Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Data

Comm

and Data Communication

Computer and Computer
Networks Networks
(ECEg 4191)
J B Gurung November 13, 2019 1
 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Course Guide

Data

Comm

and

Computer

Networks

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 2

 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Evaluation and References

Data

Comm

and

Computer

Networks

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 3

 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Evaluation Criterion

Data
SN Items to be evaluated Weightage

Comm 1 Lab Record 5

2 Mini Project Report 5
and 3 Output Demonstration of the Mini Project 5
4 Presentation and Defence of the Mini Project 5
Computer Total 20

Networks

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 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Sample Sheet

Data

Comm

and

Computer

Networks

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 5

 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Chapter 1

Data
Concepts of Data
Communications
Comm

and

Computer

Networks

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 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.1 Introduction

Data Data refers to information presented in some form.

Data communications are the exchange of data

Comm
between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as wired cables or
and
wireless.
Computer
Local communications
Networks Remote communications

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 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.1 Introduction

Data Data Communications set-up

Comm

and
The effectiveness of the data communications
Computer system depends on four fundamental
characteristics.
Networks ➢ Delivery
➢ Accuracy
➢ Timeliness
➢ Jitter
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 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.2 Components of Data
Communications
Data
Five components.
Comm
➢ Message
➢ Sender
and
➢ Receiver
➢ Transmission medium
Computer
➢ Protocol
Networks

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 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.2 Components of Data
Communications
Data

Comm

and

Computer

Networks

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 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.3 Analog & Digital Signals

Data Analog signals: infinite number of values in a

range.
Comm Digital signals: limited number of values

and Analog data: continuous values.

Digital data: discrete values.
Computer
Though, data can be either analog or digital,
Networks digital data communication is the dominant and
it is hoped that in future data communication deals
only with digital data.

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 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.4 Time & Frequency Domain
x(t ) = cos(200 t )
Data
1  200   200  1
X( f ) =   − +
  +  =  ( − ) +
1
 ( f + 100)
2  
f f f 100
Comm 2   2  2 2

and

Computer

Networks

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 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.5 Data Rate & Bandwidth
Bit Rate: The number of bits sent in 1 sec is
Data called bit rate and expressed as bps.

Comm

and

Computer

Networks

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 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.5 Data Rate & Bandwidth
Data Rate: A very important consideration in data
Data communications is how fast we can send data, in
bps, over a channel, is called data rate limit. The
Comm data rate, basically, depends up on three factors:
1. The bandwidth available
and 2. The level of the signal we use
3. The quality of the channel
Computer
The number of data elements (bits) send in 1
Networks second is called data rate. This is the same as bit
rate in many cases. The unit is bps.

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 14

 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.5 Data Rate & Bandwidth
Signal Rate: The signal rate is the number of
Data signal elements send in 1 second. The unit is
baud. It is sometime called baud rate or pulse
Comm rate or modulation rate.

and Relationship between Data Rate & Signal Rate

1
S = c N  baud
Computer r

Networks

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 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.5 Data Rate & Bandwidth
Bandwidth:
Data ➢ In analog signal, the range of frequencies.
➢ The bandwidth in digital domain can be referred
Comm as the number of bps that a channel or link or
network can transmit.
and ➢ Our internet bandwidth is 100 Mbps.
In networking, the term bandwidth is used in 2
Computer contents:
1. The first, bandwidth in Hz, refers to the range
Networks of frequencies in a composite signal or the
range of frequencies that a channel can pass.
2. The second, bandwidth in bps, refers to the
speed of bit transmission in a channel or link.
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 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.5 Data Rate & Bandwidth
EXAMPLE 1.1 The voice signal in general,
Data digitized using 8 kHz sampling rate. Similarly, the
encoder used during digitization is 8 bits. What
Comm would be the bit rate of the speech signal, in
general?
and
8 kHz x 8 bits = 64 kbps
Computer

Networks

1 3 1
S = c  N  = 0.5 100 10  = 50 kbaud
r 1
J B Gurung November 13, 2019 17
 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.6 Analog and Digital Data
Transmission
Data Digital Data Transmission
a) Baseband transmission
Comm b) Broadband transmission

and a) Baseband Transmission

➢ This means sending a digital signal over a
Computer channel without changing the digital signal.
➢ The baseband transmission can be performed,
Networks if the entire bandwidth of a cable connecting
two computer is one single channel.
➢ We may connect several computers to a bus,
but allow only 2 stations to communicate at a
time.
J B Gurung November 13, 2019 18
 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.6 Analog and Digital Data
Transmission
Data b) Broadband Transmission (using modulation)
Broadband transmission or modulation means
Comm changing the digital signal to an analog signal for
transmission.
and
Analog-to-digital Conversion
Computer

Networks

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 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.6 Analog and Digital Data
Transmission
Data Besides PCM (Pulse code modulation), we have
➢ Delta modulation
Comm ➢ Adaptive delta modulation
➢ Sub-band coding
and ➢ Vocoders.

