1) how much is the economic value of camel in tourism industry

globally at these days ?

1)Camel wrestling : it contribute to economy via camel raising feeding
equipment accessories, ornaments and others ‘and the money that is
gotten from this wrestling mostly used to build school, bridge ,village hall
and others.

2) camel beauty contest

also known as king Abdel Aziz festival is beauty pageant for camels put on
by the Qahtani tribe of Saudi Arabia, held in Guweiliyyo yearly,
participants come from different countries which gives use as a tourism,
The beauty of camel is based on it's size of head,Lengh of neck roundness
of hump etc.-- . prize money will be up to 30 million (AED) in total

3) camel rides or picture taking

-people from different countries loves to ride camel so they go to

countries which breeds camel so as to take pictures with camels and ride
camels and also they are used in transportation for tourists in desert
regions providing unique and memorable experience ,camel rides and
safaris attract tourists who are interested in exploring the desert land
escapes
-as a summary the presence of camel in tourism supports the livelihoods
of camel owners, guides and others involved in the industry and enhance
the tourism sector and economic growth of regions where the camels are

found

2) differentiate meat efficiency and feed conversion

efficiency using example
- Meat efficiency and feed conversion efficiency are two important metrics
used in the livestock industry to assess the productivity and sustainability
of meat production systems. While they are related, they represent
different aspects of the conversion of feed into meat.
- Meat efficiency refers to the ability of an animal to convert its live
weight into edible meat. It takes into account factors such as growth rate,
feed intake, and carcass composition. A higher meat efficiency indicates
that a larger proportion of the animal's live weight is converted into meat.
For example, let's consider two animals: Animal X and Animal Y. Animal X
weighs 500 pounds and yields 300 pounds of meat, while Animal Y weighs
500 pounds and yields 250 pounds of meat. In this case, Animal X has a
higher meat efficiency as it converts a larger proportion of its live weight
into meat.
- Feed conversion efficiency (FCE), on the other hand, focuses on the
efficiency of converting feed into animal weight gain. It measures how
efficiently an animal converts the feed it consumes into body mass. A
higher feed conversion efficiency indicates that less feed is required to
produce a unit of weight gain. For instance, let's consider Animal X and
Animal Y again. Animal X consumes 100 pounds of feed to gain 10 pounds
of weight, while Animal Y consumes 120 pounds of feed to gain the same
10 pounds of weight. In this case, Animal X has a higher feed conversion
efficiency as it requires less feed to achieve the same weight gain.
- To further illustrate the difference, let's compare the two animals in
terms of their meat efficiency and feed conversion efficiency. Animal X has
a higher meat efficiency, meaning it converts a larger proportion of its live
weight into meat. However, Animal Y has a higher feed conversion
efficiency, indicating that it requires less feed to achieve the same weight
gain. This means that Animal Y is more efficient in converting feed into
weight gain, even though it may have a lower meat efficiency.
- In practical terms, a livestock producer would ideally aim for animals
with both high meat efficiency and high feed conversion efficiency. This
would ensure that a larger proportion of the animal's live weight is
converted into meat, while minimizing the amount of feed required for
weight gain. Achieving a balance between these two metrics is crucial for
optimizing meat production systems and ensuring economic and
environmental sustainability.
- In conclusion, meat efficiency and feed conversion efficiency are distinct
but related concepts in the livestock industry. Meat efficiency focuses on
the proportion of live weight converted into meat, while feed conversion
efficiency measures the efficiency of converting feed into weight gain.
Both metrics play a crucial role in evaluating the productivity and
sustainability of meat
production systems, and finding a balance between them is essential for
efficient and sustainable meat production.
3) write the difference between psoropticovis and sarcopticovis
interms of the disease they cause , symptom , prevention
treatment and other related issues
Psoropticovis and Sarcopticovis are two different types of mites that affect
sheep and goats, causing skin diseases known as psoroptic mange and
sarcoptic mange, respectively. Here are the key differences between the
two:
1. Mite Species: Psoropticovis mites belong to the genus Psoroptes,
while Sarcopticovis mites belong to the genus Sarcoptes. They are
different species of mites with distinct characteristics.
2. Host Specificity: Psoropticovis mites primarily infest sheep and goats,
causing psoroptic mange. Sarcopticovis mites, on the other hand, can
infest a wide range of mammals, including sheep, goats, dogs, and
humans, causing sarcoptic mange.
3. Transmission: Psoropticovis mites are primarily transmitted through
direct contact between infested animals or through contaminated bedding
and housing materials. Sarcopticovis mites are highly contagious and can
be transmitted through direct contact, contaminated objects, or even
through the environment.
4. Clinical Signs: Psoroptic mange caused by Psoropticovis mites
typically leads to intense itching, hair loss, crusting, and thickening of the
skin. Sarcoptic mange caused by Sarcopticovis mites also results in
severe itching, hair loss, and skin lesions, but the infestation is often
more generalized and can affect larger areas of the body.
5. Treatment: Both psoroptic mange and sarcoptic mange require
appropriate treatment to control the infestation. Treatment options may
include topical acaricides, systemic medications, and environmental
management practices. However, specific treatment protocols may vary
depending on the mite species involved.

