Modals, Part 1 |ETEST: What do | already know? ‘Write “C" if sentence has the correct modal vet inform and meaning and “T” for incorrect. Check your answers below. Alter you complete each chat listed, make any necessary corrections 1, Applicants must to lin the forms in ink. (9-1) 2, We got to finish this project before we go home tonight. (9-2) 3. The bus doesn't come for a half hour, We don't need to hurry, We must not run. (9-3) 4, should leave now, and you ought to begin your homework. (9-4) ‘5, __What time we supposed to be at the train station tomorrow? (9-5) 6. __The teacher should be back any minute. She just needed to get supplies. (9-5) 7. Are you able to read my handwriting? (9-6) 8, It can snow tomorrow night. There is a 50% chance. (9-7) 9, __ You may pay the bill online ifyou prefer. (9-8) 10, __ May you help me? (9-9) 11, __Would you mind turn up the hea? (9-10) 12, Let's not stay home tonight. Shall we go to a movie? (9-11) TLOL'8 5°" seouames peusoouy EXERCISE 1» Warm-up. (Chart 9-1) ‘Check (V) the grammatically correct sentences, Which sentences do you agree with? 1, School can be stressful. Too much work may be harm a student's health A teacher doesn’t has to give homework. Science and math might be the two most important skills to have for the future Schools should get rid of grades. Colleges ought to eliminate entrance exams, 5. Modals,Part 1 161Cer neers eau) Moda auilaies cenealy express spsaker'atttuces. For example, modal can express that a speaker fas someting Isnecsesary, advisable, permissible, posable, o:probabe, and, n ation, they ean convey the sven of those studs. Each modal as more han one meaning oruse. Seo Cha 10-1, pp. 208-208, for @ sunray f meds ‘Modll auxiiaries in English can had beter ight cought to) shoud would ould may mat hal wa ‘Modal Auxiliaries Modals do not ake anal, ven whan the subjoct is he, he, rit. aan ern (Sita a) [etme scone RE He wes (Modats are followed immediately by the simple form of a vert. S| | sion Sn eae + | See snconnecr She cante-do tt. can does it. / She can dict, tf + | Saison Jo candi cn we |” | gure Treen cepa et os owe yan in Be | |aeuit. —_ Dyheeaiamay my, will 0 it. connect: He ought to go to the meeting. mabe sea soe Ch une ano egta h snus Phrasal Modals: tease | Prema ncn ears whee a ri sceigot Ray oamet ear ane Fenn ee ea wmeeee: SEU mest naar amt eof vot) wan ee expresions. EXERCISE 2» Looking at grammar. (Chart 9-1) Complete the sentences with fo or as necessary. An All-Nighter A: You look exhausted! B: Iknow, And Iam. Ijust pulled an all-nighter*. I've got turn in my college applications today. A: Did you finish? B: Justbarely. You know, applying for college shouldn't __ be so much work! A: How many are you applying to? B: ‘Three right now, I may do a few later, Some have deadlines in a couple of months. “What about you? 2 I don’t graduate until nest year, but I might apply early. You rally ought —_. I's pretty stressful waiting until the last minute like I did! 2 pl an ligier = sy op all night fish vomething 162 cHaPTER 9 EXERCISE 3» Warm-up. (Chart 9-2) Read the statements, Decide the more typical context for the words in blue: everyday conversation or formal writing. Discuss their meanings. 1, Oh, gosh, Look atthe time, I've got to go. Thave clas in five minutes! 2. All applicants must be 18 years of age and must have a valid driver's license. 3. We have to prepare a research paper on climate change in Dr. Chen's seminar this term. 1 think itll be an interesting project. ee ee en Must, Have To (@) Al applicants must ake an entrance exam. (©) applicants have fo take an entrance exam. (6) Frmtooking for Sue. Ihave to talk to her about ox ‘inch ate tomar. cant meet her or inch ‘case! have ogo toa bushes meeting at :00. (6) Cellphones must bo in your backpacks rng cass (6) Johnny, you must sty away rom te stove, tis veryrot (8) Doyouhave to fave? (9) Inve w hata) be homey slat {) Hohas to (hasta go toa meeting tonight. Have Got To (1) lave got to go now. havea class inten minutes. {§) lave to 90 pow. Ihave a class in ten minutes |W) Doyounae ogo now? (0) thee got t 90 te gota gp gota 927 now _Must and have to both express necessity. Themeaning I ‘the same in (a) ana (0) fs necsseary for eva apaeant © {akean entance exam. There eno other crake. Te exam Is requied. In statements of acess have fs used mor requenty In everyday speech and writing than must ‘The maaring inc: (need to doth, and neato dott. Must is ypealy stronger than hae to and indicates urgency ‘rimportance, Must fe usualy fund in rlos, writen Intros, er lagal information. The maaningn (3) TAS (8 very important! ‘Adsl uso must when taking te young cicten about rules, asin). Havet, rot must, is commonly ved in questions sin) ore Native eposher ofen aay afta and “nacty" ain Garam Hove got to alzo expresses the idea of necessity: (I) and) have te same meaning Hove ott formal nd is used rian spoken Engl Hove to used in both formal and informal Eli Hove to more common in questons, 2 in). ‘The usual pronunelation of got ts “gota.” Sometimes have is cropped in speach: gotta doit.” EXERCISE 4» Looking at grammar. (Chart 9-2) ‘Work with a partner. In the following sentences, have to, have got to, and must are all grammatically correct. However, must is more often found in the context of rules or legal documents. In each pair, which sentence do you think is more common? 1. a. Your signature on the document has to be legible. '. Your signature on the document must be legible. 