CHAPTER 7

IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING

7.1 PROCESS

The Arduino board's main computer utilizes the Harvard design, where the program rule and
program dossier are considered independent concepts. It is composed of two ideas, such as the
program idea and the dossier idea. The rule is stored in the flash program thinking, and the
dossier is stored in the dossier Memory. The Atmega328 Micro boss operates with a 16MHz
alarm speed and contains 32kb of flash memory, 2kb of SRAM, and 1kb of EPROM. Construct
an Arduino program. The primary advantage of Arduino science is that programs can be easily
loaded into the device without the need for a fitting, which is very useful for hobbyists who want
to flash their own programs. This is achieved by having the boot loader's 0.5KB appear, which
allows the program that was supposed to drop into the boundary.A toolbar with distinct knobs
labeled fresh, open, confirm, transfer, and sequential monitor is attached to the Arduino form
casement. Additionally, it consists of a word processor that works to scribble rules, an idea room
that shows feedback such as appearance and faults, a theme that is comfortable and shows the
o/p, and an arrangement of menus similar as file, form card, and refine. 1. Sketches are the
programming language used on the Arduino board. To some extent, each drawing consists of
three components: the declaration of variables, initialization, and control law. where the control
legislation is engraved in the United States City and initialization is engraved in the arrangement
function.

WORKING

PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION

A. Creating With an Arduino Board Since we rely on physical activity. Thus, we made the
decision to create our own Arduino board and offer a correction using the Trite board. Thus,
these are the steps required to assemble an Arduino board: Bootstrapping an Atmega328 using
the Arduino board and AVR Programmer by uploading the Micro-boss with the dismissal from
the responsibility loader Creating the connections on a PCB with approved uses, connecting the
transparent oscillator, capacitors, and connectors for the Arduino board, among other things.
delivering the 5 volts that is required for the capacity supply. Arduino is prepared for use. Once
all of this has been authorized, the board just needs the bare minimum of circuits, such as a
transparent oscillator, capacitors, connections, and capacity supplies. The PCB may have an
immutable boundary created for either a comprehensive or designed purpose. Considering that Arduino is
Open-Source. Because of this, it is easy to design and may be modified as needed.
A. Attaching the Servo Motor An actuator that rotates and provides accurate control over acceleration,
velocity, and angular position is called a servomotor. Three connections are found on a typical servo
motor:
1. VCC
2. GND
3. PULSE
Typically, a servo engine runs everything at 4.8 to 6 volts. By connecting it to the Arduino's
ground, ground is delivered. Occasionally, a servo engine pulse lasts for a total of 20ms. A 1 ms
rhythm is utilized to accelerate to the individual end of the suggested 0 quality angle, and a 2 ms
beat is used to accelerate to the opposite end, or 180 scopes. Accordingly, a beat brief 1.5 ms
offer might be utilized to advance the servo engine's axis to the center. In order to do this, the

1
servo engine's beat coil is connected to the Arduino, which provides the mathematical pulses. for
the beat's modulation in width. Therefore, the servo engine may be controlled for certainty by
computing for the rhythm break.

Associating the Ultrasonic Sensor: A triple wire ultrasonic sensor is included. A single one for
the beat signal, a second for ground, and a third for VCC. The servo engine and two bureaucrats
working together support the fast sensor, which is further connected to the Arduino board. For
allure active, the quick sensor employs the impression law. When the Arduino and the quick
sensor are connected, the Arduino recognizes the beat signal from the sensor and transmits the
quick wave to the forward management. Therefore, once a skilled barrier is found or encountered
ahead, it signifies the waves that are captured by a fast sensor. If an obstruction is found, the
signal is sent to the Arduino, which then sends it to the PC or desktop computer to run a software
that displays the obstruction's occupancy along with its distance and angle of discovery on the
alternating RADAR screen .Associating the Ultrasonic Sensor: There are three wires within an
ultrasonic sensor. Three: one for the rhythm signal, one for VCC, one for Ground, and one
triennial. The servo engine and two more layers of bureaucracy connected to the Arduino board
support the fast sensor. For allure active, the fast sensor employs the thought standard. When the
Arduino and the fast sensor are connected, the Arduino recognizes the beat signal from the sensor
and forwards the fast wave. Therefore, if a skilled barrier is found or encountered ahead of time,
it displays the waves that are captured by a single rapid sensor. If the barrier is found, the signal
is sent to the Arduino , which then sends it to the PC or desktop computer to run a different
application that displays the barrier's ghost along with its location and angle on the alternating
RADAR screen.

