B10.

1 Asexual and sexual reproduction

1. Asexual reproduction: is a process resulting in the production of genetically
identical offspring from one parent

2. Be able to identify examples of asexual reproduction

3. Sexual reproduction: is a process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two games
(sex cells) to form a zygote and the production of offspring that are genetically
different from each other

B10.2 Sexual reproduction in plants

1. Identify and draw sepals, petals, stamens, filaments and anthers carpels style and
stigma and ovary and ovules of an insect pollinated flower:

2. Hand lens to identify and describe anthers and stigmas of a wind pollinated flower:
(Extended)

3.
Part Sepal Petal Anther Stigma Ovary

Function Protect Brightly coloured, Contains four pollen Sticky A hollow chamber,
the scented to attract sacs filled with pollen platform on where several ovules
flower pollinating insects. grains. Each pollen which the develop from the
bud May produce nectar grains contains a male pollen grains walls. Becomes the
from glands at the base nucleus (male gamete) land fruit after pollination.

4. Distinguish between the pollen grains of insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated

flowers:

Insect pollinated pollen grains Wind pollinated pollen grains

Large, sticky or spiky for pollen grains to Smooth, light, dry: easily carried by the
attach to insect body wind
 5. Pollination: is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma.

6. Agents of pollination: Wind, water or animals (insects)

7. Fertilization: occurs when a pollen nucleus fuses with a nucleus in an ovule.

8. Describe structural adaptations of insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers:

Part Insect pollinated Wind pollinated

Amount of Moderate: pollen grain Large amount: increase chances of

pollen transfers fairly efficiently. pollination as most pollens may not
grains reach flower

Petals Large, Brightly coloured, Small, dull, green: no need to attract

scented insects

Nectar Usually present Absent

Anthers Inside flowers so insect will Hang loosely outside flower, long &
brush past it pendulous filaments so wind can
carry pollen grains easily.

Stigma Inside the flower, sticky, so Outside flower, large and feathery to
pollen grains stick to it when catch pollen grains in the air.
insects brush past.

9. The environmental conditions that affect germination(growth) of seed:is limited to

the requirement for water, oxygen and a suitable temperature

B10.3 Sexual reproduction in humans

1.

2.
Parts Testes Scrotum Sperm duct Prostate gland Urethra Penis

Function production sac that holds transfer sperm Secrete fluids for Carries urine Transfers semen
 of male the testes to the urethra sperm to swim in and semen and sperm to
gametes outside the forming semen out of the vagina during
(sperm) body body sexual intercourse

3.

4.
Part Ovaries Oviducts Uterus Cervix Vagina

Function Releases of transfers egg to Where the Ring of muscle Receives penis during
female gametes uterus and the site foetus develops at the opening of sexual intercourse
(eggs) of fertilisation the uterus

5. Fertilisation: is the fusion of the nuclei from a male gamete (sperm) and a female
gamete (egg/ovum)

6.
Gamete Male Female

Size A lot smaller Larger

Structure Tip of the cell carries an Surrounded by a jelly coat, which

acrosome, which secretes
enzymes capable of
digesting a path into an egg
cell, through a jelly coat, so
the sperm nuclei can fuse
with the egg nucleus.
protects the contents of the cell
and prevents more than one
sperm from entering and fertilising
the egg.
Contains large amounts of
cytoplasm, which is rich in fats
and proteins.
The fat acts as energy stores.
Proteins are available for growth if
the egg is fertilised.
 Motility The cytoplasm of the non-motile
midpiece contains many
mitochondria. They carry out
respiration, providing energy
to make the tail (flagellum)
move and propel the sperm
forward.

Numbers produce in larger amounts Only one egg is released each

month while the woman is fertile.

7. (in the table above)

8. (in the table above)

9. The menstrual cycle: the ovaries release ovum about every 4 weeks. In preparation
for this the lining of the uterus wall thickens, so that an embryo can embed itself if the
released ovum is fertilised.
If no implantation occurs, the uterus lining breaks down. The cells, along with blood,
are passed out of the vagina.
After the menstruation, the uterus lining starts to re-form and another ovum starts to
mature.

10. In early development, the zygote forms an embryo which is a ball of cells that
implants into the wall of the uterus

11.
Part Umbilical cord Placenta Amniotic sac Amniotic fluid

Function Attaches embryo and placenta to Obtains the oxygen protects the embryo protects the fetus
each other without blending blood. and food needed to from damage and from injury and
Embryos heart develops and keep the embryo prevents unequal temperature
circulates blood through the alive and growing pressures from acting changes
umbilical cord as well as the from the mothers on it.
placenta through its own tissues. blood.

12. Describe function of placenta and umbilical cord in relation to exchange of dissolved
nutrients, gases and excretory products and providing a barrier to toxins.
(%structure)
Blood vessels in the placenta bring oxygen and nutrients to the fetus and remove
waste products.

13. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may lead to acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS)

14. The methods of transmission of HIV:

anal or vaginal sex, or sharing needles, syringes, or other drug injection equipment.

15. The spread of sexually transmitted infection (STIs) is controlled by…

(a sexually transmitted infection is an infection that is transmitted via body fluids
through sexual contact)