Technological University (Sagaing)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Engineering Thermodynamics
( ME-32013)

Daw Lwin Lwin Oo

Ref:(1) Basic Engineering Thermodynamics
5th Edition, Rayner Joel
(2) Engineering Thermodynamics Work and Heat Transfer
G.F.C. Rogers and Y.R. Mayhew

Second Semester
Chapter (6) - Thermodynamic reversibility
Chapter (7) - Entropy
Chapter (14) - Air and gas compressors
Chapter (17) - Engine and plant trials
2
 Chapter (14)
Air and gas compressors

Objective

• Explain the working of compressor and evaluate the

performance parameters of compressor.

3
 14.1 General introduction

Applications

• Air compressors for modern industrial society

• Air conditioners, (car, home)
• Pneumatic devices
• Home and industrial refrigeration
• Hydraulic compressors for industrial machines

4
 Types of compressors
Compressors

Reciprocating Rotary
Inlet Delivery
valve valve

gas

Centrifugal Axial

No. of Stages No. of Sides of Piston

for Compression in operation
Single – stage Single – acting
Multi - stage Double - Acting
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Ref: https://www.slideshare.net/AdityaSharma434/reciprocating-compressor-55897969
 14.2 The reciprocating air compressor

A single-stage reciprocating air compressor consists;

• piston
• cylinder
• connecting-rod
• crank
• inlet and delivery valves are shown in fig (14.1)

Fig 14.1 Single-stage air compressor: (a) induction stroke; (b) compression stroke

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Operation of reciprocating air compressor

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Ref: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJluUxA7aaY&vl=en 8
 Single-stage reciprocating air compressor,
neglecting clearance

Fig. 14.2 Single-stage air compressor: (a) P-V diagram and (b) its theoretical circuit

9
The operations of a single-acting reciprocating air compressor in fig-(14.2) are
as follows;
4-1 : Volume of air aspirated into compressor at pressure and temperature .
1-2 : Air compressed according to law= Constant from to ,
 volume decreases from to ,

Temperature increases from to .

2-3 : Compressed air of volume and at with delivered from compressor.
for a reciprocating compressor, the isothermal efficiency is,

isothermal work done

iso 
actual work done 10
 The energy equation for the compressor,
H1  Q  H 2  W

or
W  (H1  H 2 )  Q

where,
H = enthalpy of the actual mass passing through the compressor

Work input to an air compressor

 n 1 
n   P2  n
 W  n  1 P1 V1  P1   1
  
11
14.3 The effect of clearance volume
• Clearance volume is the volume that remains in the cylinder after the piston has reached
the end of its inward stroke.

Volumetric efficiency,
Effective swept volume V1  V4 
η volumetric  
Swept volume V1  V3 

V1  V3   V3  V4 
V1  V3 
V3 V4
 1 
V1  V3  V1  V3 
V3  V3 V4 
 1    Fig.14.3 Clearance volume: effect on
V1  V3   V1  V3  V3  reciprocating compressor
1
V3   P2  n 
 1    1
V1  V3   P1   12
 
Work done/cycle  Net area 1234
 Area 5126 - Area 5436
Assume n c  n e  n, then
n 1
 
n   P2  n
Work done/cycle  P1V1    1
n - 1  P1  
 
n 1
 
n   P3  n
- P4 V4    1
n - 1  P4  
 
But P4  P1 & P3  P2
n 1
 
n P  n
Work done/cycle  P1 V1  V4  2   1
n - 1  P1  
 
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 14.5 Free air delivery

If the volume of air delivered by air compressor is reduced to atmospheric temperature and
pressure, this volume of air is called the free air delivery.
Delivery mass of air = Intake mass of air
Using the characteristic equation and assuming clearance,
P1 V1  V4  P2 V2  V3  Pf Vf
 
T1 T2 Tf

If clearance is neglected,
P1 V1  P2 V2  Pf Vf
 
T1 T2 Tf

Where; Pf = 101.325 kN/ & T

=f288 K 14
Example (14.1). A single-stage, single-acting, reciprocating air compressor has a bore of
200 mm and a stroke of 300 mm. It runs at a speed of 500 rev/min. The clearance volume
is 5 per cent of the swept volume and the polytropic index is 1.3 throughout. Intake
pressure and temperature are 97 kN/m2 and 20˚C, respectively, and the compression
pressure is 550 kN/m2. With the aid of fig, determine
(a)the free air delivered in m3/min (free air conditions 101.325 kN/m2 and 15˚C)
(b)the volumetric efficiency referred to the free air conditions
(c)the air delivery temperature
(d)the cycle power
(e)the isothermal efficiency, neglecting clearance.
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    d 2  
Vs  V1  V3      l

 4  
   0.2 2  
Vs     0.3  0.009425 m 3

 4  
V3  0.05  Vs  0.05  0.009425  0.000471 m 3

V1  V3  Vs  0.000471  0.009425  0.009896 m 3

1 1
P n  550 1.3
V4  V3  3   0.000471    0.00179 m 3
 P4   97 

V1  V4   0.009896  0.00179  0.008106 m3

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 3
V1  V4 

min  0.008106  500  4.053 m
min

P1 V1  V4  Pf Vf

T1 Tf

Vf 
P V
1 1  V4 
Tf 
97  4.053  288
 3.814 m 3

Pf T1 101.325  293 min

(b) vol  ?
Vf Vf 3.814
 vol     80.9 %
V1  V3  500V1  V3  500  0.009425
(c) T2 =?
n 1 1.3-1
 P2  n  550  1.3
T2  T1    293     437.5 K
 P1   97 
t2 = 437.5-273=164.5˚C 17
 (d) Cycle power = ?
n 1
 
n   P2  n N
Cycle power  P1 V1  V4     1 
n  1  P1   60
 
1.31
 
1.3  550  1.3
 500
Cycle power   97  0.008106    1   14 kW
1.3  1  97   60
 

(e) ηiso  ? isothermal work done

ηiso 
actual work done
n 1
 
n   P2  n

 W  P V     1
n  1 1 1  P1  
  18
  P2 
 W  P1 V1 ln P1 

 P2 
P1 V1 ln 
 P1  ln 5.67
ηiso  n 1
  0.813  81.3%
  4.33  0.943
n   P2  n
P1 V1     1
n  1  P1  
 

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Thank You

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