BULE HORA UNIVERSITY

COLLAGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITY

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY

TITLE; SOCIO ECONOMIC IMPLICATION OF STREET VENDING IN BULE HORA

TOWN

BY: -AMANUEL GUJO________ ID.RU/2620/13

-YORDANOS MARU______ID. RU/3836/13

ADVISOR; MELKAMU G. (MA)

A SENIOR RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUMMITED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY PRESENTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE BACHELOR OF ART (BA) DEGREE IN SOCIAL
ANTHROPOLOGY.

DEC, 2023

BULE HORA, ETHIOPIA

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents
List of Abbreviations.................................................................................................................................5
Abstract......................................................................................................................................................6
Chapter One...............................................................................................................................................7
1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................7
1.1. Background of the Study................................................................................................................7
1.2 Statement of the Problem................................................................................................................9
1.3. Objectives of the Study.................................................................................................................11
1.3.1. General Objective......................................................................................................................11
1.3.2. Specific Objectives.....................................................................................................................11
1.4. Major research question..............................................................................................................11
1.5. Scope of the study.........................................................................................................................11
1.6 Significance of the Study...............................................................................................................12
Chapter Two............................................................................................................................................13
2. Review of Related Literature..........................................................................................................13
2.1. What is Street Vending?...............................................................................................................13
2.1.1. Definition....................................................................................................................................13
2.1. 2 Types of Street Vending............................................................................................................14
I. Mobile Vending unit................................................................................................................14
II. Static or fixed vending unit.................................................................................................14
2.2 The Reasons that the Beginning of Street Vending.....................................................................15
2.2.1 Lack of Economic Growth.....................................................................................................15
2.3 The Importance of Street Vending...........................................................................................16
2.4 Obstacle of Street Venders........................................................................................................16
2.5 Negative Impact of Street Vending...........................................................................................17
2.6 The Economic Threats of Street vending.................................................................................17
2.7 The major Coping Strategies of Street Vending....................................................................18
2.8 Rational Choice Theory.............................................................................................................18
2.9 Effectuation Theory...................................................................................................................19
 2.10 The School of Thoughts about Street Vending......................................................................19
Chapter Three..........................................................................................................................................19
3. Research Methodology....................................................................................................................19
3.1 Description of the Study Area...................................................................................................19
3.1.1 Location and size.....................................................................................................................20
3.1.2 Climate....................................................................................................................................21
3.2 Socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the study area......................................21
3.2.1 Demographic characteristics.....................................................................................................21
3.2.2 Land use and economic activity.............................................................................................21
3.3 Research Design.........................................................................................................................21
3.4 Data sources...............................................................................................................................21
3.6 Data Analysis.............................................................................................................................23
3.7. Ethical Consideration...............................................................................................................23
4. BUDGET BREAK DOWN................................................................................................................23
5.1 ACTIVITIES....................................................................................................................................24
Reference..............................................................................................................................................25
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First, we would like to give Our greatest thanks to almighty of God for his great support to
pass Our obstacles and also helps us to do this research Proposal with a piece of
knowledge Secondly, we would also like to thanks our advisor, Mr.Melkamu.G for his
professional comments and guidance during preparation of our research Proposal work.
Finally, we extends our special thanks to our family for their wonderful moral and financial
support throughout the period of the study. We say thank you and God bless you.
List of Abbreviations
CBD Central Business District

CSA Central Statics Authority

ETB Ethiopian Birr
FGD Focus Group Discussion
GDP Gross Domestic Product
ILO International Labor Office
LDCS Least Developed Countries
L.T Local Time
MoFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development
OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
RMIC Republic Mortgage Insurance Company
EC Ethiopian calendar
 Abstract
Street vending is an important source of income for many poorer segment of the society in the
urban area. Because of the vendors are one of the informal activities that goods and services,
means of production by in formalized scene therefore this study is used to assessed as socio-
economic implication of street vending in West Guji zone, particularly Bule Hora town. The
study will use to the implication of street vending, method to be used is qualitative method of
data collecting mechanism to study the socio- economic implication of street vending. To
scrutinize the sector in city, the study will use randomly selected sample street vendors and
groups to focus group discussion each groups will have individuals from the market centers. In
order together the necessary data from the sample street vendors, interview, and observation,
interviewee the key informants and FGD will be used as research instrument tools. And also
uses the secondary data from internet, some related literature about street vendors. The study
finding will be addressed to Government and other concerned bodies in order to solve the
problem.

