [10]:
row U Direction equation in [6] & substitute into the static
enthalpy difference term for A STAGE in 𝒘𝒚𝟏 + 𝒘𝒚𝟐
2 2 [2]. [2] now changed to [7]: 𝑹= [13]
c2 1 𝟐𝑼
 w2
cx2=wx2 A ℎ0 = ℎ + 𝑐 2 [6] Based on relative mean angle m:
STAGE 2
wy2
cy2 1
ℎ3 − ℎ1 = ℎ03 − ℎ01 tan 𝛽𝑚 = tan 𝛽1 + tan 𝛽2 [14]
U 2
Stator = 𝑈 𝑐𝑦2 − 𝑐𝑦1 [7] 𝒄𝒙
blade 𝑹= 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝒎 [15]
row Substitute [5] & [7] into [2]: 𝑼
 3 𝒘𝟏 𝟐 − 𝒘𝟐 𝟐
Based on  2 & 1 :
cx3
𝑹= [8] 𝟏 𝒄𝒙
c3
𝟐𝑼 𝒄𝒚𝟐 − 𝒄𝒚𝟏 𝑹= + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝟐 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜶𝟏
𝟐 𝟐𝑼 [16]
 Choice of Reaction
Degree of Reaction (R) is a design parameter which 𝟏 𝒄𝒙
has an important influence on stage efficiency 𝑹= + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝟐 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜶𝟏 [1]
𝟐 𝟐𝑼
R < 0.5 50% Reaction Stage (R=0.5) R > 0.5
Skewed to the left Symmetrical Skewed to the right
 2 < 1 1 = 2  2 > 1
𝜶𝟏 𝜷𝟐 𝜶𝟏 𝜷𝟐 𝜶𝟏
𝜷𝟐

U U U

R<0.5: Static enthalpy rise & Static
pressure rise in the stator exceeds that
in the rotor
R=0.5: Widely used due to the
adverse pressure gradient are equally
shared in rotor & stator rows
Minimize the tendency of separation flow
Avoiding large stagnation pressure loss
R>0.5: Static enthalpy rise & Static
pressure rise in the rotor exceeds that in
the stator

Limitation: Limitation:
Mach Mach
Number=1 Number=1
(Choking) (Choking)
hstator > hrotor
hstator = hrotor hrotor > hstator

Stator
Stator

Guide
Guide

Stator
Guide

Vanes
Vanes

Rotor
Rotor

pstator > protor

Vanes

Rotor

pstator = protor protor > pstator

Pressure Pressure Pressure

pstator pstator
pstator
p p protor p protor
protor
 Example 5.2
Figure 1 shows velocity diagrams
for an ideal compressor stage
1 1
which has no stagnation pressure w1 c1
losses. The stage of the cx1=wx1
compressor is considered as a  cy1
normal stage (c3=c1 & 3=1).
wy1
ROTOR U
2
Based on the figure 1, air enters U 2
c2
the compressor rotor at entry w2
cx2=wx2

angle of 10 with absolute  wy2

cy2

velocity of 50 m/s. The rotor U

blade speed is 100 m/s. The air STATOR

3
deflects from the rotor with  cx3
c3
absolute velocity of 80 m/s. For
normal stage compressor, the
axial velocity across the stage is Figure 1
constant. Determine the degree of
reaction for the compressor.
 Solution 5.2
Based on the data and information given, you have to draw the velocity diagrams:
𝛼1 = 10° 𝑐1 = 50 𝑚/𝑠 𝑐2 = 80 𝑚/𝑠 𝑈 = 100 𝑚/𝑠
Constant axial velocity condition: 𝑐𝑥1 = 𝑐𝑥2 = 𝑐𝑥 =? Normal stage condition: 𝑐1 = 𝑐3 𝛼1 = 𝛼3
Velocity Diagram at rotor inlet (100m/s = 5”): Use your own scale

GEOMETRY APPROACH:
1=10 Use a ruler, compass and protractor
1=61.5 for magnitude and angle
determination, respectively:

w1=103.3 m/s c1=50 m/s cx =49 m/s Axial velocity:

cx1 =49 m/s 𝑐𝑥1 = 49 𝑚/𝑠
Relative flow velocity:

1=10
𝑤1 = 103.3 𝑚/𝑠
Relative flow angle:
𝛽1 = 61.5°
U=100 m/s

wy1 cy1

TRIGONOMETRY APPROACH:
Axial velocity: Relative flow velocity:
𝑐𝑥1 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 = 50𝑐𝑜𝑠10° = 49.2 𝑚/𝑠 𝑐𝑥1 49.2
𝑤1 = = = 103.8 𝑚/𝑠
Relative flow angle: 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽1 𝑐𝑜𝑠61.7°
𝑤𝑦1 𝑈 − 𝑐𝑦1 𝑈 − 𝑐1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1 100 − 50𝑠𝑖𝑛10°
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = = = = = 1.8560
𝑐𝑥1 𝑐𝑥1 𝑐𝑥1 49.2

𝛽1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1.8560 = 61.7°

 Solution 5.2
For rotor outlet condition, data and information given: 𝑐2 = 80 𝑚/𝑠 𝑈 = 100 𝑚/𝑠
Constant axial velocity condition: 𝑐𝑥1 = 𝑐𝑥2 = 𝑐𝑥 = 𝟒𝟗 𝒎/𝒔
Velocity Diagram at rotor
outlet (100m/s = 5”): Use
your own scale GEOMETRY APPROACH:
Use a ruler, compass and protractor
for magnitude and angle
2=52 determination, respectively:
𝜷2=37 Absolute flow angle:
w2 =61.3 m/s
cx =49 m/s Use compass based on c2, cx and end
point of U
cx2 𝛼2 = 52°
Relative flow
c2 =80 m/s
velocity: 𝑤2 = 61.3 𝑚/𝑠

Relative flow angle: 𝛽2 = 37°

U=100 m/s
wy2 cy2

TRIGONOMETRY APPROACH:
Absolute 𝑐𝑥2 49.2 Degree of Reaction: Based on data from
flow 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼2 = = = 0.615 𝛼2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 0.615 = 52.04° velocity diagrams
angle: 𝑐2 80
1 𝑐𝑥
𝑅= + tan 𝛽2 − tan 𝛼1
Relative 2 2𝑈
2
flow 𝑤2 = 𝑤𝑦2 2 + 𝑐𝑥2 2 = 𝑈 − 𝑐𝑦2 + 𝑐𝑥2 2 1 49
velocity: 𝑅= + tan 37° − tan 10°
2 2(100)
= 100 − 80𝑠𝑖𝑛52.04° 2 + 49.22 = 61.5 𝑚/𝑠
𝑹 = 𝟎.64
Relative 𝑤𝑥2 49.2
flow 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2 = = = 0.8 𝛽2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 0.8 = 36.9°
angle: 𝑤2 61.5
T5-3: Answer the question below:

1. Give one reason why R=0.5 is widely used in

compressor design?
2. Give two approaches that can be used to solve
problems involve with velocity diagram.
3. What is the base parameter of reaction for ideal
flow condition?

# Instruction:
1) You have to answer the questions by clicking the link provided in my blog.
2) Remember that you need to know the password, in order to open the link.
3) The password was given through out the video related to this topic. The Clue
is also given in the link.
 Axial Flow
Compressor:
Stage Performance
Factors That Effect the Compressor Stage Efficiency
Total-to-Total 𝜟𝑾𝒎𝒊𝒏 ∆𝒑𝟎,𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 + ∆𝒑𝟎,𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓
Efficiency 𝜼𝒕𝒕 = ≈ 𝟏 −
𝜟𝑾 𝝆 𝒉𝟎𝟑 − 𝒉𝟎𝟏

Degree of Stage Tangential Static Pressure

Reaction, R Loading, 𝝍 Force, Y Rise, p=p3-p1
𝒉 𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 𝜟𝑾 𝒄𝒙 𝒑𝟑 − 𝒑𝟏
𝑹= 𝝍= 𝟐 𝒀 = 𝝆𝒔 𝒉 − 𝒉𝟎𝟏 = 𝒉 𝟑 − 𝒉𝟏
𝒉 𝟑 − 𝒉𝟏 𝑼 𝑼 𝟎𝟑 𝝆

   Normal Stage: c1=c3

U =0
Air
Flow
Actual 𝟏
Work 𝜟𝑾 = 𝒉𝟎𝟑 − 𝒉𝟎𝟏 = (𝒉𝟑 −𝒉𝟏 ) + 𝒄𝟑 𝟐 − 𝒄𝟏 𝟐
Done 𝟐
Stator
Guide
Vanes

Rotor

Pressure
ploss,stator Total
pstator,s Pressure Pressure
pstator,a Losses Losses,
∆𝒑𝟎
ploss,rotor
p
protor,s protor,a
 Stage Pressure Rise, ∆𝒑
The main function of a compressor is to raise the static pressure of air or gas
1 1
   The flow w1 c1
U geometry cx1=wx1
of the rotor
 wy1 cy1
Stage Pressure ROTOR U
Rise, ∆𝐩 U 2 2
Stator
Guide
Vanes