2. a, We've got to hurry. The movie starts in ten minutes ’b, We must hurry. The movie starts in ten minutes. Modals Part 1. 16343. a. Charlie and Andy are afew minutes behind us. They have to stop for gas. '. Charlie and Andy are a few minutes behind us. They must stop for gas. 4. a, Drivers have got to renew their licenses in person, b. Drivers must renew their licenses in person, EXERCISE 5 > Looking at grammar. (Chart 9-2) Which ver bet or cach sentence? Use the correct form of must or have fo, (Bath eis are ‘grammatically correct. 1. All passengers __show their passports to the customs officer, 2, Mai___get up early tomorrow, 3 Sorry. Julie and 1______eave the party eatly. 4. Before an operation, all pati sign a consent form, or the surgeon will not perform the surgery 5. Til be home a litle late. 1. pick up groceries after work, ©. (Vicki) —_work tomorrow? 7. Drivers _ pull over when they see a police car's flashing blue lights. 8. (our neighbor) play his music so loud every night? I's so noisy, 9. Susie, you __put your toys away before you g0 outside, 10. (ee) ‘buy our tickets in advance, or are they available atthe box office? EXERCISE 6 + Grammar and speaking. (Chart 9-2) ‘Write questions for the following. ‘Then ask another student these questions. Share afew of your answers with the class 1. what you \/have to do \ after class today. 2, what\ you \ have to do | fist thing in the morning 3. what \ stuclents in this class \ have to pay attention to 4. what time \ you | have tobe \in your frst class 5. what \some rules that students \ must follow 6. what some requirements that students \ must complete (for this class, for graduation, ete.) 164 CHAPTER? EXERCISE 7+ Warm-up. (Chart 9-3) ‘Choose the responses for Speaker B that make sense. ‘SpeaxeR A: ‘The meeting starts in an hour. We have plenty of time. ‘SpeaxeR B: a, We must not hurry. We don’t have to hus We don't need to hurry ee ee Lack of Necessity (a) Tomowie ahokday. We don'thaveto 9°12 When used inthe nagatve, must and have to have cass. ‘erent meanings. Negative form: do nt have to = not neceesary ‘The meaning ina): We dont nse Yo go to class tomorow because I a hla. Ea Maecenas ca) (©) Fean hear you. You don't have to shout Prohibition, {6} You must not anyone my seer. Do you ‘must not = prohibition (20 wor 007) promise? “The meaning in (De not el aryene my secre. orbit. Toling anyone my sere is prone. (@) Don tt anyone my secret, {e) You can tll anyone my secret. (f) You's beter not ll anyone my secret ‘Must rots vary strong. Speakers generally excess proition with imperatives, an 2, or with ober dale, sn (ana Lack of neces may alo be expressed by need not + oh spl frm ofa rs You need’ shout. Thiss nore ‘canon in Blah Engl. EXERCISE 8 > Looking at grammar. (Chart 9-3) ‘Complete the sentences with a verb that makes sense. Then write the negative form. buy Gillout offer wait, work «= write 1. College applicants must tite _an essay as pat ofthe admissions prosess. Neoanve: Colle applicants don't have to write an essay as part ofthe admissions process. 2. Weve gor to groceries on the way home Necarves 3. You have to for Martha. She's lat. [NEGATIVE 4. The city has got to ‘more public transportation options. Nucanve: 5. You must___ the application form by tomorrow. Neoanwve: 6, Jinhas to___overtime this weekend. ‘Necarve: Modals,Part 1165EXERCISE 9» Looking at grammar. (Chart 9-3) ‘Complete the sentences with must not or doldoes not have (0. 1. a Since you've already finished your homework, you 4 have t0_ study tonight b. You ___skip class. Unexcused absences will ower your grade. ¢ 1________ contact my professor. I found the information T was looking for. 2, a, L_____go to the doctor. I'm feeling much better. ». Patients _leave the hospital without their doctor's permission, You____introduce me to your doctor. We've already met. 3. a. Pack visitors____ approach the bears because they can be unpredictable and dangerous. ». Ifyou encounter a bear, you________run, Instead, back away slowly. 4, a. A person __ get married in order to lead a happy and fuliling lite, b. Aperson_________become sich and famous in order to live a successful life, EXERCISE 10» Let's talk. (Chart 9-3) What do you look for in a leader? What qualities do you think a leader needs in order to be elfective? Complete the sentences with must, must not, has to, or doesn’t have to. Discuss ‘your answers. An effective leader ofa counsry 1, __be well educated. ‘be flexible and open to new ideas be wealthy Ihave a family (spouse and children). be male. have a military background. use his or her power for personal financial gain. ignore the wishes of the majority of the people ‘be a good public speaker. EXERCISE 11> Warm-up. (Chart 9-4) ‘Amir has bad toothache. What advice would you give him? 1, He should see a dentist immediately: 21 He should wait and sce f the pain goes away 3, He should cal an ambulance. 