Key words: -Implication; Street vending, Socio- economic, Trade, Vendors, Bule Hora Town
 Chapter One
1. Introduction
1.1. Background of the Study
Street venders are an integral part of urban economies around the world. Offering easy access to
a wide range of goods and services in public spaces. They sell ever thing from vegetable to
prepared foods, from building materials to garments and crafts, from consumer electronic to auto
repair to hair crafts most street vendors provides the main source of income for their households,
bringing food to their families and paying school (Sarah, 2019).

Street vending defined as one of the major informal economic activities and it’s known to be old
practice. It has always had presence in the composition of cities. There is substantial increase in
the number of street vendors in the major cities around world, especially in the developing
countries of Asia, Latin America and Africa (Sahara, 2011).

Street vending is pervasive across the globe, especially in developing countries. It provides an
important source of earning for an unemployment in urban area, as well as a source of relatively
in expensive goods and services for city resident. However typical venders faces a common set
of problems which range from tenuous poverty high and harassment from civic authorities to
subsistence living and earning, under this precarious setting, street enterprises have been
expanding [Wiley,2013]

Just in Africa between 10 to 20 percent the population living selling goods and services in public
places. Yet their right to work harassment, discrimination confiscation of their stock. As street
vendors are frequently will deprive for the ender have right to organize, has will no
representation in decision affecting their lives and have no safety to fall back on, the slogan for
the day is street venders are
workers with the same right to organize, representation and social protection as other workers, it
is under this slogan that war on wants partner, the Malawi union for the informal sector is today
submitting a memorandum to local council authorities to recognize and respond to the many
needs and demands their members, including the filthy conditions vendors have to work in with
no toilets and clean water and the harassment they face. African cities are crowed, but not
necessarily economically dense. In other word, they are undergoing an urbanization of people,
not of capital (saha 20011).

Ethiopia is one of the populous countries in Africa with an estimated population of over 100
million. The Ethiopian government has applied a federal structure of governance consisting of
nine regional states and two city administrations which is sub divided into zones, districts, and
kebele administrations. Agriculture is the main means of subsistence in national economy with
an emerging and growing manufacturing and service sectors (MoFED, 2012).

In Ethiopia there is high rural urban migration and urbanization is highly increasing from time to
time. As a result, Ethiopian town and cities have been grappled with rapid growth of
unemployment mainly among young people. This forced the engagement into different urban
based income generation activities including informal sector and street vending. According to the
CSA (2003) report, the informal sector absorbs for about 60 percent of the urban labor force in
Ethiopia. In addition, street vending is another self-employment sector that absorbed may job
seeking young people (CSA, 2003).

The term in informal sector (street vendors) used for all activities that goods and services of
means of production are legal but not registered or out of government control. That people work
as self-employed without pay any cost for registration, tax and who work as a means of income
with poor condition of working and without security. Within informal sector activities including
petty traders, street venders, and waste pickers, coolies, shoeshine, small artisans and personal
servants( Bhowmil,2007).

The main causes for the growth of street vending in these countries, lack of gainful employment
coupled with poverty in rural areas has pushed people out of their villages in search of a better
existence in the cities. These migrants do not possess the skills or the education to enable them to
find better paid, secure employment in the formal sector and they have to settle for work in the
informal sector. There is another section of the population in these countries who are forced to
join the informal sector. They lost their jobs because of closer, down-sizing or mergers in the
industries they worked in and they or their family members had to seek low paid work in the
informal sector in order to survive. Both causes are directly related to globalization (Bhowmik,
2007).

Street vending in Bule Hora Town is illegal and considered as a public nuisance and street
venders have also been increasing in number. The concern of this study therefore is the analysis
of the street vending and its spatial implications on socio economic in the city center of Bule
Hora. The informal economy is the highest employer of the urban poor because of the ability of
the formal sector to cope with demand for jobs, good and service. The street vendors store is
either a small outside area that can be locked and shut down at the end of the night or a cart that
can be moved from location to location and taken home at the end of the day. This is similar in
Bule Hora town of Oromia region. Of the total population of Bule Hora town, there are 2680
people engaged in formal traders of which 20% are street venders (Administration of Bule Hora
town, trade and transportation office).