It is important to consult with a veterinarian for an accurate diagnosis and

appropriate treatment plan if psoroptic mange or sarcoptic mange is
suspected in sheep or goats.
4) describe the disease pests des petits ruminants in terms of the
disease they cause , symptom and others
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), also known as sheep and goat plague,
is a highly contagious viral disease that affects small ruminants such as
sheep and goats. It is caused by the Peste des Petits Ruminants virus,
which belongs to the Morbillivirus genus.
Symptoms
PPR is characterized by a range of clinical signs including fever, nasal and
ocular discharge, pneumonia, diarrhea, and sometimes death. The
disease can spread rapidly within suave pro bow populations through
direct contact with infected animals, as well as through contaminated
feed, water, and fomites.

Treatment
The treatment for peste des petits ruminants (PPR), also known as goat
plague, includes supportive care and vaccination.
Supportive care: The affected animals should be provided with
supportive care to help them recover from the disease. This may include
ensuring proper nutrition, hydration, and rest. Infected animals should be
isolated to prevent the spread of PPR to other animals.
Vaccination: Vaccination is one of the primary ways to prevent and
control PPR. Several effective vaccines are available for PPR, including live
attenuated vaccines and inactivated vaccines. Vaccination should be
carried out in susceptible animals, such as goats and sheep, to provide
immunity against the virus.
Prevention
Prevention of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) involves implementing
various measures to control the spread of the disease among small
ruminant populations, such as sheep and goats. Here are some key
prevention measures:
Vaccination: Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent PPR. There
are several highly efficacious and safe vaccines available that provide
long-lasting immunity against the virus. It is recommended to vaccinate
all susceptible animals, including lambs and kids, following the
appropriate vaccination schedule.
Biosecurity measures: Maintaining good biosecurity practices is
important to prevent the introduction and spread of PPR. It includes
measures such as controlling animal movement, minimizing contact with
infected animals or contaminated areas, and implementing quarantine
procedures for imported animals.
Surveillance: Regular surveillance plays a crucial role in early detection
and control of PPR outbreaks. It involves monitoring small ruminant
populations for clinical signs and conducting laboratory tests to detect the
virus. Surveillance can help in identifying infected animals and
implementing control measures promptly.
Control of animal movements: Restricting the movement of animals,
especially when there is an outbreak or high-risk period, can help prevent
the spread of PPR. This includes implementing movement restrictions in
affected areas, regulating animal trade, and enforcing strict border
controls to prevent the introduction of infected animals.
Proper disposal of carcasses: Infected animal carcasses can be a
source of virus transmission. It is essential to properly dispose of
carcasses to prevent the spread of PPR. Effective methods include burial,
incineration, or rendering.
Public awareness and education: Raising awareness among farmers,
herders, and other stakeholders about PPR prevention and control
measures is essential. Educating them about the disease, its clinical signs,
and the importance of vaccination and good biosecurity practices can help
in preventing PPR outbreaks.