Rotor

c2
Pressure w2
The speed cx2=wx2
pstator of the rotor  wy2
cy2
ptotal U

p
protor STATOR
3
 cx3
c3
Consider the Ideal Compressor Stage:
No stagnation pressure loss, p0=0 Manipulate [5] and substitute into [4]. Thus static pressure rise
in the STATOR:
Across the ROTOR, relative stagnation pressure p0rel is constant: 1 2 2
1 𝑝3 − 𝑝2 = 𝜌 𝑐2 − 𝑐3 [6]
𝑝02𝑟𝑒𝑙 = 𝑝01𝑟𝑒𝑙 𝑝0𝑟𝑒𝑙 = 𝑝 + 𝜌𝑤 2 2
[1] [2]
2 Add [6] and [3]. Consider a Normal Stage: c1=c3. Use velocity
Manipulate [2] and substitute into [1]. Thus static pressure rise diagrams and trigonometry’s rules. The static pressure rise in a
in the ROTOR: STAGE:
1 2 2
𝑝3 − 𝑝1 = 𝜌𝑈 𝑤𝑦1 − 𝑤𝑦2 [7]
𝑝2 − 𝑝1 = 𝜌 𝑤1 − 𝑤2 [3]
2 Use trigonometry and velocity diagram rules. Thus, new
Across the STATOR, stagnation pressure p0 is constant: expression of static pressure rise for a STAGE:
1 𝒑𝟑 − 𝒑𝟏 = 𝝆𝑼 𝒄𝒚𝟐 − 𝒄𝒚𝟏 = 𝝆 𝒉𝟎𝟑 − 𝒉𝟎𝟏 = 𝝆 𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟏
𝑝02 = 𝑝03 [4] 𝑝0 = 𝑝 + 𝜌𝑐 2 ; [5]
2 [8]
 Example 5.3
Equation 1
(a) Figure 1 shows velocity diagrams for an 1 2 2
ideal compressor stage which has no 𝑝2 − 𝑝1 = 𝜌 𝑤1 − 𝑤2
2
stagnation pressure losses. The stage of the Equation 2
1
compressor is considered as a normal stage 𝑝3 − 𝑝2 = 𝜌 𝑐2
2
2
− 𝑐3 2

(c3=c1 & 3=1) and has a pressure Equation 3

difference across the rotor and the stator 𝑝3 − 𝑝1 = 𝜌𝑈 𝑐𝑦2 − 𝑐𝑦1 = 𝜌 ℎ3 − ℎ1

row as shown in Equation 1 and Equation
2, respectively. Prove that the pressure 1 1
w1
difference of the compressor stage is equal cx1=wx1
c1

to Equation 3.
 wy1 cy1
(b) Based on Figure 1, air enters the ROTOR U
compressor rotor at entry angle of 10 with U 2 2
c2
absolute velocity of 50 m/s. The rotor blade w2
cx2=wx2
speed is 100 m/s. The air deflects from the  wy2
cy2
rotor with absolute velocity of 80 m/s. For U

normal stage compressor, the axial velocity STATOR

3
across the stage is constant. Determine  cx3
c3
enthalpy difference of the compressor.
Figure 1
 Solution 5.3
(a) Equations given are as below: 𝜋
𝑐1 2 − 𝑤1 2 = 𝑈 2 − 2𝑈𝑤1 cos − 𝛽1 = 𝑈 2 − 2𝑈𝑤1 sin 𝛽1 = 𝑈 2 − 2𝑈𝑤𝑦1 [6]
Pressure difference across the ROTOR: 2
1 2 2
𝜋
𝑝2 − 𝑝1 = 𝜌 𝑤1 − 𝑤2 [1] 𝑐2 2 − 𝑤2 2 = 𝑈 2 − 2𝑈𝑤2 cos − 𝛽2 = 𝑈 2 − 2𝑈𝑤2 sin 𝛽2 = 𝑈 2 − 2𝑈𝑤𝑦2 [7]
2 2
Pressure difference across the STATOR: Substitute [6] & [7] into [5]:
1 2 2
𝑝3 − 𝑝2 = 𝜌 𝑐2 − 𝑐3 [2] 2
2 𝑝3 − 𝑝1 = 𝑈 2 − 2𝑈𝑤𝑦2 − 𝑈 2 − 2𝑈𝑤𝑦1 [8]
𝜌
Pressure difference across the STAGE:
Rearrange [8]:
𝑝3 − 𝑝1 = 𝜌𝑈 𝑐𝑦2 − 𝑐𝑦1 = 𝜌 ℎ3 − ℎ1 [3]
2
Prove that the pressure difference of the compressor 𝑝3 − 𝑝1 = 2𝑈 𝑤𝑦1 − 𝑤𝑦2 [9]
stage is equal to [3]. 𝜌
Consider a Normal Stage (c1=c3), add [1] and [2]: From Velocity Diagram:
2 1
𝑝3 − 𝑝1 = 𝑐2 2 − 𝑤2 2 + 𝑤1 2 − 𝑐1 2 [4] 1
2
𝜌 w1 2
c1 c2
Rearrange [4]: c =w w2
x1 x1 cx2=wx2
2 2 2 2 2
𝑝3 − 𝑝1 = 𝑐2 − 𝑤2 − 𝑐1 − 𝑤1 [5] cy1 wy2
𝜌 wy1 cy2
U U
Use Cosine rule for part of [5]:

 
𝑐𝑦1 = 𝑈 − 𝑤𝑦1 [10] 𝑐𝑦2 = 𝑈 − 𝑤𝑦2 [11]
𝑐 2 = 𝑈 2 + 𝑤 2 − 2𝑈𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
w
𝜋 c
𝑐 2 = 𝑈 2 + 𝑤 2 − 2𝑈𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −β  Subtract [10] and [11]: 𝑤𝑦1 − 𝑤𝑦2 = 𝑐𝑦2 − 𝑐𝑦1 [12]
2 U
𝒑𝟑 − 𝒑𝟏
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 = 𝑼 𝒄𝒚𝟐 − 𝒄𝒚𝟏
𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 Substitute [12] into [9]: 𝝆
2 2 2
𝜋 𝒑𝟑 − 𝒑𝟏 = 𝝆𝑼 𝒄𝒚𝟐 − 𝒄𝒚𝟏
𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝛽 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
2
 Solution 5.3
(b) In order to determine the enthalpy difference in the compressor, equation 𝑝3 − 𝑝1 = 𝜌𝑈 𝑐𝑦2 − 𝑐𝑦1 = 𝜌 ℎ3 − ℎ1 [3]
[3] given need to be referred:
From [3], enthalpy difference for the compressor equal to: ℎ3 − ℎ1 = 𝑈 𝑐𝑦2 − 𝑐𝑦1 [13]

Data given: 𝛼1 = 10° 𝑐1 = 50 𝑚/𝑠 𝑐2 = 80 𝑚/𝑠 𝑈 = 100 𝑚/𝑠

Constant axial velocity condition: 𝑐𝑥1 = 𝑐𝑥2 = 𝑐𝑥 =? Normal stage condition: 𝑐1 = 𝑐3 𝛼1 = 𝛼3
You have to draw velocity diagram at the ROTOR inlet to determine cy1 value in [13]: Use your own scale.

GEOMETRY APPROACH:
1=10 Use a ruler, compass and protractor
 1=61.5 for magnitude and angle
determination, respectively:
Axial velocity:
w1=103.3 m/s c1=50 m/s cx =49 m/s
cx1 =49 m/s 𝑐𝑥1 = 49 𝑚/𝑠
Relative flow velocity:
𝑤1 = 103.3 𝑚/𝑠
1=10 Relative flow angle:
𝛽1 = 61.5°
Y component for c1:
U=100 m/s 𝑐𝑦1 = 8.6𝑚/𝑠
wy1 cy1
TRIGONOMETRY APPROACH:
𝛽1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1.8560 = 61.7°
Axial velocity:
Relative flow velocity:
𝑐𝑥1 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 = 50𝑐𝑜𝑠10° = 49.2 𝑚/𝑠 𝑐𝑥1 49.2
Relative flow angle: 𝑤1 = = = 103.8 𝑚/𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽1 𝑐𝑜𝑠61.7°
𝑤𝑦1 𝑈 − 𝑐𝑦1 𝑈 − 𝑐1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1 100 − 50𝑠𝑖𝑛10° Y component for c1:
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽1 = = = = = 1.8560
𝑐𝑥1 𝑐𝑥1 𝑐𝑥1 49.2 𝑐𝑦1 = 50𝑠𝑖𝑛10° = 8.7𝑚/𝑠
 Solution 5.3
For rotor outlet condition, data and information given: 𝑐2 = 80 𝑚/𝑠 𝑈 = 100 𝑚/𝑠
Constant axial velocity condition: 𝑐𝑥1 = 𝑐𝑥2 = 𝑐𝑥 = 𝟒𝟗 𝒎/𝒔
You have to draw velocity diagram at the ROTOR outlet to determine cy2 value in [13]: Use your own scale

