ELEMENT OF ELECTRICAL DESIGN

CHAPTER-1:
GENERAL DESIGN ASPECTS

Prepared By: Prof. Rachana J. Patel

Assistant Professor (EED)
L. D. College of Engineering
WHY WE LEARN THIS SUBJECT?

 Design meaning: Design means creative physical

realization of theoretical concept. And Engineering
Design is application of science, technology and
invention to produce machine to perform specific task
with optimum economy and efficiency.

 This course is a preliminary course for design of

various electrical equipments. The aim is to provide
the basic principles useful for the subjects related to
design. The course also includes basics of estimation
and costing of house wirings and commercial wirings.
MAJOR CONSIDERATION FOR GOOD DESIGN
 Cost
 Durability

 Compliance with performance criteria as laid down in

specification.

 It is possible to meet all performance indices?

 Is there any change in design factor for
rotating and static machine?
MAIN PARTS FOR MACHINE/ELECTRICAL ELEMENT
 Magnetic circuit: provide path for the magnetic flux, consist
airgap , stator rotor teeth, stator rotor core or yokes.
 Electrical circuit: stator rotor winding/field winding/primary
secondary winding use for development of magneto mechanical
force or for production of EMF
 Dielectric circuit: Insulation required for isolation
 Thermal circuit: For dissipation of heat

 Mechanical supporting parts : Frame ,shaft, bearing etc.

EXTRA CONSIDERATION FOR DESIGN
 In addition of main parts it is also required to
consider some other factors which limit design ,like:
 Saturation: Machine use ferromagnetic material which having
some limit for maximum flux density to be used. A high value of flux
density result in high cost.
 Temperature rise: Life of machine is depend on life of
insulation and life of insulation depend on temperature rise in machine.
proper cooling and ventilation are required for safe limit of
temperature.
 Insulation: should be capable to withstand electrical mechanical
and thermal stress
 Efficiency: to design high efficient machine, magnetic and
electrical circuit utilisation should be maximum as possible.
 Consumer’s specification: some time consumer
requirement are not match with standard specification in term of
hight,wight,speed, force etc..
POINT TO BE NOTED
 The overall design process, right from specification demand
to the design of machine or electrical element may be
consider as single engineering problem or several
interconnected engineering problem.
 Process of design may be divided into:

 1) Electromagnetic design
 2) Mechanical Design
 3) Thermal design

 These three parts solved separately and results combine for

final work. Now in modern practice , Digital computer
helps a lot in field of electrical machine design.
LET’S START WITH: BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC FIELD
CONCLUSION:
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
CONT….
 A ring has a diameter of 21 cm and a cross-sectional area of 10
cm2 . The ring is made up of semicircular sections of cast iron and
cast steel, with each joint having a reluctance equal to an air-gap
of 0.2 mm. Find the ampere-turns required to produce a flux of 8
× 10−4 Wb. The relative permeabilities of cast steel and cast iron
are 800 and 166 respectively. Neglect fringing and leakage effects.
  A rectangular iron core is shown in Fig. 6.35. It has a
mean length of magnetic path of 100 cm, cross-section
of (2 cm × 2 cm), relative permeability of 1400 and an
air-gap of 5 mm cut in the core. The three coils carried
by the core have number of turns Na = 335, Nb = 600
and Nc = 600 ; and the respective currents are 1.6 A, 4
A and 3 A. The directions of the currents are as shown.
Find the flux in the air-gap.

Recall thumb rule for mmf polarity

ANSWER:
 Clockwise
 60 V
 For 3rd:

 For 4th:
 Air gap H = B/µ0 = 0.8/4π × 10−7 = 6.366 × 105 AT/m Total air-gap
length = 2 × 0.2 = 0.4 mm = 4 × 10−4 m ∴ AT required = H × l = 6.366
× 105 × 4 × 10−4 = 255
 Cast Steel Path , H = B/µ0 µr = 0.8/4π × 10−7 × 800 = 796 AT/m
path = π D/2 = 21 π/2 = 33 cm = 0.33 m AT required = H × l = 796 ×
0.33 = 263
 Cast Iron Path H = 0.8/π × 10−7 × 166 = 3,835 AT/m ; path = 0.33 m
AT required = 3,835 × 0.33 = 1265 Total AT required = 255 + 263 +
1265 = 1783.
FOR 5TH
CALCULATION OF AMPERE TURNS FOR THE
AIR GAP
AIR DUCT AND SLOT-TEETH ARRANGEMENT
FORM FACTOR
CASE-1: SMOOTH SURFACE ASSUMPTION
CASE 2: CHANGE IN PREVIOUS CALCULATION
WITH SLOTTED ARMATURE.
CASE 3: CONSIDER FRINGING EFFECT

OR
CONTI… Carter gap coefficient (Kcs)

Carter gave a coefficient which depends upon

the ratio of slot width/gap length to take into this
effect.
VALUE OF CARTER’S CO-EFFICIENT FROM
GRAPH
CONTI…
With slotted armature
structure