7.2. CODE

ARDUNIO CODE

#include <Servo.h>.
const int trigPin = 8;
const int echoPin = 9;
long duration;// defining time and distance
int distance;
Servo myServo; // Object servo
void setup()
{
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // trigPin as an Output
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // echoPin as an Input
Serial.begin(9600);
myServo.attach(10); // Pin Connected To Servo
}
void loop()
{
for(int i=15;i<=165;i++)// rotating servo i++ depicts increment of one degree
{
myServo.write(i);
delay(30);

2
 distance = calculateDistance();
Serial.print(i);
Serial.print(“,”);
Serial.print(distance);
Serial.print(“.”);
}
for(int i=165;i>15;i–)// Repeats the previous lines from 165 to 15 degrees
{
myServo.write(i);
delay(30);
distance = calculateDistance();
Serial.print(i);
Serial.print(“,”);
Serial.print(distance);
Serial.print(“.”);
}
}
int calculateDistance()
{
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);// Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
distance= duration*0.034/2;
return distance;
}

PROCESSING CODE

import processing.serial.*; // imports library for serial

communication
import java.awt.event.KeyEvent; // imports library for
reading the data from the serial port
import java.io.IOException;
Serial myPort; // defines Object Serial
String angle="";// defubes variables
String distance="";
String data="";
String noObject;
float pixsDistance;
int iAngle, iDistance;
int index1=0;
int index2=0;
PFont orcFont;
void setup()
{
size (1920, 1080); // change to your screenresolution
3
smooth();
myPort = new Serial(this,"COM7", 9600); // starts the serial communication
myPort.bufferUntil('.'); // reads the data from the serial port
up to the character '.'. So actually it reads this: angle,distance.
}
void draw()
{
fill(98,245,31);
noStroke(); // simulating motion blur and slow fade of the moving line
fill(0,4);
rect(0, 0, width, height-height*0.065);
fill(98,245,31); // green color
drawRadar(); // calls the functions for drawing the radar
drawLine();
drawObject();
drawText();
}
void serialEvent (Serial myPort)
{ // starts reading data from the Serial Port
// reads the data from the Serial Port up to the character '.' and puts it into the String
variable "data".
data = myPort.readStringUntil('.');
data = data.substring(0,data.length()-1);
index1 = data.indexOf(","); // find the character ',' and put it into the variable index1
angle= data.substring(0, index1); // read the data from position "0" to position of
the variable index1 or that the value of the angle the Arduino Board sent into
distance= data.substring(index1+1, data.length()); // read the data from position
"index1" to the end of the data pr thats the value of the distance
iAngle = int(angle);// converts the String variables into Integer
iDistance = int(distance);
}
void drawRadar()
{
pushMatrix();
translate(width/2,height-height*0.074); // moves the
starting coordinats to new location
noFill();
strokeWeight(2);
stroke(98,245,31);
// draws the arc lines
arc(0,0,(width-width*0.0625),(width-
width*0.0625),PI,TWO_PI);
arc(0,0,(width-width*0.27),(width-
width*0.27),PI,TWO_PI);
arc(0,0,(width-width*0.479),(width-
width*0.479),PI,TWO_PI);
arc(0,0,(width-width*0.687),(width-
width*0.687),PI,TWO_PI);
// draws the angle lines
line(-width/2,0,width/2,0);
4
 line(0,0,(-width/2)*cos(radians(30)),(-width/2)*sin(radians(30)));
line(0,0,(-width/2)*cos(radians(60)),(-width/2)*sin(radians(60)));
line(0,0,(-width/2)*cos(radians(90)),(-width/2)*sin(radians(90)));