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The street vending has resulted in the lack of accurate estimates of the number of street vendors
in various sub-Saharan countries. As the result of this, there is less understanding of working
conditions and other aspects of street vendors in various Africa cities. The number of entering
vending activities tends to increase from time to time. On other hand although it has been
threatened by local urban authorities, street vendor is phenomena in many developing countries
(Mitullah, 2005, cross, 1998, kayuni and tambulasi, 2009).

Since street vending is the one of the most visible and important part of urban informal sectors,
investigations regarding the condition how they earn their living from it and their relation with
government authorities, its contribution to live hood security , diversification strategy of income
and their socio economic back ground is important to further inquire in the field. The main
reason for this study’s focus, on street vending activities in Bule Hora, did not emphasize
aforementation aspects of street vendors. Particularly, this study tried to give due consideration
to them (Fransen and Mulugeta, 2008).
 According to international journal of sociology and anthropology, street vending as the safety
net for the disadvantaged people. The existence of a renewed interest in the study of informal
sector is reflected in various national and international initiatives. This is considered as a turning
point to the sector to be recognized in many corners. Pointed out that, more emphasis should be
placed on improving socio-economic situation of the disadvantaged people at the grass root
levels to create better opportunities for income generating activities. However, this assessment
on street vendors was too general and focused on the entire informality but did not see the
dynamic situation of street vendors particularly (Asmammaw, 2015).

Different research conducted on street vending informal business activities in different countries
like Botswana, Mexico, Cambodia, Mongolia, Thailand, Vietnam, and Lesotho, in some Ethiopia
region also studded like Addis Ababa, Mekele and Jimma. According to these research, it Show
that street vending plays significant socio economic activities and alleviating poverty by creating
employment and income generating activities. But in my study area there is no sufficient
information about socioeconomic implication of street vending in Bule Hora town. So my study
would fill the gaps of those absences of study research about the socio economic implication of
street vending.

Mithulla, he saw that in the developing nation people engage the street vending, but he does
not tell about by what case they engage the activity of street vending. When researcher saw
that the people engage the street vending either by lack of adequate insufficient economy or
lack of any other work or unemployment, so the people engage the reason.

Mulugeta saw that street vending is one of the most visible and important of urban informal
sector, but he does not see in rural sector. When researcher saw that the activities like both
urban and rural informal sector. He does not see both urban and rural sector.
1.3. Objectives of the Study
1.3.1. General Objective

The general aim of this research is to investigate the socio economic implication of street
vending in West Guji zone, in case of Bule Hora town.

1.3.2. Specific Objectives

• To describe the reasons that makes people street traders.

• To identify the economic threats of street trading.
. To explore the major coping strategies of street venders while facing

1.4. Major research question

. What are reason that makes people street traders?
. What are the economic threat of street traders?
. What are the major coping strategies of street venders while far Constraints from governing?

1.5. Scope of the study

Geographically this study will be limited to Oromia region West Guji zone Southern part of
Ethiopia, particularly, Bule Hora town. Within this area Wide Street venders so was investigate
the socio economic implication of them. Apart from in-depth studies which will be an interview
programs at these selected focus areas, and few interviews at some additional sites and focus
group discussion, informal discussions with vendors or other who to investigate socio economic
threats in street vending.

Conceptually this study drawn in the research objectives above, describe the reasons that makes
people street traders, explore the major coping strategies of street venders while facing
constraints from governing bodies and identify the economic threats of street vending, simply
this study will be limited to investigate socio economic implication of street vending west Guji
zone, particularly Bule Hora town.
1.6 Significance of the Study