With smooth surface

 The gap contraction factor for slots (Kgs) is

defined as the ratio of reluctance of air gap in
machine with slotted armature to the reluctance of
air gap in machines with smooth armature.
 CASE 4: EFFECT OF VENTILATING DUCT
 It is clear that the effective axial length of the
machine is reduced owing to presence of ducts and
this result in an increase in the reluctance of air gap.
We can derive a similar expression for ventilating
ducts

Contracted or effective axial length L ' =L – Kcd* nd * Wd,

where Kcd is the Carter’s co-efficient for ducts. it’s value can be taken
from graph which is discussed previously.
CONTI…
 Let the ratio of reluctance of air gap with ducts to reluctance of air gap
without ducts be
 Kgd .= L / ( L – Kcd* nd* Wd)
 Kgd is called gap contraction factor for ducts.
 Let the ratio of reluctance of air gap of a slotted armature with ducts to
reluctance of air gap of a smooth armature without ducts be Kg .

Kg .is total gap contraction factor

CONCLUSION FROM DISCUSSED TOPIC
CONTI…
CONTI…
NET LENGTH OF IRON OR CORE
 It is clear that whole of the length is not occupied by iron: some
part of the length is taken up by ventilating ducts and some part
by insulation between steel laminations and air spaces created by
irregularities in thickness of laminations. It is usual to define iron
space factor, called stacking factor, as the ratio of actual
length of iron in a stack of assembled core plates to total
axial length of stack.

 Ki or Ks (stacking factor) = Net iron length / gross iron

length
 It’s value is generally 0.9
EFFECT OF SALIENCY ON THE MMF FOR AIR GAP
 In the case of salient pole machines, the length of air gap is not constant over
the whole pole pitch. This gives rise to different values of air gap density over
the pole pitch. Thus to know the value of reluctance of the air gap, it is necessary
to know the distribution of magnetic field in air gap.
FIELD FORM FACTOR

OR
WHAT IS POLE ARC AND POLE PITCH ?
EXAMPLE
SOLUTION
MMF FOR TEETH

The calculation of mmf necessary to maintain the flux in

the teeth is difficult owing to the following complex
problems.
 The teeth are wedge-shaped or tapered when parallel sided slots
are used. This means that the area presented to the path of flux is
not constant and this gives different values of flux density over the
length of teeth.
CONTI….
 The slot provides another parallel path for the flux,
shunting the tooth. The teeth are normally worked
in the saturation region (WHY ?)and therefore their
permeability is low, and as a result an appreciable
portion of the flux goes down the depth of the slots. The
presence of two parallel paths, the reluctance of one
part depending upon the degree of saturation in the
other, makes the problem intricate.
ANSWER FOR WHY?
 tooth tips are saturated most of the time because they
have a very small cross-section and as you know (
B=flux/Area).
so it is work in a saturation region by default.
CALCULATION FOR TAPERED TEETH

 Tapered Teeth- Following are the methods usually

employed for the calculation of mmf required for
tapered teeth.

(a) Graphical Method

(b) Three ordinate Method (Simpson’s rule):
(c) Bt1/3 method:
 1) GRAPHICAL METHOD
 The mmf per metre (H or ‘at’) for the whole length of tooth is not uniform as the
flux density is not the same everywhere.
 Therefore, to obtain correctly the value of total mmf, it is necessary to construct a
graph showing the manner in which ‘at’ varies over the length of the
tooth.

Therefore, total mmf required for the tooth,

ATt = mean ordinate x height of tooth :
ATt = atmean x lt = atmean x dS …
The height of tooth lt is equal to dS ,
2) THREE ORDINATE METHOD (SIMPSON’S RULE):

 This method is based upon the assumption that

the curve relating ‘at’ with flux density, is a
parabola. In this method, values of ‘at’ are
obtained at three equidistant points, the ends of
the tooth and its center.
 The mean value of ‘at’ is given by:

 where at1 , at2 , at3 are the values of ‘at’ for

three sections shown in fig.
3)BT1/3 METHOD :
 This method is based upon the assumption that value of ‘at’
obtained for flux density at a section 1/3 of tooth height from the
narrow end is the mean of ‘at’ for whole of the tooth.
 This method is the most simple of all the methods and results
are sufficiently accurate if the teeth are worked at low
saturation.

 Let Bt1/3 = flux density at 1/3 height from narrow end,

 at1/3 = value of mmf per metre for Bt1/3 as obtained from B-‘at’
curve
 Total mmf for teeth is:
REAL AND APPARENT FLUX DENSITIES

 Fig. shows slot flux due to saturation of teeth.

Ideal situation : where all Practical situation: where large

apparent flux link with teeth. part of apparent power link with
Means real flux=apparent flux teeth and small part in slot.
Means real power is less than
apparent power
FORMULA DERIVATION

Ba = flux density in air = μo H=4π x 10-7

EXAMPLE