line(0,0,(-width/2)*cos(radians(120)),(-width/2)*sin(radians(120)));
line(0,0,(-width/2)*cos(radians(150)),(-width/2)*sin(radians(150)));
line((-width/2)*cos(radians(30)),0,width/2,0);
popMatrix();
}
void drawObject()
{
pushMatrix();
translate(width/2,height-height*0.074); // moves the
starting coordinats to new location
strokeWeight(9);
stroke(255,10,10); // red color
pixsDistance = iDistance*((height-height*0.1666)*0.025);
// covers the distance from the sensor from cm to pixels
// limiting the range to 40 cms
if(iDistance<40) // limiting the range to 40 cms
{
// draws the object according to the angle and the distance
line(pixsDistance*cos(radians(iAngle)),-pixsDistance*sin(radians(iAngle)),(width-
width*0.505)*cos(radians(iAngle)),-(width-width*0.505)*sin(radians(iAngle)));
}
popMatrix();
}
void drawLine()
{
pushMatrix();
strokeWeight(9);
stroke(30,250,60);
translate(width/2,height-height*0.074); // moves the
starting coordinats to new location
line(0,0,(height-height*0.12)*cos(radians(iAngle)),-
(height-height*0.12)*sin(radians(iAngle))); // draws the line according to the angle
popMatrix();
}
void drawText() { // draws the texts on the screen
pushMatrix();
if(iDistance>40)
{
noObject = "Out of Range";
}
Else
{
noObject = "In Range";
}
fill(0,0,0);
noStroke();
rect(0, height-height*0.0648, width, height);
5
 fill(98,245,31);
textSize(25);
text("10cm",width-width*0.3854,height-height*0.0833);
text("20cm",width-width*0.281,height-height*0.0833);
text("30cm",width-width*0.177,height-height*0.0833);
text("40cm",width-width*0.0729,height-height*0.0833);
textSize(40);
text("Radar System ", width-width*0.875, height-height*0.0277);
text("Angle: " + iAngle +"", width-width*0.48, height-height*0.0277);
text("Distance: ", width-width*0.26, height-height*0.0277);
if(iDistance<40) {
text("" + iDistance +" cm", width-width*0.225, height-height*0.0277);
}
textSize(25);
fill(98,245,60);
translate((width-width*0.4994)+width/2*cos(radians(30)),(height-
height*0.0907)-width/2*sin(radians(30)));
rotate(-radians(-60));
text("30 ",0,0);
resetMatrix();
translate((width-
width*0.503)+width/2*cos(radians(60)),(height-
height*0.0888)-width/2*sin(radians(60)));
rotate(-radians(-30));
text("60 ",0,0);
resetMatrix();
translate((width-
width*0.507)+width/2*cos(radians(90)),(height-
height*0.0833)-width/2*sin(radians(90)));
rotate(radians(0));
text("90 ",0,0);
resetMatrix();
translate(width-
width*0.513+width/2*cos(radians(120)),(height-
height*0.07129)-width/2*sin(radians(120)));
rotate(radians(-30));
text("120 ",0,0);
resetMatrix();
translate((width-
width*0.5104)+width/2*cos(radians(150)),(height-
height*0.0574)-width/2*sin(radians(150)));
rotate(radians(-60));
text("150 ",0,0);
popMatrix();
}

6
7.3. SNAPSHOTS

7
7.4. TESTING

The development and testing of radar systems for missile tracking and detection is a crucial
aspect of national security. Let's look at some significant aspects of missile detection radar
systems:
Extended Monitoring and Identification:

Over a forty-year period, Lincoln Laboratory has been at the forefront of inventing and applying
radar technologies for monitoring and detecting satellites, planets, and ballistic missiles.
2. One of the noteworthy radar systems in Turkey is the AN/FPS-17 radar.
3. The Millstone and Haystack radars in Massachusetts.
4. Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS).
5. These radars have been very helpful for space science, ionospheric research, and tracking
deep-space satellites.