4. He could put an ice-pack on his cheek ” 5. He ought to take some pain medicine. ; 2 ! He should get a friend to pull the tooth right away. 166 cHaPTER 9 bility/Suggestions: Should, Ought To, Had Better, Could (@) You shou study harder ‘Should and ought to both xpress acvisabilty. Thlr meaning ‘You ought to study hard. train tegh fom a wnprion Tn cod at {ostatement about responsiity or duly (sis a voy (©) Devers shout obey the spoed mt. Drivers oui to obey the speed it. \mpertant ting to do) ‘The mearing in: Thi # 900d ea. This omy ache In: This an important responsibiy {ought toot study tonight but Ihnk watch _ Native speakers ft pronaunce ought fo as “ta” 9 Testes informal spect. ‘You shoul’ eave your keys inthe ca [Negative contraction: shout Nore: the Ais often har to hearin relaxed, spken English (Ought 08 not commeniy used inthe negative. ‘The gas tankie almost empl. We hadbetterstop In meaning, had betters close to should anc ought fo, but atthe next gas station. had btter's usualy stronger Oien had betior pos & a ‘warning ora treat of possible bad consequences, 00n,oF i wil get feta ‘The meaning in): fe dont stop at aga stator, there wil be a bad rest, We wl run cu of ea. | Notes onthe use of had beter: ‘Ith a present or ute meaning {itis fooweetby the simple form ofa ver. {Its more common in speaking than wring | Contacton: ‘batter, a | Inspokon English, you may nother the“ in out | However "dis necessary in wiing. You'd otter aot be ate Negative form: had beter + not — fn having wouble in math cass. ‘Could can algo be used to make suogestons. The meaning you cout tlkto your teacher. om ini Ihave some peste suggestions frye. tis, You cout Ann to help you wh your math possible todo ths. Or its possible oc that lessons. ‘Should i stronger and more definite than could. The = lesitirta help you. meaning i) belve tis important for you do this. i) You shouts toto your teach. This fe what recommend. (4) Maybe you shouts ako your teacher. In, maybe soon the strength of he ica” "Te ote comtaon ways to gv sofer uguestions ae with the expressions aight want and Tewould: Youmght want ro talk outa on T would alk Sour scar. The meaning i heater Tear Sou, Tl. speaking, hi {oes saorened to would You wl study this er orn soe ih Chapter 20 EXERCISE 12> Looking at grammar. (Chart 9-4) ‘Complete the conversations with your own words, Use should, ought to, could, or had better to sive advice, 1. A: The shoes I bought last week don't fit, When I tried them on in the store, they felt fine, but snow they're killing my feet. Fortunately, I've only worn them indoors, B: You Modals Part 1.167SREP ES RER EE Hove you gotten your airplane ticker? No, not yet. Flights fl up fast near the holidays. You Yikes! My class starts in five minutes. I didn’t notice the time, You : Thave the hiccups. You : Tbought these expensive apples, and all of them are rotten inside. You : Thave six months to improve my English You. EXERCISE 13 > Looking at grammar. (Chart 9-4) Work with a parmer. Discuss Speaker B's and C's use of should and could. What are the differences in meaning? | 1. A: Ted doesn't feel good. He has the chills, think he should do? B: He should go to urgent care right now. (C: Well, T don't know. He could call his doctor for advice. Or he could postpone bis trip for a day or two. 2. A: Lneedl to get to the airport in the morning. BB: You should take the aiport shuttle, Its cheaper than a taxi, (C: Well you coudd take the shuttle, but that’s a long ride from here. Maybe you could ask ‘Matt to drive you, He works near the airport. 168 CHAPTER 9 EXERCISE 14> Let's talk: pairwork. (Chart 9-4) ‘Work with a partner. Complete the conversations. { Pasa A Pannen B | 1. Oops! Tepilled + cafee on moyshir. 1. You'd better before the stain sets 2 My_—— is coming or dinner nd Pm a2, Welh I hinkyou'd beter 3, P've been studying for three days straight. __3. Tknow. You should Pawrnen B Parrnew A 4, Lately, its been s0 hard forme to. 4. Maybe you could ‘Ym not getting anything done, I feel 5. My kids are 00 much. 5. You'd berter 6. My apartmentisa mess andmy is 6, You could. coming to vsit tomorrow. EXERCISE 15+ Looking at grammar. (Charts 9-2-> 9-4) Complete the sentences with should or have toimust. In some sentences either one is possible, ‘but the meaning is diferent. Discuss the difference in meanings. 1. a, A person has to/must eatin order to live. b. Aperson ___should _eat a balanced diet. 2. a. The weather isso dark and gloomy right now, Maybe we —______go somewhere warm for our vacation. b, We______ start looking at places on the Internet 3. a. According to the college website, an incoming freshman _________have four years of high school English for acceptance. Three years is not enough. ’, Ifyou want to become a doctor, you ________ go to medical school for many years. 4, a, Tdon’t have enough money to take the bus, sof___________ walk home, », Ifyou want to get more exercise, you__ walk to and from work. 5. a, You_______tinse rice before you cook it », Rice __have water in order to grow: Modals,Part 1. 169EXERCISE 16» Reading, speaking, and writing. (Charts 9-2 9-4) Read the emails. Then work with a partner. Write an email toa friend or relative asking for advice ‘Make up a personal problem that you need help with, Give your email to another pai, who will From: Ulan To: Kate Today at 458 PM Subject Help! Dear Aunt Kate, | need your help! 