Computer Digital-to-digital Conversion

To transmit data digitally, the digital data has to be
Networks converted into the most reliable digital signal. This
conversion involves three techniques:
a) Line coding, b) Block coding and c) Scrambling.
The line coding is addressed in Section 1.12.
J B Gurung November 13, 2019 20
 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.6 Analog and Digital Data
Transmission
Data Analog Data Transmission
To make signal transmittable, it has to be
Comm modulated. 2 classes of modulation techniques.
➢ Digital-to-analog conversion
and ➢ Analog-to-analog conversion.

Computer Digital-to-analog conversion

➢ ASK (Amplitude Shiftkeying)
Networks ➢ FSK (Frequency Shiftkeying)
➢ PSK (Phase Shiftkeying)
➢ QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shiftkeying)
➢ QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation).
J B Gurung November 13, 2019 21
 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.6 Analog and Digital Data
Transmission
Data

Comm

and

Computer

Networks

QAM is the combination of both ASK and PSK.

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 22
 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.6 Analog and Digital Data
Transmission
Data
Analog-to-analog conversion
To convert analog signals to transmittable analog
Comm
signals, the modulation techniques available are
➢ AM (Amplitude modulation)
and
➢ FM (frequency modulation)
➢ PM (Phase modulation).
Computer

Networks

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 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.7 Transmission Impairment

Data Signals travel through a transmission medium,

which are not perfect. This imperfection causes
Comm signal impairment. Three main causes of signal
impairments are
and a) Attenuation
b) Distortion
Computer c) Noise.

Networks

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 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.7 Transmission Impairment

Data a) Attenuation
➢ Attenuation means a loss of energy of a signal.
Comm ➢ Electrical energy is converted to heat.
➢ Use amplifiers to regain the signal.
and ➢ Attenuation normally measured in decibel (dB).

Computer The attenuation between two points

 P2 
Networks Attenuation Loss = 10 log10   dB
 P1 

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 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.7 Transmission Impairment
 v2 
Data Attenuation Loss = 20 log10   dB
 v1 
Comm

and EXAMPLE 1.3 The loss in a cable is usually defined in

decibel per kilometer (dB/km). If the signal at the
Computer beginning of a cable with loss -0.3 dB/km, has a power
of 2 mW; what is the power of the signal at 5 km.
Networks
Attenuation after 5 km = -1.5 dB
 P2 
− 1.5 dB = 10 log10  −3  P2 = 2 10−3 10−0.15 = 1.42 mW
 2  10 
J B Gurung November 13, 2019 26
 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.7 Transmission Impairment
b) Distortion
Data Distortion means that the signal changes its form
or shape.
Comm

and c) Noise
During transmission, several kinds of noises are
Computer produced and added with the original signals.
➢ Thermal noise
Networks ➢ Induced noise
➢ Cross-talk noise
➢ Impulse noise, and so on.

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 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.8 Channel Capacity
Channel bandwidth limits the actual bandwidth of
Data the signal that can successfully passed through
the medium, whereas SNR at the receiver
Comm determines the recoverability of the transmitted
signals. Hence, the channel capacity, C, is the
and upper bound of the rate of information
transmission per second and given by
Computer

Networks
C = B log 2 (1 + SNR) bits / sec

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 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.8 Channel Capacity

Data EXAMPLE 1.3 The SNR is often given in dB.

Assume that the (SNR)dB = 36 and the channel
Comm bandwidth is 2 MHz. Find the theoretical channel
capacity of the system.
and
SNRdB = 10 log10 (SNR) SNR = 103.6 = 3981
Computer

Networks Therefore, theoretical channel capacity is

C = B log 2 (1 + SNR ) = 2  10 6 log 2 (1 + 3981) = 24 Mbps

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 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.9 Data Representation
The popular ways of representing the original
Data information into its bit pattern is given below.