Sentinel-1 Satellite Interference:

1. Sentinel-1 satellites employ Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) as its imaging technique.
2. Active missile defense systems such as the MIM-104 Patriot PAC create interference.2.
generate interference visible in SAR images.
3. Observable interference patterns are produced when the radar frequencies of these missile
defense systems coincide with the frequencies of SAR satellites.
4. Open-source enthusiasts may now pinpoint operating military radar stations in regions like the
Middle East thanks to this accidental discovery.

Onboard Missile Radar:

8
1. Missiles equipped with radar track back reflections by sending out radio signals.
2. The radar updates the target's location instantaneously and continually.
3. The onboard computer selects a course to intercept the target after analyzing this data.

Terminal High Altitude Area Defense, or THAAD:

1. The THAAD radar provides tracking data to the fire control center when a ballistic missile is
detected approaching.

TEST CASE DOCUMENT:

9
Test Case Test Case Input Expected Actual Status
ID Result Result

TC001 Check the Connect the When the When the Pass
connectivity of jumper wire connection connection
jumper wire of jumper of jumper
wire is done wire is done
the servo the servo
motor is motor is
work work
TC002 Check the Check the Connection is Connection Pass
ardunio board connection done is done
of ardunio
board
TC003 Check the Check the The The Pass
connection of connection connection of connection
servo motor of servo servo motor of servo
motor is done motor is
done
TC004 User Interface: Examining The display The UI Pass
Check the radar the system clearly standard is
missile display presents met by the
detection visually. pertinent system
system's information display.
display's overall in accordance
appearance. with the UI
standard
guidelines.
TC005 Check to make Examinatio According to Every part is Pass
sure the n of the design constructed
system's system's specifications from the
components are parts, such , every appropriate
constructed of as the system material.
the right antenna and component
material. enclosure. matches the
designated
material.
TC006 Length A mock For each The Pass
Accuracy: missile missile that is measured
Check to see if target that is identified, the and
the system inside the system predicted
measures detection provides the lengths are
missiles' range accurate equal.
identified length
lengths measurement
properly. .

TC007 Check that the Simulated For the The Pass

system missile missile that predicted
accurately target that has been value and
measures the was inside spotted, the the
breadth of any the field of system gives measured
missiles that are view. an exact width are in
10
identified. width agreement.
measurement
.
 CHAPTER 8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
8.1 DATASET

8.2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

11
8.3. RESULTS

Once every hardware and software connection is perfect, we are ready to conduct our test. Our
ultrasonic radar is capable of detecting any object in the light and dark. It may also determine the
object's distance and angle. We will go over each exam step by step. Creating a project that
would need less human effort was our main objective. I think there's a chance our endeavor will
surpass our goals.

12
8.4. PERFORMANCE METRICS

8.5.DISCUSSION
Summary Upload the code to Arduino when the connections are formed. One may witness the
servo sweeping from 00 to 1800 and vice versa. Since the Ultrasonic Sensor is positioned above
the Servo, it will participate in the sweeping movement. Open the processing program now, and
type the code you wrote before. Adjust the CO M Port choice in the Processing Sketch as
necessary, then enter the COM Port number that matches the COM3 port that our Arduino is
connected to. After collecting notes on the Processing Sketch, we used an output display size of
12 80x720. If everything goes as planned, when you run the drawing in Processing a new
window that looks like the one below should emerge.