Researcher will hope that this research is expected to have both academic and non-academic
significances. Accordingly, the studies were benefiting a range of stakeholders who have been
working on the issue at hand. The significance of this study would expect to give understanding
the importance of street vending in Bule Hora town. The study expected to raise the awareness of
street vending, understand the challenges of the street vendors and also helps to prevent the
police reducing and controlling the problem of street vendors and also mitigate the expansion of
street vendors .and also will attempt to address the economic implication of street vending in
west Guji zone Bule Hora town. Result of the study will provide a better understanding and
awareness to policy maker and also explore the major strategies of street vending while facing
governing bodies.
 Chapter Two
2. Review of Related Literature
2.1. What is Street Vending?
2.1.1. Definition
History of Street vendors has been in existence since ancient times. In all civilizations, ancient
and medieval, one reads accounts of travelling merchants who not only sold their wares in the
town by going from house to house but they also traded in neighboring countries. Perhaps
ancient and medieval civilizations were tolerant to these wandering traders and that is why they
flourished. In modern times we find that street vending are rarely treated with the same measure
of dignity and tolerance (Bhowmik and Saha 2013).

Street vending someone who sells food, goods and merchandise on the street or in an open-air
market rather than at a traditional store. They are identified as the informal sector where their
businesses are conducted as form of irregular, unstable, and marginal economic activities. As
such there is no systematic documentation of the numbers of street vending, their scale of
businesses, or the viability of their pursuits. Street vending is probably the second most
important employment opportunity for the urban poor societies (Tiwari 2000).

Street vending is an important part of urban economies. It provides affordable 1goods and
services with retail choices to the poor section of the population in LDCs (ILO, 2002a). Street
vendors are entrepreneurs who sell goods or provide services in the street. They sell a wide range
of goods and services on a retail basis in streets and sidewalks. They may have fixed booths such
as kiosks and semi-fixed booths like folding tables (Tanga, 2009). They may work from barred
enclosures, collapsible stands, or wheeled pushcarts that are moved and stored quickly. Other
vendors sell from fixed locations without having any structure, displaying their products on
plastic sheets. Lottery and mobile vendors, on the other hand, walk through the streets (ILO,
2002b). In general, street vendors form a significant part of urban livelihoods particularly in the
developing regions of the world of which Ethiopia is not an exception.
2.1. 2 Types of Street Vending

Street vending is a kind of vending strategy where by people sale goods or provides services
from public space. According to Kusakabe (2006) street vending can be classified in two.

I. Mobile Vending unit

In this vending unit the vendor does not have fixed or static vending unit but sells by moving
from place to place or one location to another. Furthermore, it incorporates the so-called semi-
static vending unit in which the selling unit is removed after a relatively long period of selling.
One major advantage of being mobile vendor is accessibility to the buyer. Because of this mobile
vendors are not dependent on location. On the other hand, mobile vendors face a problem on the
amount of food that they carry from location to location due to the weight of goods.

II. Static or fixed vending unit

is a vending unit where by the vendors has fixed or static selling premises and sells its goods or
services from permanently located premises. Whereas fixed or static vending units tend to be
more stable and are free from the problem of quantity of food to carry since they have static
location. In general, fixed vending units are found in public markets or in a building where
conditions are different from those selling on the streets. In many cases, fixed vending units
extend from a house or are part of a shop house (Kusakabe, 2006).

According to McGee (1973) street vendors are classified according to their location. McGee
classified the vendors in to three types of locations:
1. Vendors who sell in places where people assemble, such as markets and bus terminals.
2. Vendors who sell on the street. This type of vendor poses problems of congestion and
obstruction.
3. Vendors who sell a bazaar. A bazaar is equivalent to the seasonal or periodic market
where vendors sell on a piece of public or private land. According to McGee, a bazaar is
a place for entertainment as well as a place for selling. It is the “department store” of a
dual economy’s traditional sector.
2.2 The Reasons that the Beginning of Street Vending

Based on countries reasons of street vending theories based on the four dominant schools of
thought like dualistic, structural, legalist and ill-legalist schools of thought. The street vendors
are different from one country to another country affected by culture, politics and economic
backgrounds.

2.2.1 Lack of Economic Growth

The pushing factor of informal activities is due to slow rate of economic growth and faster rate
of population growth industrial sector cannot created job opportunities for surplus labors
according to the dualist school cause of informal sector is lack of growth(chen,2012).

2.2.2 Government Rules and Regulation

Neo classical economy model if marginal tax increase substitute than work as same as people on
effect that people choice leisure than work as same as people substation informal sector by
reducing working time from formal sector (Boyan Belev,2013).