5 what is the current state of meat and milk production in Ethiopia

in comparison with other nations of the world, known for their
high productivity and growth in the meat and dairy industry
According to the latest statistical data, Ethiopia's livestock sector
contributes significantly to its agricultural GDP, accounting for about 19%
of the total value. However, the average productivity per animal in terms
of meat and milk production is relatively low compared to global
standards.
In terms of meat production, Ethiopia's total production reached around
400,000 tons in 2019. This is a significant increase from previous years,
but it pales in comparison to other countries known for their high meat
production, such as the United States, Brazil, and China, which produce
millions of tons each year.
Similarly, milk production in Ethiopia has seen a positive trend but still
lags behind global leaders. In 2019, Ethiopia produced approximately 4.5
billion liters of milk. While this is a substantial amount, countries like
India, the United States, and Russia produce tens of billions of liters each
year.
 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Cow's milk 3,833,030 3,699,370 3,650,000 3,600,000 3,558,000

Camel milk 158,505 164,906 254,093 179,659 169,724

Goat's milk 86,104 76,452 77,424 78,237 79,128

Sheep's milk 79,652 77,472 76,790 79,714 81,854

Milk (total) 4,157,291 4,018,200 4,058,307 3,937,610 3,888,706

Ethiopia milk production

6 what are the good opportunities for internal and

external investors to engage in dairy and meat industry
in Ethiopia
Ethiopia presents several opportunities for internal and external investors
to engage in the meat and dairy industry. Some potential opportunities
include:
1Growing domestic demand: Ethiopia has a large and growing
population with increasing disposable income, leading to a rising demand
for meat and dairy products within the country.

2. Favorable agro-ecological conditions: Ethiopia has diverse agro-

ecological zones suitable for livestock production, providing opportunities
for both meat and dairy production.
3. Abundant natural resources: The country has ample land resources
and water availability, which are essential for establishing and expanding
livestock farms.
4. Government support: The Ethiopian government has been
implementing policies and initiatives to promote agricultural development,
including the meat and dairy sector. This includes providing incentives,
infrastructure development, and access to finance for investors.
5. Export potential: Ethiopia has the potential to become a regional hub
for meat and dairy exports, given its strategic location and access to
regional markets.
6. Value addition opportunities: There is room for investment in value
addition activities such as processing, packaging, and distribution of meat
and dairy products, which can enhance profitability and create
employment opportunities.
7 What are the factors that determine the nutrient
requirement of sheep and goats?
The nutrient requirements of sheep and goats are influenced by several
factors. Here are some key factors that determine their nutrient
requirements:
1. Species and breed: Different species and breeds of sheep and goats
have varying nutrient requirements based on their genetic makeup and
physiological characteristics.
2. Age and weight: The age and weight of the animals play a significant
role in determining their nutrient needs. Younger animals and growing
lambs or kids have higher nutrient requirements compared to adult
animals.
3. Production stage: The production stage of the animals, such as
pregnancy, lactation, or growth, affects their nutrient requirements.
Pregnant and lactating animals have increased nutrient demands to
support fetal development and milk production.

4. Activity level: The activity level of sheep and goats, including their
level of exercise or work, influences their energy requirements.
5. Environmental conditions: The climate, temperature, and housing
conditions impact the nutrient requirements of sheep and goats. Extreme
temperatures or harsh environments may increase their energy needs.
6. Health status: The health condition of the animals, including any
existing diseases or infections, can affect their nutrient requirements. Sick
or recovering animals may have altered nutrient needs.
7. Feed quality and availability: The quality and availability of feed
resources, including pasture, forage, and supplementary feeds, directly
impact the nutrient intake and requirements of sheep and goats.

