science

project
CLASS XII SCIENCE
Topic :
Biomolecule
BY: JATIN
CLASS : XII SCIENCE
ROLL NO : 23
 CONTENTS
Certificate
Acknowledgment
Introduction to Biomolecules
Definitions
Types of Biomolecules
1. Macromolecules
2. Macromolecules
DNA and RNA Structures
Proteins
Vitamins
Conclusion
SUTLEJ PUBLIC SCHOOL
CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY Jatin A STUDENT OF CLASS XII SCIENCE HAS
SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED THE RESEARCH
PROJECT ON THE TOPIC BIOMOLECULES UNDER
THE GUIDANCE OF Mrs. Sandeep kaur DURING
THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-2023

PRINCIPAL TEACHER IN CHARGE EXTERNAL IN CHARGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I WANT TO EXPRESS MY SINCERE THANKS
TO MY RESPECTED PRINCIPAL SIR Mr. Ajay Sharma AND
CHEMISTRY TEACHER Mrs. Sandeep Kaur
FOR GIVING ME A CHANCE TO RESEARCH ON
THE TOPIC OF BIOMOLECULES HAS BEEN
MY PLEASURE TO DO SO. THIS HAS ADDED
MANY POINTS TO MY KNOWLEDGE ABOUT
CHEMISTRY AND ITS PRACTICAL
APPLICATION. I ALSO THANK THEM FOR
THEIR SUPPORT AND VALUABLE GUIDANCE
WHICH HAS SEEMED GREAT CONTRIBUTION
IN COMPLETION OF MY RESEARCH WORK AS
A PROJECT.

 introduction
There are numerous substances that can be called
biomolecules, including those produced by cells
and living organisms. Biomolecules come in
various sizes and structures and perform various
functions. Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and
nucleic acids are the four major types of
biomolecules.
 DEFINITIONS
CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS
Sugar molecules are carbohydrates or carbs. A A protein is a large, complex molecule that plays many
carbohydrate is one of three main nutrients found in critical roles in the body. The body's tissues and organs
foods and drinks along with proteins and fats. depend on them for structure, function, and regulation
Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose by your
body.

VITAMINS NUCLEIC ACIDS

There are two types of vitamins: fat-soluble and water- In all cells and viruses, nucleic acids play an essential
soluble. There are several vitamins that dissolve in fat role. Genomic information is stored and expressed by
and tend to accumulate in the body, including vitamins nucleic acids. The information cells need to make
A, D, E, and K. proteins is encoded in DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid.
01 THE BASICS
Biomolecules are chemical compounds found in
living organisms. They are primarily composed of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and
phosphorus.

02 TYPES
There are four major classes of biological
macromolecules and micromolecules
(carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids), and each is an important component of
the cell and performs a wide array of functions.
 TYPES OF
BIOMOLECULES
 MICROMOLECULE
AMINO ACID
An amino acid contains both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. As used in
biochemistry, the term amino acid refers to amino acids with amino and carboxylate
functionalities attached to the same carbon, plus proline, which is not an amino acid.
SUGAR
Sugar is a source of quick energy for the body because it is easily metabolized (broken down).
Larger, more "complex carbohydrates" are made by stringing together chains of glucose
subunits into di-saccharides, tri-saccharides, poly-saccharides

LIPID
A lipid is any of various organic compounds that are insoluble in water. They include fats, waxes,
oils, hormones, and certain components of membranes and function as energy-storage
molecules and chemical messenger

NUCLEOTIDES
A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA). A nucleotide consists of a
sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and
a nitrogen-containing base. The bases used in DNA are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and
thymine (T)
 MACROMOLECULE
POLYSACCHARIDES
A major class of biomolecules is polysaccharides. Several smaller monosaccharides are
arranged in long chains of carbohydrate molecules. Cellular energy is provided by these
complex bio-macromolecules, which are also structural components of plant cells.

NUCLEIC ACIDS
Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses. A major
function of nucleic acids involves the storage and expression of genomic information.
Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, encodes the information cells need to make proteins.

PROTEINS
Protein is found throughout the body—in muscle, bone, skin, hair, and virtually every other body
part or tissue. It makes up the enzymes that power many chemical reactions and the
hemoglobin that carries oxygen in your blood. At least 10,000 different proteins make you what
you are and keep you that way.
 DNA AND RNA
STRUCTURES
DNA is a double-stranded molecule that has a long chain of nucleotides. RNA is a single-stranded
molecule that has a shorter chain of nucleotides. DNA replicates on its own, it is self-replicating.
RNA does not replicate on its own.
 PROTEINS
SYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS
Protein synthesis is the process by which cells make proteins. It occurs in two stages:
transcription and translation
(a) Transcription. Transcription, as related to genomics, is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence. This
copy, called messenger RNA (mRNA), carries the gene's protein information encoded in DNA.

(b)Translation The process by which the mRNA codes for a particular protein is known as Translation. In the
process, the ribosome translates the mRNA produced from DNA into a chain of specific amino acids
DEFINITION
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances that are generally classified as either fat-soluble
or water-soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins (vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin
K) dissolve in fat and tend to accumulate in the body

VITAMIN CHART
CONCLUSIONS
Biomolecules are vital for the as it aids organisms to
grow, sustain, and reproduce. They are involved in
building organisms from single cells to complex living
beings like humans, by interacting with each other.
Explanation:
Biomolecule, also called biological molecule, any of
the numerous substances that are produced by cells
and living organisms.
Biomolecules have a wide range of sizes and
structures and perform a vast array of functions.
The four major types of biomolecules are
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
Biomolecules are important for the functioning of
living organisms. It consists of large particles.
It also include small molecules like primary and
secondary metabolites and natural goods.

THANK YOU!