2.2.3 Choice of Illegal Operation

The legalist school subscribes to the notion that informal sector driving by entrepreneurs
purposely wants to avoid costs of formally operating that regulation fee, taxation, water and
electric cost. Chose informality is entrepreneurs choose operate illegally (Maloney, 2004 cited on
Chen, 2012).

2.2.4 Little or no Economic Growth

No enough jobs are created for all those seeking work. Many frustrated formal job seeks find
employment in informal economy (Chen, 2012)

2.2.5 Pattern of Economic Growth

Martha alters Chen and marlins (2001) argue the patterns of economic growth are the main factor
of informal sector. Like little economic growth, jobless growth, high technology growth.
2.2.6 Economic Crises
Economic crisis lead to increased unemployment through loss of jobs in the formal economy, the
economy crisis the workers who are laid off and cannot find alternative formal jobs often end up
working in the informal economy (Chen, 2012).

2.2.7 Globalization
John c (2000) the current change in global economy is associated post modernity and post
modernism is more open to informal sector to function in the economy of creates for new
business.

2.2.8 Rural to Urban Migration

Todaro (1981) rural to urban migration social factor, physical factor, and communication factor,
urbanization is more that of the population and that the rate of migration from the rural to the
urban area equal that of a number of jobs generated by the formal sector. All the surplus rural
labor is absorbed in the new industrial sector (http://economics –exposed .com\rural –urban
migration –models).

2.3 The Importance of Street Vending

Street trade is rampant and a source of employment and income for many urban dwellers.
However, in most of the countries, it is unaccounted and unrecognized in national economic
statics street trade has in the past, been viewed as an underground activity that undermines the
health function of the formal economy. Thus perception has resulted in conflicts with urban
authorities over licensing, taxation site of operation, sanitation and working conditions (charms,
1999).

In developing countries estimate of the size of the informal sector in terms of its share of non-
agricultural employment range is roughly between one fifth and four fifth ad in terms of its
contribution to GDP, 25% and 40% of annual, the importance of informal sector in the sector as
innovation, creativity, capital saving and growing production (Youns, 1977).
2.4 Obstacle of Street Venders
Salary workers lead to uncertain terms of future earning, uncertainty in terms of contract
renewal, lack of basic benefits (severance pay overtime, unemployment benefits, and sick leave)
and social protection, long work hours, work accidents, absent workers and high indirect
operational costs (OECD, 2008).

According to World Bank Informal sector or traders are facing a lot of financial and non-
financial obstacles. Those are suffering a lack of legal protection. Endure restricted access to
capital and business support. Within informal economy are faced problem here are some of the
main ones, as they affect local government. Poor infrastructure, affects street vendors, they need
infrastructure include formal markets, water and electricity. Low demand, Poor access to finance
and banking, no social benefits, no any insurance, under minimum wage that difficult to make
any saving and non-appropriate working condition (World Bank, 2000).

2.5 Negative Impact of Street Vending

Informal sector as a means of urban air pollution and payment for tax the informal sector non tax
at all. The sector direct negatively affected social benefits, budget revenue by reducing taxes and
social security contribution paid and therefore availability of funds to improve infrastructure
and other public goods and services, it is invariability to a high tax burden on registered labor
(Allen & sarbajit, 2005).

2.6 The Economic Threats of Street vending

The economic threats are absence of official protection and recognition non converged by
minimum wage legislation and social security system, predominance of own account and self-
employment working absence of trade union organization, law income and wage, little job,
security working condition and no fringe benefit of complex live hood challenges, which go
beyond self-employment (Joseph, 2011).
According to Rachna (2014) street vending threats specific to street vending faces many people
as they are vulnerable population who are neither protected by government and non-government
organization labor union or by any labor law. The street vendors always suffer competition with
other street vending because of fluctuation in market price. Another reason for decrease income
of street vendors that they are usually associated with encroachment of public spaces causes
traffic, congestion, the government economic and social wellbeing of urban population.