8 Describe the evolution and domestication history of

camels in the world and their introduction to
Ethiopia

The domestication of camels is believed to have occurred around 3,000 to

4,000 years ago in the Arabian Peninsula. The Arabian camel, also known
as the dromedary, was the first species to be domesticated. These camels
were well-suited for desert environments, with their ability to withstand
extreme temperatures, conserve water, and travel long distances without
water or food.
Camels played a crucial role in the development of trade routes,
particularly the famous Silk Road, as they were reliable pack animals
capable of carrying heavy loads across vast distances. They facilitated
trade and cultural exchange between civilizations.
The introduction of camels to Ethiopia is believed to have occurred around
the 6th century BCE. The Arabian camel, along with its close relative, the
Bactrian camel from Central Asia, were likely brought to Ethiopia through
trade routes and migrations. In Ethiopia, camels adapted to various
regions, including the arid lowlands and the highlands.
Camels have since become an integral part of Ethiopian culture and
economy. They are used for transportation, as a source of milk and meat,
and for their hides and wool. The adaptability of camels to harsh
environments has made them valuable assets for communities living in
arid and semi-arid regions of Ethiopia.
9 describe genetic code and protein synthesis using
diagram or table
The genetic code refers to the set of rules by which information encoded
within DNA or RNA is translated into proteins. It consists of a sequence of
nucleotides (A, T, C, and G) that make up the DNA or RNA molecules.
These nucleotides are read in groups of three, known as codons.
During protein synthesis, the genetic code is used to convert the
information stored in DNA into functional proteins. The process involves
two main steps: transcription and translation.
1. Transcription: In the nucleus of a cell, the DNA sequence containing
the gene of interest is transcribed into a complementary RNA molecule
calledmessenger RNA (mRNA). This process is catalyzed by an enzyme
called RNA polymerase.
2. Translation: The mRNA molecule moves from the nucleus to the
cytoplasm, where it interacts with ribosomes. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
molecules, carrying specific amino acids, bind to the mRNA codons
through their anticodons. The ribosome facilitates the assembly of amino
acids in the correct order, forming a polypeptide chain. This chain then
folds into a functional protein.
Protein synthesis step. Genetic code
9. Differentiate genetic engineering and tissue
culture. Show steps and process of genetic
engineering of plants

Genetic engineering involves manipulating an organism's genetic material,

typically its DNA, to introduce specific traits or modify existing ones. This
is done by inserting or modifying genes in the organism's genome.
Genetic engineering allows for precise control over the genetic makeup of
an organism, enabling the introduction of desirable traits or the removal
of undesirable ones. It is commonly used in agriculture to develop crops
with improved yield, resistance to pests or diseases, or enhanced
nutritional content.
On the other hand, tissue culture involves growing cells, tissues, or
organs in a controlled laboratory environment. It typically starts with a
small piece of plant or animal tissue, which is placed in a nutrient-rich
medium to stimulate cell growth and development. Tissue culture allows
for the propagation of plants or the production of specific cell types in a
controlled setting. It is commonly used in plant breeding, research, and
the production of disease-free plants.

In summary, genetic engineering focuses on manipulating an organism's

genetic material, while tissue culture involves growing cells or tissues in a
controlled environment. Both techniques have their unique applications
and contribute to advancements in biotechnology.
Process of genetic engineering in plants
1. Identify the target trait: The first step is to identify the specific trait
that you want to introduce or modify in the plant. This could be traits like
disease resistance, improved yield, or enhanced nutritional content.
2. Select a suitable gene: Once the target trait is identified, a suitable
gene responsible for that trait is selected. This gene can be sourced from
the same plant species or from a different species altogether.
3. Isolate the gene: The selected gene is then isolated from its source.
This can be done using various techniques such as polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) or gene synthesis.
4. Construct a genetic vector: A genetic vector, typically a plasmid, is
prepared to carry the isolated gene. The plasmid acts as a vehicle to
transfer the gene into the plant cells.
5. Introduce the gene into plant cells: The genetic vector carrying the
desired gene is introduced into the plant cells using various methods. This
can include techniques like Agrobacterium-mediated transformation,
biolistic (gene gun) transformation, or electroporation.
6. Regenerate transformed plants: After introducing the gene, the
transformed plant cells are cultured in a suitable medium to allow them to
grow and develop into whole plants. This process is known as plant
regeneration.
7. Select and screen transformed plants: The regenerated plants are
screened to identify those that have successfully incorporated the desired
gene. This is typically done through the use of selectable markers or
reporter genes.
8. Confirm gene expression: The selected transformed plants are
further analyzed to confirm that the introduced gene is being expressed
and producing the desired trait.
9. Field testing and evaluation: The confirmed transformed plants are
subjected to field testing and evaluation to assess their performance,
stability, and potential impact on the environment.
10. Regulatory approval and commercialization: If the transformed
plants pass the necessary safety and regulatory assessments, they may
be considered for commercialization and release into the market.