'm having a problem with my roommate and | don’t know what to do, | hope you don't mind. You always give me good advice. ‘We've only lived together in the dorm a month, but she's diving me crazy. Our room is always @ mess. She never puts anything away. | have to walk over her clothes to get to my bed. Her books ‘and papers are everywhere too. We don't have a lat of space, sa ot of her stuff isin my space. ''ve mentioned that we need to clean more often, but she just rolls her eyes. Ive picked up her stuff ‘and putt on her bed, but she doesnt get the hint. The next day, i's all over the room again. Help! Lilian [eo leas 6 7: Lilian ‘Today a 05 AM Subject: Re: Help! Dear Lilian, It sounds like you've been very gentle wth your roommate (good for youl), but at this point, | think you should be more direct. You've told her ‘we" need to clean. I'm guessing that your part of the ‘oom is already clean. You really mean “you.” And your friendly hints haver't worked. There are & few ways you could handle this. You might want fo sit down with her and say, “realy ke you (f you do), but our roommate arrangement isnt working. I's important for me to have a cleaner room.” Then tel her specifically what changes you would Ike to see. It she stl refuses to change, you could get a piece of chalk and draw a line on the floor (seriousiy). You could tell her that all her stuff has to be on her side of the line. Anything that ‘908s over, you could put in a bag, If she absolutely won't make any changes, | would talk to a dorm advisor and ask for suggestions, | think ts important that you find a solution. College is stressful enough as itis! {Good luck, and let me know what happens. Aunt Kate EXERCISE 17> Looking at grammar. (Charts 9-2 + 9-4) ‘Choose the answer that has the same meaning as the given sentence. In some cases both answers ‘Traveling 41. Don't carry large sums of money with you. a, You don’t have to carry large sums of money. ». You must not carry large sums of money. 2. The guide said it’s not necessary to rent a car. There isa bus. 1. You don’t have to rent a car. ’, You must not rent a car 3. To apply fora visa, proof of citizenship is necessary. a. You must show proof of citizenship. b. You have to show proof of citizenship. 4. Teil be a good idea to arrive at the train station early tomorrow. It's a holiday weekend. a You ought to arrive early ». You should arrive eaty. 5. Only airline passengers with boarding passes can go to the gate. a. To go to the gate, passengers should have boarding passes. ». To go to the gate, passengers must have boarding passes. EXERCISE 18 » Warm-up. (Chart 9-5) ‘Check (7) the sentences you agree with. Inmy counery, 1, ____students are supposed to stand up when a teacher enters the room, 2. people are supposed to take off their shoes before they enter a home. 3. children are supposed to address adults formally, for example, as “Sit” and “Ma'am.” 4, students are supposed to knock before they come into a classroom, Eee (a) The game is supposed to bop at 10:0. 20 sppaed expats ena at soon to, 1 commie supposed to voteby secret batt, tA the touche ts of people, my father a expects Te is by secret Sai Senet ‘Bo supposed to ton expresses expectations about ‘scheduled ovens, as, omoct procedures, in (©) 12m supposed to goto the meeting. Myboss 1018 Be supposed also expresses expectation about behave, cate erates ied “The meaning isthe same in (cand (4 Someone alse (8) Thectileren are supposed to put nay ther toys expects (requests or requis) evan Behaviar Peco tay mtb NTE: [am supposed to = am expocte to Isuppose = ues, tin bass (0) Toemal should be her soon. (1) Amy shouldbe back any minut. ‘Should can also express expectation. Ine The speaker expects the mao be here son. In{f): The speaker expects Amy to be back ary minute Modols, Part 171EXERCISE 19> Let's talk. (Chart 9-5) ‘Answer the questions with be supposed to. Work i Example: ‘Sruaxex A (book open): Ifyou're driving and a traffic ight turns red, what are you supposed to do? ‘Speaks B (book closed): You're supposed to come to a complete stop. pairs, in small groups, or a 1, What are you supposed to do if you're involved in a trafic accident? 2. What are you supposed to do before takeoff in an airplane? 3. What are some things athletes in training are supposed to do, and some things they're not supposed to do? 4. Ifyou're driving and an ambulance with flashing lights and blaring sirens comes up behind you, ‘what are you supposed t0 do? 5. In the place you live or work, who is supposed to do what? In other words, what are the duties or responsibilities ofthe people who live or work with you? EXERCISE 20 > Looking at grammar. (Chart 9-5) Rewrite the sentences with shoud. 1. Lexpect you to pass your class. I's fairly easy. You should pass yourclass, 2. Ie 10:00. I expect the movie is over now. 3. Texpect Aja will hear about the job offer soon. 4. expect your advisor will have a solution for you 5. Texpect our light will ake off on time. EXERCISE 21» Speaking or writing. (Charts 9-2 -> 9-5) ‘Make sentences about the occupations listed below. Use the verbs in the box. ale Pipe should have got to do not have to have to hhad better not hhad better ‘be nor supposed t0 cought 10 shouldn't bbe supposed to must rust not Example: vet should be very gentle with animals. 1. atour guide 5. a taxi driver 2. an antst 6. a salesclerk. 3. an engineer 7. a plumber 4. amuse 8. a veterinarian (vet) 172 cHarTER 9 EXERCISE 22 > Looking at grammar. (Charts 9-2 + 9-5) ‘Which sentence in each pair is stronger? 