Ship Design

Introduction
What is Ship Design ?
Design is a process of converting information that
characterizes the needs and requirements for a
product into knowledge about a product
Mistree, 1994
What is the product in Ship Design ?
 Crude Oil Tanker Product/Chemical Tanker
VLCC

Bulk Carrier
Container

LNG/LPG

Tug
 What is
the knowledge about product ?
Ship Hull Form Powering Structural Analysis

Safety

Exterior Design
Interior Design
Systems Design
What is required to design a
Ship ?
Requires Technical Knowledge
Requires Knowledge About Operations
 Requires Economic Assessment

Tanker Shipbuilding Prices Cost

100 180
90 Value
Million US Dollar

160
80 140
70 120
60 100
50
80
40
30 60 Margin
20 40
10 20
0 0
73

75

77

79

81

83

85

87

89

91

93

95

97

99
19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

Year
30000 Dwt 68000 Dwt 80000 Dwt 140000 Dwt 280000 Dwt Index

Optimum Effort
Requires Compliance with Regulations
Requires Creativity
How can it be modelled ?
 Is design an endless spiral ?

Definition of Requirements

Length Definition of Requirements

Breadth
Depth Choice
Economic
Draught Analysis

Empirical Ship
Calculations Life Strength
Constraints Longitudinal
(Design) Strength
Form
Form Seakeeping
Selection Preliminary Manouvrability
Control
Constraints
(Design Process)
Calculationsr
Machinery
Selection
Power Weather Range
COnstraints
Ship Deck
(Design Environment)
Type Arrangement
Type
Area/ General
Ship
Weight
Arrangement
Area