GEOMETRY APPROACH:
Use a ruler, compass and protractor
for magnitude and angle
2=52 determination, respectively:
𝜷2=37 Absolute flow angle:
w2 =61.3 m/s
cx =49 m/s Use compass based on c2, cx and end
point of U
cx2
𝛼2 = 52°
Relative flow
velocity: 𝑤2 = 61.3 𝑚/𝑠
c2 =80 m/s
Relative flow angle: 𝛽2 = 37°
Y component for c2: 𝑐𝑦2 = 63.7𝑚/𝑠
U=100 m/s
wy2 cy2

TRIGONOMETRY APPROACH:
Substitute cy1 and cy2 values into [13], The
Absolute 𝑐𝑥2 49.2 enthalpy difference for the compressor is
flow 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼2 = = = 0.615 𝛼2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 0.615 = 52.04° equal to :
angle: 𝑐2 80
Relative 2
ℎ3 − ℎ1 = 𝑈 𝑐𝑦2 − 𝑐𝑦1
flow 𝑤2 = 2
𝑤𝑦2 + 𝑐𝑥2 = 2 𝑈 − 𝑐𝑦2 + 𝑐𝑥2 2
velocity: 𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟔𝟑. 𝟎𝟕 − 𝟖. 𝟕 = 𝟓𝟒𝟑𝟕 𝑱
= 100 − 80𝑠𝑖𝑛52.04° 2 + 49.22 = 61.5 𝑚/𝑠
Relative 𝑤𝑥2 49.2
flow 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2 = = = 0.8 𝛽2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 0.8 = 36.9°
angle: 𝑤2 61.5
Y component for c2: 𝑐𝑦2 = 80𝑠𝑖𝑛52.04° = 63.1𝑚/𝑠
T5-4: Answer the question below:

1. Determine the similarity for all the factors that

effect the total-to-total efficiency of the
compressor?
2. The assumption that need to be considered so
that the value of (h03-h01) will be equal to (h3-
h1)?
3. Two factors that effect the stage pressure rise of
the compressor?
# Instruction:
1) You have to answer the questions by clicking the link provided in my blog.
2) Remember that you need to know the password, in order to open the link.
3) The password was given through out the video related to this topic. The Clue
is also given in the link.
 Axial Flow
Compressor:
Stage Performance
Losses
 Energy Losses Flow Diagram for A Compressor Stage
Disk Tip Leakage Profile Loss
Friction Loss
Loss CASING
ROTOR
Bearing BLADE
Loss Annulus
Loss STATOR
Annulus BLADE
SHAFT Secondary Loss
Loss

HUB
Shaft 9 kj 7 kj Secondary
2 kj Losses Rotor Stator Loss
Aerodynamic Losses Profile Loss
Aerodynamic Losses
OVERALL
EFFICIENCY,
Stator Rotor 𝜼𝟎
INLET
Guide 𝚫𝑾𝒎𝒊𝒏
Vane 𝜼𝟎 =
𝑾𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒇𝒕

Stator 𝟖𝟐
= = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐
EXIT 𝟏𝟎𝟎

Disc STAGE
EFFICIENCY,
𝜼𝑺 @ 𝜼𝒕𝒕
Shaft 𝚫𝑾𝒎𝒊𝒏
ADDITIONAL 𝜼𝑺 =
ENERGY=18 KJ ∆𝑾
𝟖𝟐
= = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒
Bearing 𝟗𝟖
Energy from the Stage Work Energy at the Isentropic Work
Prime Mover (W) Stator Entry (Wmin)
Shaft Work Actual Entry Work Ideal work to obtain
(Wshaft) Stage Work (Wentry) the stage rise, p=pe-pi

100 kj 98 kj 89 kj 82 kj
 Estimation of Compressor Stage Efficiency, s
Normal stage condition:
𝚫𝒑𝟎,𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 & 𝚫𝒑𝟎,𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 : Stage efficiency, S is similar 𝒉𝟎𝟑 − 𝒉𝟎𝟏 = 𝑼 𝒄𝒚𝟐 − 𝒄𝒚𝟏 :
Cascade Data to total-to-total efficiency, tt Velocity Diagram
(Howell, 1942) (𝜼𝑺 ≈ 𝜼𝒕𝒕 ) 2D Analysis: Uniform
40 0.10
∆𝒑𝟎,𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 + ∆𝒑𝟎,𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 Axial Velocity, 𝑐𝑥
𝜼𝒕𝒕 ≈ 𝟏 −
30 0.075
𝝆 𝒉𝟎𝟑 − 𝒉𝟎𝟏
 ()