1. a, You had better wear a seat belt. '. You have 10 wear a seat belt 4. a, We are supposed to bring 1D. We have 10 bring ID. 5. a, We ought to bring ID. 1. We have got ro bring 1D. 6. a, We should bring ID. 1b, We could bring ID. 2. a. You mus sear a seat belt. 1b You had beter wear a seat belt. 3. a, You have to wear a seat belt. 1. You are supposed to sar a seat belt EXERCISE 23> Warm-up. (Chart 9-6) Decide ifthe sentence expresses a. a physical ability or b. a learned skill, 1, ——Isabel knows how to play chess 2, —— Jonathan can run really fast. He's a natural 3, Theodore knows how to use sign language. His mother is deaf and taught him. 4, __Iwon’t be able to go swimming on our trip. Thave an ear infection, aC ec eae en (@) Tomis strong. He can if that hoavy box. (0) can soe Central Park fom my apartment. (Cons used to express physielabity, as na ‘Cans requerty used with verbs ofthe ve senses: see, sy, eo sel tate, a in (6) My husband cannot stay awoke past 10:00. ‘The negative frm has thre options cannot ant, or can (6), We cont walt any longer for Bl ‘ot, Can nots becoming unusvalin writen Engi In spoken English, can is typically unsiressec and pronounced Ron! Gans cessed ane 6 uy Pronounced kan atheugh tho “is ofen nt hear {2} Maia con play the plano. She's been taking lessons Can and know how fo ace used o express a hare sk formany years. In (fl knows now to pay = can play (1) Maia knows how pay te plano. (2) 1am abe fo ep you now. (h) Are you abl oho me It this? (1) Sony im notable to help you. M's too hea. (0) Sony im unable tore you. Bo abo fo oxpreses abil In(@: Be abe fo help = ean hee "Note the question and negative forms, a nt) and). ‘Not able may 80 be expressed as unable, ein), EXERCISE 24> Looking at grammar. (Chart 9-6) Part I. Rewrite the sentences using be able to 1, Larry can start a fire without matches. 2. Tean’t send a text. [left my phone at home. 3. Can you read the doctor’s handwriting? 4. Thomas can't drive without glasses. Modals,Part 11735. Tcan't remove the stain on your white shirt. 6. Every employee can do CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) : Part I. Which three sentences can be rewritten with Amow how to? Restate them, EXERCISE 25> Let's talk. (Chart 9-6) Interview your classmates. Ask each person a different qu the class. Sleep Habits 1. In general, ae you able to fll asleep easly? About how long does it take you? 2. How many hours can you sleep before waking up? 3. How many hours of sleep do you need every night? Are you able 10 faction well with les sleep? 4, Are you able o sleep with noise (¢.g,, TV, radio, snoring)? 5. Can you sleep on airplanes? If yes, are you able to sleep during takeoffs and iandings? 6. Have you ever had jet lag? Do you know how to recover from it quickly? 7. AAre you able to sleep well the night before something stressful, such a8 2 big test 8. Do you find that reading on a screen before you go to sleep makes i¢ hharder for you to fall sleep? EXERCISE 26 > Listening. (Chart 9-6) Part I. Listen to the pronunciation of eam and can't 1. The secretary can help you. 2, My mother can’t speak English well, 3. Ourftiend can meet you a the tain station 4. Scott can’t work late tonight. Part II. Write the words you hear, ey teeta 2. Our two-year-old __t0 50. 3. You_________ har course next term, 4, 1___ complicated dishes. 5. with us? Oe era 174 CHAPTERS. EXERCISE 27» Warm-up. (Chart 9-7) ‘Which two sentences mean “T's a general possibility”? 1. This soup may need salt and pepper. 2, Pepper can make people sneeze. 3, Spices can make food taste better. 4, My cooking tonight might be too spicy for you. 9-7 Possibility: Can, May, Might (@) Spices canbe exoensve ‘Gans used to express a gona possi, (©) Youcanleam alototby watching cooking ini thisis gonealypossiblo, ypial, or commen. shows. Inf), You can fam maana It's possible for people in yrera to loam, You's impersonal. reer to paapsin gener athe than ‘spect person (2 Spioas maymight be more expensive a that May and might express preset or future possibilty, The idee: sore Toes chance. (@) Liza maymigh nocd yourhalp nthe ktohen, i (¢} Ther sa chance that spices ae rv be) mare ‘expansive at hat store. nd: Thee ea chance that Liza nascs or wl nee your help. Cana not used fortis meering, _ncomnec: Liza ean need your help inthe itchon. EXERCISE 28 » Looking at grammar. (Chart 9-7) ‘Check (/) all the grammatically correct sentences. Discuss their meanings 1. a, __ Physical exercise may improve your mental state. 'b. Physical exercise can improve your mental state 2. a, The weather may be breezy tomorrow. b. The weather ean be breezy tomorrow. 3. a, —— Eating out every day can be expensive, b. Eating out every day might be expensive for you, 4. a, The apartment sounds nice, but it can be too far away from my job, b. This apartment sounds nice, but it may be too far away from my job. EXERCISE 29» Speaking and writing. (Chart 9-7) ‘Work in small groups or with a partner. Give afew different completions for each sentence orally ‘Then write your own sentence for each. Share some of your sentences with the elas. 1. Students may learn best 2. Online courses ean be 3. Studying all classes online might be 4. People can learn a lot about life from ‘5. Music might help us feel 6, Psychology can help us understand 1 Literature may help us Modals, Patt 175EXERCISE 30> Warm-up. (Chart 9-8) Choose all the correct completions, 1, Bxcuse me, Took at that book? 2, _— you hand me that book, please? a. can 4. may a. Can 4. May ». could e. will Could fe. Will . would ©. Would ieee “1” as the Subject: May, Could, Can (@) May borrow your pen please)? 