CERTIFICATION

It is certified that the contents and form of thesis entitled “Epidemiology of skin

diseases in District Ghanche, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan” submitted by Mr. Syed

Muhammad Hasnain (2018-BS-ZOO-000), dated: __________________have been

found satisfactory for the award of degree of Bachelor of Science (BS) in Zoology.

i. Supervisor Dr. Ali Muhammad ___________________

Assistant Professor in Zoology

THESIS AND SYNOPSIS REVIEW COMMITTEE

ii. Member Dr. Majid Mahmood ___________________

Assistant Professor in Zoology

iii. Member Dr. Ali Muhammad ___________________

Assistant Professor in Zoology

iv. Member Dr. Nausheen Irshad ___________________

Assistant Professor in Zoology

v. External Examiner Dr. Khawaja Shafique Ahmad ___________________

Assistant Professor in Botany

_____________________________

In charge
Department of Zoology

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 DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to my parents who have
always a source of inspiration, encouragement and
stamina to undertake my higher studies and to face
the eventualities of life with full zeal, enthusiasm and
fear of God.

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 CONTENTS

Sr. No. Title Page No.

List of Figures Ⅵ

List of Tables Ⅶ

Abbreviations Ⅷ

Acknowledgment Ⅸ

ABSTRACT Ⅹ
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 6
3 MATERIAL AND METHOD 14
3.1 STUDY AREA 14

3.2 STUDY PERIOD 15

3.3 STUDY POPULATION 15

3.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 15

3.5 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 16

4 RESULTS 17
4.1 PREVELANCE OF SKIN DISEASES ACCORDING TO 17
LOCATION
4.2 PREVELANCE OF SKIN DISEASES ACCORDING TO AGE 17

4.3 PREVELANCE OF SKIN DISEASES ACCORDING TO 18

GENDER
4.4 PREVELANCE OF SKIN DISEASES ACCORDING TO 18
FINANCIAL STATUS
4.5 PREVELANCE OF SKIN DISEASES ACCORDING TO 19
CASTE

4.6 PERSENTAGE OF DIFFERENT SKIN DISEASES 19

OBSERVED FROM SAMPLE

4.7 DISCUSSION 20
SUMMARY 30
5 LITRATURE CITED 32

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 LIST OF TABLES

Figure Title Page No.

No.

4.1 PREVALENCE OF SKIN DISEASES ACCORDING TO 23

AGE, GENDER AND LOCATION

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Table Title Page No.

No.

4.1 PREVALENCE OF SKIN DISEASES AMONGS LOCATION 24

4.2 PREVALENCE OF DISEASE ON THE BASIS OF AGE. 25

4.3 PREVALENCE OF DISEASE ON THE BASIS OF 26

FINANCIAL GENDER

4.4 PREVELANCE OF SKIN DISEASES ACCORDING TO 27

FINANCIAL STATUS
4.5 PREVELANCE OF SKIN DISEASES ACCORDING TO 28
CASTE
4.6 PREVALENCE OF TYPES OF DISEASES 29

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 List of Abbreviations

% Percentage

Abbreviations Descriptions

AJ&K Azad Jammu & Kashmir

ANOVA Analysis of Variance

DHQ District Headquarter Hospital

SPSS 16 Statistical package for social science

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, thanks to “ALLAH ALMIGHTY’’ who is the most beneficent

and merciful. The Creator who presented me in a Muslim community. He is ALLAH

who is entire source of wisdom and knowledge and knows secrets of universe.

I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my worthy supervisor Dr. Ali

Muhammad, Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Basic and

Applied Science University of Poonch Rawalakot. I am grateful to his illuminating

and inspiring Guidance, Constructive criticism, keen interest, scholarly comments

and constructive suggestions throughout the course of my study.

I am deeply indebted to Dr Ibrahim Rajayi for his cooperation’s

regarding the collection of data.

I wish to extend my special thanks to my fellow Saba Javaid for

enlighting me the first glance of research, her kind help and co-operation throughout

my study period.

I would like to record my sincerest thanks to my friend Ahmed Hussain

and Arif Hussain for their encouragement reward less help and moral support

regarding to my work.

Last but by no means least, thanks go to my mother Mariya and Father

Syed Zulfiqar Ali for their unconditional love and care. They are the most important

people in my world and I dedicate this thesis to them.

In the end, I pray that Almighty Allah in His infinite mercy may guide and

assist me in future (Ameen)

SYED MUHAMMAD HASNAIN

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 ABSTRACT

Skin diseases are a broad range of conditions affecting the skin, and include diseases

caused by bacterial infections, viral infections, fungal infections, allergic reactions,

skin cancers, and parasites. These diseases may cause rashes, inflammation, itchiness

or other skin changes. Some skin conditions may be genetic, while lifestyle factors

may cause others. These diseases are most common form of infections occurring in

people of all ages. The present study was designed to work out the prevalence and

associated risk factors of skin diseases in District Ghanche of Gilgit Baltistan

Pakistan. To achieve this prevalence base target study was conducted at three

different areas of District Ghanche which includes Khaplu, Daghoni and Thagas. The

current study was carried out from March 2022 to August 2022 in DHQ and civil

hospitals of current locations. The skin diseases patients were categorized into

specific groups by gender, age, and area. The survey was conducted, and 150 peoples

were examined for prevalence of skin diseases from each location. The collection of

data was done by direct interview as well as by filling a questionnaire by all visited

patients who comprise of question related to the patient such as age, gender,

economic status, area, socio demographic, environmental, behavioral, and clinical

information. The data of infected children were collected by direct interview from

the mother/guidance. During the survey prevalence rate was found to be higher in

Daghoni (79%) and lowest in Khaplu (50%) and Thagas(68%). More prevalence rate

is found in females (65.5%) as compared to males (34.6%). Within age group there is

highest prevalence rate among the age group 16-30 (49.8%) and lowest rate found in

age group above 30 (21.5%) years. The study was helpful to provide information

about prevalence of skin diseases and their associated factors in District Ghanche.