EMD

1. How design problems of electrical machines can be classified?

 Electromagnetic design
 Mechanical design
 Thermal Design
 Dielectric design

2. List the major considerations in electrical machine design?

The major considerations to achieve a good electrical machine are specific electric loading, specific
magnetic loading, temperature rise, efficiency, length of air gap and power factor.

3. Write short notes on standard specification?

The standard specifications are the specifications issued by the standards organization of a country. The
standard specification serves as guidelines for the manufacturers to produce quality products at economical
prices. The standard specifications for the electrical machines include Ratings, Types of Enclosure,
Dimensions of the conductors, Name plate details, performance indices, permissible temperature rise,
permissible loss, efficiency etc.,

4. Mention the main dimensions of a rotating machine.

The main dimensions of a rotating machine are the armature diameter or stator bore (D) and armature
or stator core length (L).

5. Define specific magnetic and electric loading.

The specific magnetic loading is defined as the total flux per unit area over the surface of the armature
periphery and is denoted by Bav also known as average flux density.
Specific magnetic loading (Bav) = total flux around the air gap / Area of flux path at the air gap

The specific electric loading is defined as the number of armature conductors per meter of armature
periphery at the air gap.
Specific electric loading (ac) = total number ampere conductors / armature periphery at air gap.

6. Define field form factor.

The filed form factor Kf is defined as the ratio of average gap density over the pole pitch to maximum flux
density in the air gap.
Kf = Bav / Bg
Kf ≈ ψ = pole arc/pole pitch

7. What is real and apparent flux density?

The real flux density is due to actual flux through a tooth. The apparent flux density is due to total flux that
has to be passed through the tooth. Since some of the flux passes through slot, the real flux density is
always less than the apparent flux density.
Bapp = Total flux in a slot pitch / Total area
Breal = Actual flux in a tooth / Total area

8. What is magnetic leakage and leakage coefficient?

The leakage flux is the flux passing through unwanted path. The leakage flux will not help either for transfer
or conversion of energy. The leakage coefficient is defined as the ratio of total flux to the useful flux.

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9. Define gap contraction factor (Kg).
The total gap contraction factor Kg, is defined as the ratio of reluctance of air gap of machines with slotted
armature & ducts to the reluctance of air gap in machines with smooth armature and without ducts. The
total gap contraction factor is equal to the product of gap contraction factors for slots and ducts.
10. State the properties which determine the suitability of material for insulating purpose of electrical
machines.
The insulating material should have the following properties. The material must have high mechanical strength
so that it carries the tension and weight of the conductors. They must have high dielectric strength. The
material is highly resistive for preventing the flow of leakage current from the conductor to earth. Cotton, silk,
paper without impregnation Cotton, silk, paper, suitably impregnated, coated or well immersed in dielectric
such as oil. Synthetic resins and enameled wires, cellulose, tri-acetate film, etc.

PART-B

Explain in detail about the heating and cooling curves.

HEATING AND COOLING CURVES

A machine can be considered as a homogeneous body developing heat internally at uniform rate and dissipating
heat proportionately to its temperature rise,

RELATION SHIP BETWEEN TEMPERATURE RISE AND TIME

Let,

Assume that a machine attains a temperature rise after the lapse of time t seconds.
In an element of time “dt” a small temperature rise “d” takes place.
Then,
Heat developed = p.dt
Heat stored = Gh.d
Heat dissipated = S. dt

Therefore, total heat developed=heat stored + heat dissipated

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Where is called as heating time constant and it has the dimensions of time.

Heating time constant

Heating time constant is defined as the time taken by the machine to attain 0.623 of its final steady temperature
rise.

The heating time constant of the machine is the index of time taken by the machine to attain its final steady
temperature rise.

The value of heating time constant is larger for poorly ventilated machines with large or totally enclosed machines,
the heating time constant may reach several hours or even days.

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 When a hot body is cooling due to reduction of the losses developed in it, the temperature time curve is again an
exponential function.

If motor where disconnected from supply during cooling, there would be no losses taking place and hence, final
temperature reached will be the ambient temperature.

Cooling time constant

Cooling time constant is, therefore, defined as the time required cooling the machine down to 0.368 times the
initial temperature rise above ambient temperature.

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Calculate the mmf required for an air gap of dc machine with an axial length of 20 cm (no ducts) and a pole arc
of 18 cm, the slot pitch = 27 mm, slot opening = 12 mm, air gap = 6 mm, the useful flux / pole is 25 m Wb. Take a
Carter’s coefficient of slot is 0.3. (CO1, K3)

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 Derive the relationship between real and apparent flux densities. (CO1, K2)

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State and explain the classification of insulating materials based on thermal consideration.
(CO1, K2)
Insulation materials somewhat less common in electrical machines are materials made of polyester fiber
(Dacron, Terylene, Diolen, Mylar), polyimide films (Kapton) and silicon resins employed in the
impregnation. Insulation can be roughly divided into two main categories: groundwall and conductor
insulation.
Classification of insulating materials based on thermal consideration
The insulation system (also called insulation class) for wires used in generators, motors
transformers and other wire-wound electrical components is divided into different classes according the
temperature that they can safely withstand.
As per Indian Standard (Thermal evaluation and classification of Electrical
Insulation,IS.No.1271,1985,first revision) and other international standard insulation is classified by
letter grades A,E,B,F,H (previous Y,A,E,B,F,H,C).

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 Determine the apparent flux density in the teeth of a dc machine when real flux density is 2.15 Wb/m;
slot pitch 28 mm; slot width = 10 mm and gross core length = 0.35m. The number of ventilating ducts is 4, each
10 mm wide. The magnetizing force for the flux density of 2.15 Wb/m 2 is 55000 A/m. The iron stacking factor
is 0.9. (CO1, K3)

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