1b) Cutt fplease) borrow your pen? (©) can borrow you pon? ‘May and could arouses to request permission, May I sounds ‘more fom” ore Inf: na poltoroques, could has a present or ute ‘meaning, nota past moaning. Can 1's usualy considored ass formal than may for could ‘yrca neers Oten heapones to pole reuse anacton sch a. ara, Yea vod raha ote aor asap" meaning" See A ene. [may and can expresa permission. May is more formal Ys, youmay. on, can Boh ma we cnn em ronan Se “"You" as the Subject: Would, Could, Will, Can (@) Would you pass the salt (leases? Would you ar wi youn apt runs ave he same, * ooo pad ang. Would you's mare cornnen ands eton conser CS sasaa ct lias tore pote. The depres of polteness, Powever, fen ‘Gotermined by te speaker’ fone of vce. Basicaly, could you an would you have the same mesg, and they are oqualy pote Would you = Do you want odo this please? (Gould you = Da you want to do ths pleas, and isi passe for you todo? (Could you poss tho salt (esse? (@) Canyou (pease pass the sak? Can you is ofan used informal. Itusualy sounds less formal ‘han €outd you o woutd you. May is at possible ing. In pot request, may sont used ‘ith Fore, connect Moy you pass the sat? yren resronses ‘person usualy respond inthe armatve to «polite aquest. Yes, "would be happy to / be glad to I anogatva responce is recessary, a person might begin by Certain. saying," Hk fo, But." (e. "FIMO pass the sa, but ‘ror: Suro, cant roach i), ‘Might ako possible: Might I borrow yeu pen? Might Tis quite oral and poliest sed mach Jes eguently han may For could EXERCISE 31> Looking at grammar. (Chart 9-8) Write all the correct verbs: Can, Gould, May, Will, Woutd. eee pe tem aac 2, Hell, thetp you? 176 CHAPTER EXERCISE 32> Let's talk. (Chart 9-8) ‘Take turns asking and answering polite questions with Would or Could. Example: ‘SPEAKER A: You and I are co-workers. We don’t know each other well. We're ata lunch table in a cafeteria. You want the pepper. ‘Speaxex B: Would/Could you please pass me the pepper? (IWill is also possible because the speaker uses please, but can is probably not appropriate in this situation.) Sreaxex A: Sure, T'd be glad to, Here you are. 1. You and I are good friends. We're in my apartment. You want to use the phone. 2. T'm your instructor. You want co leave class early 3. I'm your supervisor at work. You knock on my half-apen office door. You want to come in. 4. I'm Dr. North’ assistant. You want to make an appointment to see Dr. North. 5. You are running toward the elevator. I’m already inside. You ask me to hold the door open, EXERCISE 33> Warm-up. (Chart 9-9) In each conversation, choose the speaker (A or B) who is going to turn on the air-conditioning. 1. A: This cars like an oven! Would you mind turning on the air-conditioning? B: No, not at all, 2. Az This car is like an oven! Would you mind if turned on the air-conditioning? B: No, not at all AP ee ee keane ‘Asking Permission (@) Wouls you mina i epenedtne window? Notice in): Would you mini is flowed by the ste past." 1B) tous you mins used tha phone? ‘The mearing in): May ope the window? Ista ght i eon (©) toula you mina lose the door? Ie window? Wilt cause you ay touble ar lscantor i! open (©) Mindi close tne door? Seurbxion? ‘Sometimes, in informal spoken Engl, the simple pacer ie tyra resronses| Selene No, not tal Lie No, ofcourse not Wut you min can be shortened to Mind, ain No, that would be fine, Notice thet the tpical responses “no "Yes" means Yes, mic. Inotner words: I's «problem for me, Another 'ypea esponse might be "un-h,” moaning “m0 Asking Someone to Do Something (6) oul you min opening the window? Ntioe in of Would you mind flowed bythe ing of var () Bxcuso me. woul you mic repeating hat? (a gerun Fearon ‘The meaning in) Flon't want o cause you any tube, but No. abe nappy to Novato be glad to, nvoraue: No problem. / Sue. / OK. ‘Te informa responses "Sue" and "OK" are common but not logical The spear moans No, woul mind but soars to bo saying the opposte: Yas, would mind. Native speakers understand that ho response “Sure or "OK" in this station means thatthe spoakor agrees to the east "The simple past does ao selerto pas tine afer would you minds i rtes wo proven or fruretime. See Gare 30-3, p50, for more infemsason. Mode, 7EXERCISE 34» Looking at grammar. (Chart 9-9) Make sentences using Would you mind. 1, a, Twant to turn up the heat. b. Twant you to turn up the heat. 2. a. Iwant to leave eaty, Bb. Lwant you to leave early, 3. a, Twant you to talk to Andrew. b. I want to talk to Andrew. + Would you mind if Tzwned up the heat? » Would you mind turning up the heat? EXERCISE 35> Looking at grammar. (Chart 9-9) ‘Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses. Use if + the past tnze on the ~ing form of the verb. In some of the sentences, either respons La: B: 2A: B: PRPP PERE pee possible, but the meaning is different 1'm very tired and need to sleep. Would you mind (go) if went _to bed? I'm sorry, I didn’t understand what you said. Would you mind (repeat) —_ropeatina _ that? ‘Are you coming with us? [know I promised to go with you, but I'm not feeling very good. Would you mind (stay) —____ home? Of course not It's getting hot in here. Would you mind (open) the window? No, ‘This is probably none of my business, but would you mind (ask) you a personal question? It depends. ‘Would you mind not (smoke) __? Oh, sure. Sorry. Excuse me. Would you mind (speak) alittle more slowly? T didn't catch whet you said. Sure. Of course. don't lke this TV program. Would you mind (change) Unheuh, the channel? G EXERCISE 36> Listening, (Chart 9-9) Listen to each request. Choose the expected response (a. or b.). In relaxed speech, you in would you may sound like “ju” or “ub.” Example: You will hear: ‘This room is stuffy. Would you mind if I opened the door? You wil choose: @)No,of course not. —_b. Yes. La. Yes b. Not ata. 4. a Yes, b. No, that’s fine. 2. a. Yes ’. No, that would be fine, 5. a. Yes. b. No problem. 