CALCUTTAUNIVERSITY, TECH.

CAMPUS
SALT LAKE

Electrical Engineering Laboratory

List of Experiments to be performed in First year B.Tech. semester- l course for

the session 2022-23

1. VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN'S THEOREM.

2. VERIFICATION OF NORTON'S THEOREM.

3. VERIFICATION SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

4. VERIFICATION MAX. POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

5. VOLT.-AMP CHARACTERISTICS OF LA MP

6. CALIBRATION OF VOLTMETER

7. CALIBRATION OF AMMETER

8. A.C SERIES CIRCUIT

9. O.CTEST OF A TRANSFORMER

10. S.C TEST OFA TRANSFORMER

 VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN'S THEOREM

Object

To verify Thevenin's Theorem in a simple circuit containing some resistances by

application of constant D.C. potential.
Circuit Diagram:

A
12 V 220s

330N
B

Theory:
Thevenin's Theorem
This theorem states that the
current flowing through load of anetwork is given by
VTH/RTH+RL, where VTH is the open circuit voltage across the two
terminals when RL is
removed & RTH 0s the internal
resistance of the network from the said two termninals with
all voltage sources replaced by their internal
resistances, if any.
So, we have to measure the voltage between terminal A&
Bas shown in the figure wvhen
load is removed by a dc voltmeter. Also we have to
measure the resistance offered by
the circuit looking through the terminals A &B
when voltage source E is replaced by its
internal resistance.
 Apparatus required:

Name Range/Rating Makers' Name No.

Procedure:

At first a circuit as shown in the figure is made by

using the training kit. Then a fixed
resistance (RTH) between the points A
voltage is given to the circuit. By removing RL the
measured by using multi-tester.
& B and the Voltage (VTH) between the two points are
measured. At last by using lL=
Then for different RL the current through the load (| L) is
using the formula.
VTH/RTH+RL formula ILis calculated. The % error is then determined by

Percentage error =((l LM-lLc )/lLM )X 100

Experimental Results:
 Report Remarks: observ No.of
ation
7 6 4 3 2 1
5.

Draw 701564 (volt)

ohm VTH

Thevenins
RTH
VERIFICATION
ohm
RL
Verification
equivalent
Calculated
mA
Current
in Lc l
/(RTH+RL)
lLc=VTH
ckt.
of
OF Thevenin's
NORTON'S
load
Theorem
(mA) current loadsured
THEOREM l
LM Mea

ILMLC
100% x error
Percentage
lLM
Procedure: resistance.
Apparatus internal
their the This Theory: constant Object
Name used: RiwhereStatement
Theorem Diagram
Circuitpotential.
i D.C. To
networktheorem veriy

Isc I2V Norton's

as is
states
viewed the
short Theorem
Range/Rating that
backcircuit
the
from voltage 226 in
current a
these simple
between
between
points circuit
Makers'
Name
when the any
330
containing
two two
all
points
the points
source some
and in
No. a
Ri resistance
e.m.f.network
is
the
is
replaced
resistanceequal is by
applying
to
by oflsc
At first voltage is fixed or made constant through out the test. Then the
circuit as shown
in the fig is done. Then the voltage between two points a
and b (Vab) iS measured by
Using voltmeter present in the training kit. Again the short circuit is placed between the
points a &b through the milli-ammeter present in the training kit to measure Isc. After
that
the source e m.f. is replaced by their internal resistance and the
resistance of the network
as viewed back from a & b (Ri) is also measured by
using multimeter. Then lsc & R, is
multiplied and the calculated Vab iS obtained. Then the measured and
calculate Vab iS
compared. & percent error is calculated

Result:

Vab (measured) Ri (measured) lsc (measured) Vab = R x Isc Percent

(calculated) Error

(V) ohms (V)

(m.A)

Percent Error = Vab (measured)- Vab (calculated) x 100%

Vab (measured)

Remarks:

Report: Draw Norton's equivalent ckt.

VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITIONTHEOREM
 whi ch emf Th
TheisSt
oa
ret Theory'
m ent Diagram
Circuit i Object:-
other thteheorem
sources wOuld current -12V
To
are l ow states verify
in
replaced thaltowing that the
in (A superposition
by
SectionthrOugh a
Iheir if Linear
each any
ntenal sectionbilateral
sourCe 212 theorem
is GND
resistances emf theNework in
are a
dc
tor algebrac network
No conthesidered ontaining
tme sum more
of
beisnegparately al than
the one
and cur ents source
al
 Object:- To verify the superposition theorem in a dc network

Circuit Diagram :

2212

Theory:
Theorem Statement
This theorem states that in a Linear bilateral Network containing more than one source
emf the current flowing through any section is the algebraic sum of all the currents
which would flow in that section each source emf are considered separately and all
other sources are replaced by their internal resistances for the time being

Apparatus
Used:

Name Range/Rating Makers' Name No.