Comm a) Text
The text information is represented by a code
and called Unicode. Unicode is 32 bits coding system,
which can represent all symbols, characters used
Computer in any languages in the world.

b) Numbers
Networks
The English numbers are directly converted into a
binary numbers. However, the numbers in other
languages are considered to symbols and
represented using Unicode.
J B Gurung November 13, 2019 30
 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.9 Data Representation
c) Images
Data Images are converted into bit pattern by using a
matrix plates, and every points in a matrix is
Comm represented as pixel (picture element).

and d) Audio
Audio or speech signals are converted into bit
Computer pattern by using analog-to-digital converters.

Networks e) Video
Video is nothing but a combination of images in
discrete interval of time.

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 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.10 Types of Data Flow and
Transmission
Data
a) Simplex
Comm

and
b) Half duplex
Computer

Networks
c) Full duplex
or Duplex

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 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.11 Transmission Media

Data

Comm
We address this topic in Chapter 3.
and

Computer

Networks

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 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.12 Line Coding or Signal
Encoding
Data ➢ Line coding is the process of converting digital
data to digital signals.
Comm ➢ Hence, the line coding converts a sequence of
bits to a digital signal.
and

Computer

Networks

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 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.12 Line Coding or Signal
Encoding
Data Unipolar
➢ In a unipolar scheme, all signal levels are on
Comm one side of the time axis.

and

Computer

Networks

➢ It is costly because of more power

consumption.
J B Gurung November 13, 2019 35
 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.12 Line Coding or Signal
Encoding
Data Polar (NRZ)
➢ In polar schemes, the voltages are on both
Comm sides of the time axis.

and

Computer

Networks

➢ The polar NRZ can introduce dc component.

➢ It has no synchronization facility.
J B Gurung November 13, 2019 36
 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.12 Line Coding or Signal
Encoding
Data Polar (RZ)
➢ The polar RZ (return to zero) can eliminate both
Comm synchronization and dc problems.

and

Computer

Networks

➢ But polar RZ is a high frequency signal,

therefore occupy large bandwidth.

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 37

 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.12 Line Coding or Signal
Encoding
Data Manchester
➢ The polar biphase Manchester code is a
Comm combination of polar RZ and polar NRZ-L.

and

Computer

Networks

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 38

 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.12 Line Coding or Signal
Encoding
Data Differential Manchester
➢ The polar biphase Differential Manchester
Comm code is a combination of polar RZ and polar
NRZ-I (inversion).
and

Computer

Networks

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 39

 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.12 Line Coding or Signal
Encoding
Data In Manchester and Differential Manchester
encoding, the transition at the middle of the bit is
Comm used for synchronization. Hence
➢ No baseline wandering.
and ➢ No dc component.
➢ No synchronization problem.
Computer

Networks

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 40

 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.12 Line Coding or Signal
Encoding
Data Bipolar
➢ In bipolar encoding, there are three voltage
Comm levels; +ve, -ve and zero.
➢ The voltage level for one data element is zero,
and while the voltage level for other data alternates
between +ve and –ve.
Computer ➢ Both Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) and
Pseudoternary bipolar encoding methods are
Networks shown next.

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 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.12 Line Coding or Signal
Encoding
Data

Comm

and

Computer

Networks

➢ The Pseudoternary encoding is just opposite of

AMI.
J B Gurung November 13, 2019 42
 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.12 Line Coding or Signal
Encoding
Data Multilevel
➢ The multilevel encoding is the most
Comm advantageous method.
➢ It introduces digital signal into discrete-time
and signals.
➢ One example of multilevel 2B1Q (2 binary 1
Computer quaternary) encoding scheme is shown next.

Networks

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 43

 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.12 Line Coding or Signal
Encoding
Data

Comm

and

Computer

Networks

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 44

 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.12 Line Coding or Signal
Encoding
Data Multitransition
It uses three levels: +ve, -ve, and zero volts. A
Comm procedure to encode the multitransition scheme is
given below.
and a) If the next bit is 0, then no transition.
b) If the next bit is 1 and the current level is not 0,
Computer then the next level is 0.
c) If the next bit is 1 and the current level is 0,
Networks then the next level is the opposite of the last
non-zero value.
The multitransition encoding scheme, MLT-3, is
shown next.
J B Gurung November 13, 2019 45
 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1.12 Line Coding or Signal
Encoding
Data

Comm

and

Computer

Networks

J B Gurung November 13, 2019 46

 Aksum University, College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Data

Comm

and
Thank You
Computer

Networks

For Attending
J B Gurung November 13, 2019 47