3. a. Yes b. No, be happy to. 6. a. Sure, »b. Of course not. 178 cHapTer 9 ERCISE 37> Let's talk: pairwork. (Charts 9-8 and 9-9) ‘Work with a parmer. Imagine what the speaker might say for each situation, end complete the ‘conversations in your own words. 1 Jack: What’ the trouble, Offices? Orman: You made an illegal U-turn, May le your dever's lcense? Jack: Sure, Here's my wallet Ommcen: Would vou please remove from yourwallet?@ Jack: Here you ae. \Warrbs: Good evening, Are you ready to order? Gustouer: No, not quite yet, Would you mind Warren: Of course, Ill be back shortly, Sautx: Are you driving to the meeting tonight? Saat: Yes, Tam. Saux: Could Saas Sure, I'l pick you up at 7:0. Ma. Pew: Something's come up, and I can’t meet with youTuesday. Would you mind ‘Ms. Grav: Let me check my calendar, ‘Macuawtc: What seems to be the trouble with your car? Customer: Something’s wrong with the brakes, I think. Could. MucuaNte: Sure. Just pull the ear into the garage. ‘Mixa: Ob, good. The movie hasn't started, How are these seats? ‘Suetiey: Well, the man in front of us is prety tll. Would you mind ‘Mace: Not atall. There are two seats across the aisle. (To moviegoer) Excuse me, May ‘Moviscoun: I'm sorry, My kids are sitting here, but it looks like the seats in front of me are free. EXERCISE 38 > Warm-up. (Chart 9-10) Imagine that next Tuesday isa he ‘You and your roommate are making plans, Which suggestions below sound good to you? 1 2, 3 4 5. 6 Let’s go to a movie. ‘Why don'e we study grammar all day? Let's go shopping. ‘Why don't we fly to Rome for lunch? Ler’ play video games. ‘Why don't we clean and do the laundry? Modal, Part 1. 179.eT (@) Let 0. move (©) Lets not goto amovi. Making Suggestions: Let’s, Why Don’t, Shall |/ We lots = lot us Let's maane | ave a suggestion fa us. Let's is foowed by the simple form ofa verb. agatve ferme lt + nt + simple verb Let's stay hors instead, (0) Why cont we goto a movie? {6 Why cot you come around sever? (0) Why do’ iv Mary cal (1) Shalt 9pen the window? Isthat OK wi you? Whon shall ved th or we (@) Shatlwe leave att90? Is that OK? (F) Lot go, hat wo? (0) sts go, ok? ny dots used primary In spoken English o make a finaly suggestion, ‘The mearingin (Let's go 1.4 move. In suggest that you come around seven. Ino) Shou ge Mya cal? De you agree with my suggestion? ostion.the speakers Ussaly making @ suggestion and asking anther person shee ‘arom witht suggestion, ag nf) and). The use shall = ‘Thos rato foral and equent in Arrcan English, Somes shall we? used as atag question ater fot, as in (f): Mote ntrmaly, OK? is used as tag question, asin (i) EXERCISE 39» Let's talk. (Chart 9-10) ‘Complete the conversations with your own words. La B: PRE RE EPSP EERE Anew Japanese restaurant just opened dawntowin. Ts eat there toniaht, Great idea! Td like some good sushi Why don't you call and make acesecvation? Make it for about 7:30, No, let's make it for 6:00. 111 be working until 7:30 tonight. 1 don’t feel like staying home today. : Neither do I. Why don’t Hey, that’s a great idea! What time shall Let's leave in an hour. SS — fist? Lers___first. Then we can take our time over dinner, Why don't Good ides. Lers___ over the weekend. The fresh air would do us both good, agree. Why don’t No. Sleeping in a tent is to0 uncomfortable. Let’s 180 cHaPTER EXERCISE 40 + Reading and speal small groups, discuss their meaning, AChallenge for College Freshmen Freshman year can tur out to be the most challenging time in college for students. The transtion from high school to college or university involves many changes. One of the biggest aiferences Is the amount of {freedom you must learn to manage. In high school, your fe is very stuctured, ‘and you general cant choose how you spend your day. It begins and ends at the Same ume. Teachers take attondance and check homework. They tell you (or your pparens) about missing assignments and low ‘grades. Many give daily homework so that there is not too much work at ane time However, college fe Is much more Lunstuctured. The class schedule might nat be the same every day. You can sleep in one ‘morning and have to be up early the next. If you decide to skp a class, there Is probably ‘Noone there to say you cant do that. College professors don't have to take attendance or check whether ther students hhave completed assignments. Instuctors ‘may have all the'r assignments on a syllabus 19. (Chapter 9 Review) Part L. Read the passage from a handbook for incoming freshmen. Inderline the modal (or phrasal modal) vers. With a partner or in Po y0U Know chase words? land not even ‘mention them ~ evaporate Inclass. They ~arades may suf right not remind toda you about deadlines Cr missing work ‘You may hear an instructor say, “Iam not your patent” Or even, 1 am not bebystier” ‘Yeu may find you have large blocks of ‘unscheduled time. There are fewer classes each day than in high school, and you wil ‘probably not have every class every day. {wo or three-credit class may meet onlyonce fortwice a week. Instructors view these nger Stotches of tine between classes as valuable ‘opportunities for studying, They often assign hefty amounts