Procedure:
 IS connected through
it
as % M-Cx100
error
source current
source M
THEOREM
12V
superposition
sum
(algebric
the Br.through
9V AB
using
KeepingKeeping measure Current theoremQ)
table.
following
the (C) TRANSFER
(mA) &
P
of
ckt. ckt. &
ckt Br.
shortAB. through12V
onlyVoltage
when
AB
present
isSource POWER
Fig. short the Current
branch in (mA)
above
a a joined
in
(Q)
placeAB. place written MAXIMUM
branch through through
Br. When
AB error
in are 9V isSource
onlyvoltage
shown
and and Current present
are
sources (mA) percent
through
opened opened
current results (P)
as OF
made
AB both
(when
branch are
SOurces the VERIFICATION
current voltage
The present)
is is the throughvoltage
Current Calculate
source
Measure (mA)
is source AB. (M)
ckt. the the
12V
the 9V Measure bothbranch observation
Remarks:
first Then Thenis. Now Result: Report:
it the ofNo. 1
At as
1. 2. 3.
4
 load internal maximum
a
to or
power
equivalent be
will
network. of PL
transfer
series RL No.
dc. =I1
maximum
the
a PL=ILVL
in to Makers'
Name
theorem equal
the is
transfer
A 3 0J that
value
a
states
has

resistor
load
power resistor Range/Rating
theorem the
maximum D in
load power
transfer
2
the source.
the
verify Circuit when
Diagram: power the
for Apparatus
used:
occurs expression
To of RL=R
when Procedure:
Theory:
Maximumresistance
Object:-
resistor Name
The
 resistance
resistance.
I|RL
=
Power
internal (watt)
LAMPS
test. load
the
theorem.
the the MENT
measure
throughout &
the
current Current
in Load theorem.
the FILA
verify (MA)
IL
and resistance.
load CARBON
(12V) current & the
of resistance resistance verify
constant values
internal (ohm)
RL
load Load AND
&
curve
the its measured
load TUNGSTEN
made
measure
by Vs. resistance
Fig. resistance
Internal R.
(ohm)
or sources power
in
fixedshown the
& from OF
is the
resistance of Experimental
results: load
voltage graph
power (volt)
Vi
Voltage STUDY
As replacing
Input Vs.
ckt.
a power
input
the load Calculate
plot
observa- Remarks:
MakeVaryckt Then Report: DraW
The ofNo.
the tion 1 2 3 4 5 6. 7.
1 2. 3. of 4. 5. 1)
Object
filament lamps.
To obtain the volt-amp Characteristics of tungsten & carbon

Circuit Diagram:

Car bon Tunysteu

VARIAe
Lamo Laut

Theoryi o be the resistance

resistance of an electric ckt. Changes with temperature. Thus, if R
The is called the
and R: its resistance at t°C then R t = Ro (1+ at) where a
of ackt. at 0°C
the resistance
co-efficient of resistance. For metals and many other substances,
temp. and some other
the rise in temp. and for them a is +ve In carbon
increases with
ve. Hence
rise in temp. & for them alpha is
substances, the resistance decreases with
increase with the rise
the lamp resistance is found to
in ametal filament (tungsten) lamp, under similar
lamp,the lamp resistance is found to fall
in temp. but in Carbon filament voltage. AS
lamps from asource of variable
conditions. This can be seen by running the
increases
increased, the working temp. of the lamp
the volt. across the lamps gradually
increase in the case of the tungsten lamp and
and the lamp resistance is found to
decreased in the case of carbon lamp.

Apparatus used: -
Apparatus Range/Rating Make SerialNo
 Procedure :
1. The tungsten lamp is connected with the circuit as shown in fig
2. The voltage across the lamp is increased in steps upto the rated voltage.
3. The reading of voltmeter and ammeter are noted in each step. Calculate
resistance and wattage in each step.
4. The above steps are repeated for carbon filament lamp.
5. Note the just glow voltage of lamps.
(N.B. At normal working temp. the resistance of tungsten lamp rises to about 10 times
the value when cold. while in carbon lamp the resistance falls to about
half the cold value.)