Total Pressure Loss Coefficient

Deflection

20 0.05

3D Analysis: Multi-stages
10 0.025 p0=p0,p+ p0,a+ p0,s
Secondary Flow and
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20
0 Annulus Flow Effects:
Incidence Angle i=1-1’ ()
Non-Uniform Axial
Compressor Cascade Characteristics (Howell, 1942)
Only consider the blade profile Velocity
loss: Due to profile drag 𝚫𝒑𝟎,𝒑 𝚫𝒑𝟎,𝒂 𝚫𝒑𝟎,𝒔
Axial Velocity Profile
coefficient, CDp Profile drag Annulus drag Secondary drag Casing
coefficient: coefficient: coefficient:
CDp CDa= 0.02(s/H) CDs=0.018CL2 Uniform Non-
(2D) Uniform
Realistic total pressure (3D)
Annulus
Height
losses values: Add 1.00
Flow
secondary flow & annulus
Mean work done factor, 

losses 0.95 1 2 3 Hub

Based on total pressure loss Stage Stage Stage
coefficient 𝜻 & profile drag 0.90
coefficient 𝑪𝑫𝒑 equations in
Chapter 2: 0.86 𝒉𝟎𝟑 − 𝒉𝟎𝟏 = 𝝀𝑼 𝒄𝒚𝟐 − 𝒄𝒚𝟏 [2]
0.85
𝝆𝒄𝒙 𝟐 𝑪𝑫 10 stages Multi-stages:
𝜟𝒑𝟎 = 𝒔 [1]
𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝜶𝒎 Work Done Factor
𝒍 4 8 12 16
Number of stages in compressor
20
(=0.86)
 Axial Flow
Compressor:
Surge & Stall
 Unstable Flow in Compressor: Surge Phenomena
SURGING
Flow through the entire compressor is reversed intermittently (stopping and starting repeatedly)
Complete Breakdown of The Normal Steady Flow: Affect The Whole Machine

p1
Surging in Compressors
p  c1
CHOKING
N4>N3>N2>N1 Constant
S Speed Line
Last Valve Cond. The flow in
the
U S compressor
D
Surge reaches

Pressure Rise, p
Cycle C Mach=1 at
E N4
B the blade
c2 p2  pA Choke inlet.
S A
Line
Reverse Flow: A complete
N3
𝑴=𝒄 𝒂
breakdown of the normal
steady flow Surge S =𝒄 𝜸𝑹𝑻
p2 Line N2
No more flow
Excessive Vibration: Mechanical Failure can pass
N1
Operational Margin through the
𝑚𝐸 𝑚𝐷
compressor
𝑚𝑆 𝑚𝐶 𝑚𝐵 𝑚𝐴
Indication of Surging: Flow Rate, 𝑚

Pulsating Axial Shaft Discharge Temp. No of Stages  Pressure Ratio 

Noise Position Excursions Operational Margin between Surge & Choke
Level  Change (Drastic Temp Inc.)
Differential Pressure Lateral Vibration
Fluctuation Amplitude 
 Unstable Flow in Compressor: Stalling Phenomena
Stalling
Separation of Flow from the Blade Surfaces
A Local Phenomenon
Delivery Pressure  Stage Efficiency 
Reverse Flow @ Surge Higher Losses

ROTATING STALL: Flow Deflection

i
Stall propagate from
Attached Flow blade to blade i
Separated Flow
Stall
CL Region

CL ,
CD , Optimum 4 3 2 1
L/D Critical
AOA STALL STALL
L/D U

CD

Propagating Unstalling
Stall Cell
 Increasing Incidence Angle Decreasing Incidence Angle
The Blade Are Subjected to Forced Vibration
T5-5: Answer the question below:

1. What is the difference between overall

efficiency and stage efficiency?
2. What is the difference between total-to-total
efficiency and stage efficiency?
3. What is the difference between surging and
stalling?

# Instruction:
1) You have to answer the questions by clicking the link provided in my blog.
2) Remember that you need to know the password, in order to open the link.
3) The password was given through out the video related to this topic. The Clue
is also given in the link.