2.7 The major Coping Strategies of Street Vending

According to Bromey, (2000) street vending facesa complex co-existence persecution regulation,
tolerance and promotion .One strategy which was very common was the use square sheet. The
vendors would put merchandise on a blanket or plastic sheet on blanket or canvas either on the
ground makes shift counter made of card board boxes. In the event of police raid, the street
vendors would quickly garb four corners of the blanket \plastic and run to safety. For some
vendors the sheet had cords attached to the corner. Such that in the event of police roads the
vendor would garb cords to pull their merchandise in to a ball \bag and easily make run of it.
The second strategy involved street entrepreneurship street vending CBD after 5pm municipal
police finished work for the day. After 5pm a number of street vendors would begin to swells
and the group began enjoy the freedom of controlling public urban space as they made sales
Uninterpreted by police raid.
The third strategy was use of safe place or “strategic bases” to keep merchandise awaiting scale.
These safe places included offices, licensed shop, parcel counters, storm drains, alley ways and
vehicle parking lots. Sometimes the vendors displayed dummy good on the street and kept
genuine products in the safe place.

2.8 Rational Choice Theory

Rational choice theory is one of the economic principles that states that individuals always make
prudent and logical decisions. The decision provide people with the greatest benefit or
stratification, given the choice available and are also their highest self-interest most main stream
academic assumption so in the assumption of rational choice theory all people try to maximize
their advantage in any situation and therefore consistency to try maximize their loses. The
theory is based on the idea that all humans base their decision on rational calculations and also
stipulates that all complex social phenomena are driven by individual human actions, therefore,
if an economist explain social change or the action of social institution look the rational choice
to make up the whole (Kenneth,1951). So according to this theory the street vendors that
engaged in this trade by their rational choice.

2.9 Effectuation Theory

Effectuation theorists believe in total opposite of rational choice theory in entrepreneur ship
example rational choice theory says that persons start the business would make the more rational
and beneficial choice to get it off the ground. Such as scouting allocation and funding.
Essentially conforming to the market, according to international instate for management
development an effectual person instead would attempt to start a business based on expertise.
Rather than finding location of the business (Kenneth, 1951).

2.10 The School of Thoughts about Street Vending

There are three schools of thought about informal trade which the one of the informal trade is
street vending the thoughts are; romantic view, parasite and dual view.
The romantic view; holds the government in terms of polices regulations capital and skill they
could performing the same way as formal sector. The view to the informal score an engine of
growth just waiting to reals by giving informal firms, property right (skinner,2008).according to
this view the street vendors are potentially productive but held by government policies ,
regulation and limited access to finance.
The parasite view ; the perspective of illegality and present them as means of un fair advantage
in their competition with formal sector(skinner,2008).in this views the street venders informal
firms are hurting growth because there are small scale makes they unproductive and they take
away market share from more productive.
The dual view; informal firms are highly insufficient do not pusethreat to formal firms but also
do not contribute to economic growth. The dualist argued that formal actors and their operation
have a linkage to formal economy (chen,2007). And in this view the street vendors are widely
linkage to the formal economy.
 Chapter Three
3. Research Methodology
3.1 Description of the Study Area
The study will be conducted in Bule Hora town of the West Guji zone in the Oromia regional.

3.1.1 Location and size

Bule Hora town is located in West Guji Zone south part of Oromia regional state of a distance of
467 km far from Addis Ababa to south and. The town is located an average elevation from 2300-
2400meters above sea level and the minimum was 1000. The town has an estimated total
population of 254550 that is number of males 124500 and 130050 females respectively
(financing socio-economic office, 20015 E.C).

Fig .3.1

 Study area location map of (a) Ethiopia, (b) Oromia region, and (c) Bule Hora town.
 3.1.2 Climate
As data from culture and tourism office reveals. Bule Hora town is one of the annual average
temperature is 23% and dega climatic condition. The town monthly rain fall from April to august
has 300mm-1500mm. the highest temperature for the area has 23%. The town get rain fall
through the whole year up to mean rain fall range 100up to 1400mm

3.2 Socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the study area

3.2.1 Demographic characteristics
The population of West Guji zone of Bule Hora town is based on finance socio-economic office
statistical shows in 2015 e.c account 254556 that is males 124506 and females 13005. From the
above total population the town has consists, more than half youths and adults.