Result Obtained:
No. Tungsten Lamp Carbon Lamp
of Voltage Current Resistance Wattage Voltage Current Resistance Wattage
obs. (V) (A) Ohm. (W) (V) (A) Ohm. (w)

Just glovw voltage for tungsten lamp=

Just glow voltage for carbon lamp=

RemarkS:
 grapn.
on a
lamp on
same lamp VOLTMETER
carbon
a carbon
on
lamps and
and
tungsten AND
carbon tungsten
AMMETER
and both
both
tungstenfor
curve for OF
curve CALIBRATION
both Current
Voltage
for
curve Vs Vs
resistance Wattage
volt-amp graph.
same
a
graph.
same
Report: Draw
1.Draw DraW Object
2. 3.
 laboratory
to
of adequate
value
working the
scale of
be No.
those
with should
apparatus.
full
the than
comparison
resistance
230V cover
requisite
should

greater
Makers'
name
are
for theammeter.
the meters
Voltmeter variacof
of rating
details
the teststandard
current Range/Rating
andtype. of the
theoutput
same of
Ammeter note the
thevalue
of respective
test
meters.
the andthe Fig ranges
the
test scale
voltmeter.
of Fig second
carefully
given
instruments first fullthe Apparatus
:required
Circuit
Diagram
i
the of of thethat
Select
ckt. ckt.Cover Name
calibrate V
230 See Procedure
:
In In
standard
NOTE:
1) 2) 3) 4)
Run-1
To
 for marktaking
necessary
scale this
procedure In
its full-scale
and Fig.
scaleTest
per full ofvalue
of
if mark mark second on ammeter
Zero-errors
thisthe Errorcent
Repeat
salient scale
including the
of
any circuit As
for a -
on voltmeter
to
and pointer calibration
AT
voltmeters
voltmeter For =Error
Calibration
Ammeter Calibration
Voltmeter
to
up
standard
the
voltmeter ammeter Ammeter
thetest voltage in
setting
Correct
the (As)
amp.
reading
the of
of testwhile theinstead Std.
in
pointer
Fig reading of parallax for
reading
For
scale Run-1
firstthe adjusted
correspondence
the
in set of of ammeter
as to of
error procedure
marks be (A)
amp.
in
connections
voltage to
avoid is
salient current Test
the
Ckt the Carefully
readings Repeat Result
MakeAdjust
Noteother Run-2 case
SI No
 made meter
Join in
scale
perfull
on Scale
of
value
Test been ordinate.
test
full
as Voltmeter have Choose of
as cent
Errorcent
the adjustment scale)
Voltmneter. per CIRCUIT
V-Vs full error
zero of
cent sign)
= and SERIES
Error
if (per of
Tabie Ammeter
irrespective
Voltmeter
volt. error A.C
in
in
reading 0 corresponding
= AN
Std. Test Curve)
Std. (Vs) (i.e. OF
0 the
= pt. absolute ANALYSIS
reading Test for To
the(pt.
curve
Reading
and
Voltmeter Lines maximum
calibration
abscissa
in
volt.
(V)
the std.
Include by the
Test
Drawas points State
each
case.
Report
: reading
SI. No NB. (1) the (2)
 in voltage
said whichworked
shown
are frombe
the elements
as can
of
supply constructed
(choke) sum fig.2 circuit
circuit the in
A.C vector shown whole
series then
tov
an the be
across voltage
is can the
a.c Indae &
element circuit
scaleof
an connected solution
supply
the
of to
diagram each of diagram
complete ohms ohms
the diagram
the ohms ohms
are to
vector through
equal vector ß ß
inductance vector anda VIl Cos sin
R a =Z= /|
voltage is =Cos =VL ZcH
=r=ZCH
flowselement a then found B X=
The circuit ZCH
2-3s0tHV2 -sPuthpl,y A.c
Cos circuit
the one current series. known =
Vaiue
each
be
can =
Choke the chokechoke=choke
Study and whole
Circuit
Diagram: samethe in lare of
resistance connected the the the
impedance
To out offactor
Power
B follows:
as of ohms
that across Calculation:
& factor of of ofReactance
VL & Impedance
Resistance
Object:- Theory:: VR, a
one 1so drops angle Power VR/
be V, TotalR=
fig. to
If If
 4
Readings From
Take
sheet.
data.
setting.
fig.1. of result