of reading, but with so many extracurricular acthities available, not 10 ‘mention social mecl and internet detracions, tis study time can quickly evaporate. Your ‘grades may suffer if you can't manage time Well. Some students dont realize they ae in trouble unt tis too ite. With an understandina of the challenses ‘head, you can prepare in advance. Most colleges offer programs to help students with thelr ansition, and there are many eniine resources available. The key is to remenber ‘that the responsibilty for time management rests with you, not with your parenis or teachers, Part II, In small groups, answer the questions, ‘Then discuss your answers as @ class, 1, What are some major distractions for todsy’s student? For you? 2. Ifyou are or were a college freshman, what arciwere some of the challenges you had moving from high school to college? . Has time management with assignments and studying ever been a problem for you? Do you like to have structure in your day? Iso, how do you create it? ‘What recommendations would you give a student who needs to manage time more effectively? Make a lis, and use should/should notiought to(had better in your sentences, You can clieck online resources for ideas. Modals,Part 1. 181EXERCISE 41 > Writing or speaking. (Chapter 9 Review) ‘Work with a parmer. What would you say foreach of the following situations? Use some ofthe words in the box to come up with at last three possibilies, Share some of your answers with the clas. Example: Imagine that you are an apartment manager. You are talking to a person who is interested in renting an apartment. There is some information about apartment regulations you need to give himvher. - You must not smoke anyethere in the building. — You have 10 reycle all paper products and glass. * Quiet time is 10 re to 7 4. You are not supposed to play loud music or make a lot of noise during those hours should hhad better must had better not be supposed to. have to shouldn't do not have to ought to hhave goto _—‘benot supposed to must not 1, Imagine that you are a tour guide and you are helping two students who have arrived for a vacation (choose the place). You want to explain some of the local customs of the places they will be visiting, 2, Imagine that you are the manager of a café and you are talking to two new employees. You want to acquaint them with their jobs and your expectations. 3. Imagine that you are a computer lab instructor and you need to talk to new students about rules for using the computer lab. EXERCISE 42 » Check your knowledg Correct the errors (Chapter 9 Review) Ifyou have a car, you can traveling around the United States. A film director must has conteol over every aspect of a movie. 1'm sorry. don't have training in this area. Inot able help you. ‘You don’t have to have your cell phone on during the test. Ifyou do, you will fail, We supposed to bring our books to class every day. ‘You can having a very good time as a tourist in my country. However, my country has many different climates, so you have better plan ahead before you came. % ‘May you please help me with this? 8. The janitor supposed to unlock the building door 9. Dring clas the students must to sit quiet bh 10, Wowld I leave s few minutes eaiy today? Thave a doctor's appointment. oo 11, Pmsuppose to be atthe mesting. [suppose I berter go. 12, When you vst big cig'ia my country you must to be paying attention to your walle in ‘crowded place because a thief maybe try to steal it. 182 CHAPTERS EXERCISE 43 + Reading and writing. (Chapter 9) Part I. Read the web article. Underline the verbs with modals_P°YUnoW these ponds (or phrasal modal). paviety = bank rin wD 7 | sea tach thoughts. - campy ic symptoms 3 Test Anxiety ‘A fast heartbeat, a blank mind, and racing thoughts — these are but afew ofthe symptoms of test anol. It is not unusual for studens to feol nervous befor tosis, but some people become so nervous that they can think clearly. During the tes, they aren' able to undersiana the quostions, and they cant retriove information they already know. Some students might actualy begin to feel physically sick. Nausea, cramping, and headaches are a few ol the symptoms that students may have curing or even days before a test, In some cases, auily canbe so severe that otherwise successful students are unable to pass tests. Part Ll Waite a paragraph to answer one of the following questions, Use modals sn your answer, ‘You may find it helpful to do research on the Internet. 1. What suggestions do you have for a person with test anxiety? Think about what the person can do before the test as well as during i. 2. What can teachers do to help students feel more relaxed when they take a test? Think about test review and preparation as well as the classroom atmosphere. When you writ, itis important to avoid excessive repetition of the same words. Instead, try 10 vary your wording. For example, if you are giving suggestions, you don’t want to use should for all your sentences. Use other modais that communicate the same idea (ought tolcoulder.). Part III. Edit your writing. Check forthe following: 1, Cluse of modals to express possibility, uncertainty, etc. 2. Lleorrect forms for be able to 3. Lino -# on the main verb ater a modal 4, Lluse of diferent modals with the same meaning to avoid repetition 5. Leorrect spelling (use a dictionary or spell-check) Go to MyEnglshLab for Sel Study: Gerunds and Infitives 9 Modals,Part 1.183