13
 CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
The end of developments in radar bomb designs signals a paradigm change in modern warfare,
when precision and concealment come together to reevaluate vital superiority. As a result of the
constant pursuit of technological advancement, counter-radar projectile systems have emerged as
essential components in the arsenal of general military forces. Their capacity to recognize,
identify, and disrupt enemy radar installations demonstrates a significant advancement in
photoelectric struggle skills.To sum up, the integration of radar ammunition plans with military
principles denotes a strategic, authoritative, and adaptable strategy for attaining air superiority
and profit. These structures not only protect small aircraft but also allow for the overhang of
capacity that comes with previously unheard-of precision and efficacy by successfully restricting
or destroying mean radar networks. In this fast-paced rural area, the key to staying ahead of the
competition is not only managing the capabilities of current technology but also encouraging a
culture of creativity. Therefore, the conclusion is a unique result of deliberate, ongoing evolution,
where sonar rocket systems stand in for key components in the pursuit of military supremacy and
national security objectives.In order to measure the presence of obstacles before the sensor and
determine the range and angle at which the obstacle is discovered for a single sensor, this project
uses an ultrasonic sensor that is connected to an Arduino UNO R3 board. The signal from the
sensor is also supported to a screen that is formed on a desktop computer. By completing this
project, the Arduino-based Radar bomb project illustrates how feasible it is to use accessible
components and microcontroller electronics to create a basic rocket tracking and control system.
Even though the system shown here is a simple one, it acts as a proof of concept, encouraging
creativity, boosting comprehension, and elevating knowledge in the field of bullet protection
sciences. This effort encourages further testing and paves the way for next advancements in
bomb defense directives. Its educational benefit and possible impact on safety issues highlight the
need for responsible surveying from all angles, fostering a culture of knowledge, innovation, and
moral concerns in society.Using wireless waves, radar is a radiolocation technique that measures
an object's branching speed, angle, and variable distance from a given location.It is employed in
the discovery and navigation of aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided munitions, motor vehicles, and
the depiction of weather patterns and landscapes.Using wireless waves, radar is a radio locating
system that measures an object's movement speed, angle, and variable distance from the
residence. It is utilized for mapping out and tracking aircraft, ships, spacecraft, motor vehicles,
guided rockets, and weather patterns. In a sonar system, there is a transmitter that emits
electromagnetic waves in the wireless or microwave range, a receiving receiver, a taking wire
(which is often an identical receiver used for receiving and communicating signals), and a
receiver and seller who determine the attributes of the objects. The objects are detected by radio
waves (either quivered or constant) from the transmitter, which then return to the receiver with
information about the objects' locations and speeds. As we conclude our show. An Arduino, a
servo motor, and a quick sensor were used in the design and implementation of the sonar system.
The created plan can translate this dossier into information that can be seen by stating the
obstacles' distance and the incident's aspect. The system's success is measured by how well it
matches other arrangements at its level, adequately reporting any obstacles in its path and
indicating the object's purported range. An very practical use for this configuration may be in
object detection and prevention techniques for computer research, or even in interruption

14
discovery orders for locations too small to allow for the efficient use of many units to define
sufficient inclusion. The ultrasonic sensor's range, or secondhand range, determines the system's
range. The HCSR04 ultrasonic sensors, whose range is between 2 and 40 cm, are employed in
this technique.

15
 CHAPTER10

REFERENCES
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2. 45-58. 2. Johnson, B. (2019). "Principles of Radar Signal Processing." XYZ Publications.

"Radar and Electronic Warfare Basics." (n.d.). Retrieved from [URL], Accessed on [Date].

3. Brown, C., & Miller, D. (2020). "A Novel Approach to Anti-Radar Technology."
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4. ABC Research Institute. (2018). "Technical Report: Anti-Radar System Performance

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5. N. Currie ,Radar Reflectively Measurement,1st ed., Norwood, MA:Artech House,

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6. YuchoiFrancisLok.CFARattheendofinstrumentedrange[J], IEEE0-7803-4977-6199.

7. M. Skolnik, Radar Handbook, 2nd ed, New York: McGraw Hill, 1990, pp.2.4-2.5.

8. B Mahafza, Introduction to Radar Analysis, 1st ed, Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1998, pp.62-
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