SI.
No
set
in
shownvoltage eachthe
complete
for
as each
drawn
meters voltage.
Maker's
Name
to and
are
corresponding
with supply meaSured
scale
up
Henry the to
connected
diagram
changingare
Range
Rating
/ noted
21f a
and
are vector
/ are by
XL coil ß
= meters angles
ammeter obtained,
=L 3 choke
choke Fig-2 Apparatus
Required:
a
the the
and & of From
the diagram
readings
the voltmeters
readings
R Resuit
Sheet:
of Procedure
: resistance
Inductance vector
Name
the of
sets the
A of
 H
XL
ZCH
RZ PHASE
computed
Values
SINGLE
data.
TRANSFORMER
POWER
of ckt.
Cosa
Cosß set A
eachtotal OF
TEST
for &
choke
diagram (O.C.)
a of
p.f CIRCUIT
Vector
the
on
volt. Comment OPEN
obtained
Data Draw
2)
Remarks: 1)Report:-
Obs.
No
 measuring cause
voltage
Tromsfermir. and
rated
and instruments
loss V normal
primary Serial
No.
iron
the
the H-V to usual
because
& attmat (Vi)
reactance the
voltage
current
(lo)
sideof
SDV
2
rated range
resistance, L.V.
load Øo= Make
Wo/Vilo thethe
applying
no on within
side.
magnetising and done
by (Wo)Do be L.V.
Range/Rating
conducted Cos
ViloCos normally
to the
Wattmeter Bo likely
= Do with
the l6Cos
factor
= Sin aremore
determine is (Wo) working
testby Vi/ loVi/
power test
Circuit
Diagram:: Apparatus
used:
Transformer
aof The
open
circuit power= is
power Ro =Xo circuit
sidein
To load and hazard Apparatus Procedure:
Hence LV
-Object the Input
Theory:input No
open
the
The less
of
 (230V)
side
load reactance
HV voltage TRANSFORMER
the
input (2)
Xo
No
load
of rated
voltage resistance
(2)
Ro at
input loss
rated No POWER
volt. iron
zero
the rated (CosØo)
Power
factor total
to to transformer. PHASE
up at
pointer to
diagram. gradually
data equal transformer.
Power(Watt) transformer. SINGLE
observed
numbers.
voltmeter is
circuit Po Po the
voltage load
No (Amp)
I6 so
Current negligible the ofp.f A
the and to5the the OF
of load
in outputoutput
4 from curve of TEST
shownwattmeter
least
no- loss
variacXo (volts)
Vi is HZ) CIRCUIT
zero at and voltage load lo the iron
as Input vs
readings (50 V1 on on
ckt.to ammeter, no
the Ro
at frequency the Comment
Comment SHORT
theVariacIncrease
Calculate Number
of observatio I'RIoss RemarkS: Draw
Results
:
Make and
take NOTE: Report
:
SetSet 2 3 4 5
1) 2)
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) ns As and 3)
 small
loadvoltage neglected.
full very
the Reduced
thusbe
full Tros
fome that
impedance,& is can
suchwattmeter.
flux and
H.V core
negligible
3ov the the
reactance, krattmels to
by
voltage,
m noted
applied very
is this is
is input loss Isc
resistance, voltage At /
core
applied. Vsc
power
transformer. =
condition
the Zeq
reduced
equivalent Thenormallyindicates
H.V. this
a a reading Wattmeter
reading.
of and the reading.
determine
loss is at reading
in volt. So
circuited Reo?
Vaniac
cu- Circuit
Diagram: ratedneglected. Voltmeter
circulated Ammeter2 Zeg-
load wattmeter lse
To short of total
cu-
loss. /
Wsc
:- Theory:is -10% be = =
Vsc = =
Object is current lsc Wec Reg
Keg
L.V can the
2 Let,
of & So
 ammeter
rated
that
so and
suitably
wattmeter
No.
Serial
output (Watt)
Wsc
voltmeter,
ON.variac
supply
theof
reading
setting (Volt)
Vsc
Make the
put
by the
shown.
& H.V
zero Note
Range/Rating reading.
as to theH.V.
diagram
to (Amp)
Isc calculation
output
thecondition.
this
under
voltage wattmeter
10volt.
Rated
ckt.variacin Xeq
flows
low xKVA
Zeq,
the
sample
Apparatus
used: Current the
theaApply
Make
Reg,
= on
Set
Procedure: current Calculate
Apparatus RemarkS: the Comment
:Results Report:: Show
(i) () Rated SI.
No.
1) 2) 3)