3.2.2 Land use and economic activity

Land use of Ethiopia total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in
the late 1980, that 15%was under cultivation and 51% was pasture land. It was also estimated
that over 60% of the cultivated area was cropland. Forest land most of it in the south western part
of the country, accounted for 4% of the total land area, according to the government (u.s library
of congress).

The town has an organized more association with engaged in trade center in local market , small
scale and micro enterprise on woodwork, manufacturing service etc. most people in Bule Hora
town trade to provide cash crop such as coffee for market center in average annual
895.6,corn(600 tones),hides(53148)for center market (Bule Hora municipality,20015 e.c).

3.3 Research Design

A qualitative approach will be utilized for this research mainly because it allows flexibility with
regard to the choice of research instrument tools and research procedure (sarantakes, 1993).
Flexibility is important because of the complexity and political sensitivity of the proposed
research. The cause of that we will use qualitative approach to get research mainly qualitative
approach allows flexibility explanation and background data from informants and collect nearly
true data.

3.4 Data sources

The data required for this study will include primary and secondary sources.
Primary Source of Data
Researchers will get the primary data from, interview, focus group discussion, observation, case
study and Key informants interview. The researchers will contact with street vendors so as to
gather data and understood about the vendors socio economic character and their live hood
situations which include information about their, Reasons that engaged to this job and the
challenges of their job.

3.4.1.1 Key Informant Interview

The researchers will use the key informant interview the key informants will be, customers,
knowledgeable individuals who are native members of the community who can provide the best
and rich information about street vendors. Key informant interview will be held with key
informant interviewed such as community members and from work commercial office.

3.4.1.2 Observation

Using these methods, the opportunity to record and analyze behavior and interactions as they
occur. This allows events, implications, actions and experiences and so on, the researcher seen
through the eyes of the researcher, often without any construction on the part of those involved.
It is a particularly useful approach where the behavioral consequences of events form a focal
point of the street vendors. The research will make transact walk across Bule Hora town street
parts of the selected areas to observe the street vendors practices, their materials.

3.4.1.3 Focus Group Discussion

In this study the researchers will use this technique to collect social, economic and challenges of
Different individuals have varied background, understandings, insights, perceptions,
perspectives, world views, and beliefs with regard to their surrounding or world. Therefore, FGD
helps to collect first hand data by centering discussion on particular issues that socio economic
implication of street vending. In this study, a small number of vendors and street traders will be
selected to gather relevant data and discover valid finding.

Secondary Data
Secondary data which is appropriate for this study will be collected through reviewing different
documents from Bule Hora town trade and market office. Furthermore, pertinent published and
unpublished reports, books and journals will be reviewed to produce information about the
constraints affecting the effective utilization of street vending in socio economic development.

3.6 Data Analysis

The data will be collected by thematic and case description will be analyzed on the basis of
research methods used to collect. The researchers analyzes the qualitative data using describing,
summarizing and interpreting meanings methods in relation to the study issue and not used the
quantitative methods. Data that will gathered via focus group discussion, key informant
interview, observation and document analysis will be according to their thematic categories.

3.7. Ethical Consideration

There will be some processes before conducting the study in the area such as letter from the
department to the concerned bodies for researchers will take consideration. After fulfillment of
the step to make the respondent feel and confidential to fill the questionnaire and interview
genuinely and smoothly the researcher will established smooth relationship to get full
information from the respondent and besides the researcher will use clear word and ethical
consideration at the time of the study.

4. BUDGET BREAK DOWN

Number Material Quantity Unit price Total price

1 Paper 1 packet 1*850 850
2 Printing 40 page 5*40 800
3 Pen 4 4*20 80
4 Binder 1 1*150 150
5 Ruler 1 1*80 80
6 Flash Disc 1 1*450 450
7 Transportation As required 500 300
8 Total _ _ 2710
 5. WORK PLAN

5.1 ACTIVITIES
The major activities to be implemented during this work starting from title selection up to final thesis
submission will be as follows;-

No, Activities Oct. Oct-November Nov. Nov-Dec. Jan. May June

2023 2023 2023 2024
2023 2024 2024

1 Questionairy
development, sampling

2 Data collection

3 Proposal writing,
submission

4 Data editing, ,analysis

and interpretation

5 Thesis compilation

6 Thesis presentation,
correction and
submission
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