21L1 地心说 [21L1 excerpt.

m4a]

Vocabulary

solar system 太阳系

entire adj. 全部的
motion n. 运动 = movement
motionless adj. 静止的，不动的 =still, stationary
revolve v. 旋转 = rotate, spin
prevail v. 流行，盛行，占优势
philosophy n. 哲学
religion n. 宗教
belief n. 理念，信仰
origin n. 起源
structure n. 结构
thought n. 思想,想法

1. 定义 “Geocentric”

"Geocentric" means Earth centered

2. 为什么古希腊人持有 Geocentric view?

a. 这对于他们来说make sense 有意义，讲得通。 他们看天空就看到起就是这样的

b. 他们的哲学与宗教信仰

3. Fill in the blanks

The ancient Greeks believed that what we call the solar system was in fact the entire universe...and that
the universe was geocentric."Geocentric" means Earth centered, so the geocentric view holds that the Sun,
the planets, and the stars all revolve around the Earth, which is stationary. Of course, we now know that the
planets, including Earth, revolve around the Sun, and that the solar system is only a tiny part of the universe.

So, why did the ancient Greeks believe that the Earth was the center of the universe? Well, it made sense to
them— observations of the sky made it appear as if the Sun, the Moon, and the stars all revolved around
the Earth every day, while the Earth itself stayed in one place[⽽地球本身却呆在⼀个地⽅]

And this view was also supported by their philosophical and religious beliefs about the origin and structure
of the universe. It was presented in the works of well-known Greek philosophers as early as the
fourth century B.C.E. And the geocentric theory continued to prevail in Western thought for almost 2,000
years, until the seventeenth century.
14T6L4 木卫一伊奥 [14T6L4 excerpt 1.m4a]

Vocabulary
* Jupiter 木星
* Galileo 伽利略

innermost adj. 最内部的

picture v. 设想，构想
You might picture 你可能会这样认为
kinda of [kind of] [口语体] hmmmmmmmmm
fairly adv. 相当地
close-up pictures 特写
spacecraft 宇宙飞船
erupting volcanoes 喷发的火山
pass by 经过
meteorite n. 陨石
meteor impact craters 流星撞击坑
impact n. 影响；撞击
debris n. 碎片
the interior of the planet 行星的内部
interior n./adj. 内部
exterior n./adj. 外部
puzzle v. 使困惑
puzzling adj. 令人困惑的，费解的

1) Fill in the blanks.

(professor) So, we now know Jupiter has lots of moons, over 60 of them, but it's one of Jupiter's four Galilean
moons, the moons first seen in 1610 by the astronomer Galileo, it's the innermost of these, the one called Io that
I'd like to focus on today. Io's fairly small like Earth's moon, but farther from the sun, so you might picture it as a
boring, rocky place with nothing much going on, kind of like our own moon, only colder, but when the Voyager
spacecraft took the first close-up pictures of the surface of Io in 1979, we learned how mistaken that assumption
would be. Voyager's cameras recorded hundreds of volcanoes there; some erupting violently even as the
spacecraft was passing by.

(female student): Do the pictures show impact craters on Io, like our moon has?

(professor) : No. Io's so volcanically active that any meteor impact craters would quickly be covered over by
volcanic debris and this indicates something really surprising about Io's interior.

(female student): That it must be very hot.

(professor) : Very. You took the words right out of my mouth, but all that heat is puzzling.

2) What discovery by the Voyager spacecraft does the professor mention?

A. Io is volcanically active
B. Io has several large impact craters
C. Io's orbit is highly irregular
D. Io is closer to Jupiter than previously thought
14T6L4 木卫一伊奥 [14T6L4 excerpt 2.m4a]

Vocabulary
hint v. 暗示，迹象
tide n. 潮
rise and fall 起伏
gravitational pull 引力，重力
exert force/pressure on sb./sth. 对…施加力/压力
objects, heavenly bodies 物体，天体
bulge out v. 凸起，隆起
spin around 旋转 = rotate, revolve
massive adj. 巨大的
orbit n. 轨道
inward a. 向内的
irregular adj. 不规律的

1. Fill in the blanks.

So, all that volcanic activity on Io, where does the heat for that come from? Well, here's a hint. It has to do with
something we call tidal force, which is what? Richard?

(male student):Like ocean tides on earth? The force that makes ocean levels rise and fall.

(professor): Exactly. Now how does that work?

(male student): Well, the tidal force on earth is mainly caused by the moons gravitational pull. The closer two
objects are, the stronger the pull. So the side of the earth nearest the moon gets pulled more strongly than the
rest of the planet and that makes the ocean there bulge out toward the moon, so tides there first rise and then
begin to fall as earth keeps spinning around and bringing a different part of the ocean closer to the moon.

(female student): But how does this explain all the volcanoes on Io?

2.IO 的火山活动能否仅由 Jupiter的引力拉抻解释？

不能 Even so, the tidal force caused by Jupiter's gravity, this alone can't explain Io's
volcanic activity. There's something else going on.

3. 下面关于Jupiter 的引力的描述是正确的？
A. It causes variations in the shape of Io's surface
B. It causes variations in Io's rate of spin
C. It causes ocean levels on Io to rise and fall [ocean level 是地球上的，IO 上是solid surface
被引力弄来隆起了—>火山]
D. It keeps the same side of Io always facing Jupiter

4. Europa and Ganymede 是什么？它们影响IO的什么？

Jupiter的另外两个moons卫星。影响IO的orbit轨道, 使得IO的轨道是irregular 的.

5. 哪幅图正确的呈现了天体的位置关系?

E E

IO E
IO IO Jupiter
Jupiter
Jupiter G G
G

A B C

图A 是正确的Jupiter, with its immense gravity, pulls Io inward toward itself, but whenever Io
passes near one of those other moons, it gets pulled outward away from Jupiter.