Displacement
Next Design Step Weight
• Naval architecture consists of numerous distinct
subjects:
– Structures
– Trim and stability
– Resistance and propulsion…
• Design (initial) requires the naval architect to
keep all the essentials of these subjects and many
others in mind at one time to be able to
synthesize a ship’s concept which satisfies all the
requirements
Design Features of Marine Vehicles
• Marine vehicles can be categorized in may
ways…
• Building material:
– Steel
– Aluminum
– Composites
– Wood
– Ferro cement
Design Features of Marine Vehicles
• Number of hulls:
– Monohull
– Catamaran
– Trimaran
– Pentamaran
Design Features of Marine Vehicles
• Type of powering:
– Diesel
– Steam turbine
– Gas turbine
– Electrical
– Combined (hybrid, CODAD, CODAG, CODOG,
COGOG…)
Design Features of Marine Vehicles
• Type of propulsion:
– Propeller(single, twin, quadruple)
– Water jet(single, twin, quadruple)
– VSP
– Podded propulsion
– ASD
– Sail
Design Features of Marine Vehicles
• Hull form type:
– Displacement
– Hydrodynamicaly supported craft
• Planing hull
• Hydrofoil
– Aerostatic support
• Hovercraft
Design Features of Marine Vehicles
• Amongst all, the more sensible classification is
based on the mission of the vessel. Majority of
ships may be divided into several categories:
– Commercial vessels
– Military vessels
– Service vessels
– Pleasure vessels
– Advanced marine vehicles
 Cargo Ships
• The maritime trade may be divided into three
categories
– Liquid bulk cargo (crude oil, oil products,
chemicals, LPG, LNG)
– Dry bulk cargo (coal, wheat, cement, ore, grain…)
– General cargo ships
• Break bulk cargo in pallets
• Containerized cargo
• Roll on – roll off ships
Cargo Ships
 General Cargo Ship
• Open cargo holds loaded vertically through hatches
• Less popular nowadays due to containerization
• Carries cargo that is too large to be carried in containers
• Slow loading as cargo is carried in the form of drums, bags,
crates, boxes
• Due to the variable form and dimensions of the load, these
vessels capacity may not always be optimally used
• Vary in size: small single deck coasters →large multi deck
freighter & cargo liners upto 10000 GT
• Service speeds in the range of 12-18 knots
General Cargo Ship
 Container Ship
• TEU→ twenty feet container 20*8*8 feet
• FEU→forty feet container 40*8*8 feet
• Average loaded container weighs 12-14 dwt
per TEU
• Feeder: smaller range of container ships 400-
2000 TEU
– Intended to collect containers from smaller ports
to deliver them to hub ports available to Panamax
and Post Panamax vessels
 Container Ship
• Panamax 2500-5000 TEU
• Post Panamax 5000-9000 TEU
• Mega Carrier >9000 TEU
 Container Ship
• Dimensions of a container ship depend on the
number of containers placed on deck and in holds
• One extra container requires an increase in ships
beam of 2.8 metres
• Container ships are faster than cargo ships
– <1500 TEU 15-19 knots
– 1500-2500 TEU 18-21 knots
– 2500-4000 TEU 20-24 knots
– 4000-6000 TEU 23-25 knots
– >6000 TEU 24-26 knots
 Ro Ro Ship
• Roll on/roll off
• Ramps enable cargo to be driven on board
• Anything with wheels can be loaded
– Trucks, loads moved by forklifts, goods strapped to
pallets or with containers
• Short loading and discharge times
• Equipped with internal ramps and elevators for
deck to deck transfers
• Low density cargo→demands a large hull volume
– Boxy appeal, high freeboard, high superstructure
 Bulk Carrier
• Carry bulk cargo as ore, coal, rock, cement scrap
metal, grain, flour, rice, sugar
• Either
– Have specialized equipment to off load the bulk cargo
– Or depend on the shore facilities
– Sides of the holds are shaped to prevent cargo
movement in seaway
– Some bulk carriers are equipped with saddle tanks to
be filled with ballast while carrying heavy cargo in
order to increase COG
 Bulk Carrier
• Small handysize 10000-25000 dwt
• Handysize 25000-40000 dwt
• Handymax 40000-50000 dwt
• Supramax 50000-65000 dwt L<200m
• Baby panamax 50000-55000 dwt L>200m
• Panamax 55000-85000 dwt L>200m
• Post panamax 50000-110000 dwt
• Handycape <120000 dwt
• Capesize 120000-210000 dwt
• VLOC >210000 dwt
 Oil Tanker
• Crude oil tankers
– Large dedicated ships that solely carry crude oil
– Double skin hulls are utilized to prevent spills
– Crude carriers are specified based on their carrying
capacity
• Panamax: 55000-70000 dwt Lmax:274.3 m Bmax:32.3m
• Aframax: 75000-120000 dwt (600.000 barrels)
• Suezmax: 120000-200000 dwt (1000000 barrels) Tmax:
16.1m
• VLCC: 200000-320000 dwt (2000000 barrels)
• ULCC: >320000 dwt
 Chemical Tanker
• Designed for the carriage of dangerous liquid
chemical cargo
• Normally have more tanks than oil tankers for
flexibility
• High construction standard
– Tank cleaning→minimal stiffening inside tanks
– Cargo may be extremely dense or may require to
be carried at high tempeature
– Cofferdams are used to split cargo
 Gas Carrier
• LPG
• LNG
• Gases are transported in liquid form as they can
be liquefied under pressure at ambient
temperature or by refrigeration
• Fully pressurized ships (17 bar) spherical or
cylindrical tanks are required.
• Fully refrigerated ships carry cargo at
atmospheric pressure (-162 Celsius)
– High cost as steel is not suitable for tanks
 Passenger Vessels
• Any ship with more than 12 passengers is a
passenger ship
• Range from small sightseeing vessels to
100000 GT luxurious ships
• Must follow SOLAS rules in order to carry
passengers
• Two types of passenger vessels are cruise
ships and ferries
 Cruise Ship
• Designed for large number of passengers
• High superstructures of many decks
• Design challenge: provide max. in safety,
comfort and entertainment
– Isolation of machinery noise and vibration
– Minimization of roll and pitch motion
– High electrical power
 Ferry
• Carry passengers and their vehicles on fixed routes
over short passages
• Load vehicles aboard via low level side doors or stern
ramps as in ro ro ships
• RoPax ferry: lower, main and upper deck for roro cargo
and limited passenger facilities
• PaxCar ferry: with passenger faciities suitable for
longer routes
• Cruise ferry: with cabin space for all pasenges and large
public spaces
• Double ender: shuttling across harbour waters
 Fishing Vessels
• Range from 5-130 meters
• Carry the gear necessary for fishing and
processing
– Fish holds to carry the catch
– Freezing system
– Processing system
 Service Vessels
• Tug: provides propulsive power to other
vessels
– Serve in harbour and inland waters
– Described in hp or bollard pull
– Propulsive systems enable operation in 100%
capacity at all directions
 Service Vessels
• Research Ship
– Designed to examine different aspects of the
ocean (bottom, fishing resources, water
temperatures, salvage sites, current data)
– Provide platform for laboratories and large work
decks for scientific equipment
 Service Vessels
• Pilot boat
– Large ships are required to have local harbour
pilot on board
– Pilot boats carry the pilot from the harbour to a
point offshore where they meet the ship and
safely allow the pilot to board the ship
 Service Vessels
• Fire boat
– Designed to fight fires aboard ships
• Dredger
– Giant cleaner used to clear waterways
– a cutter head that disturbs the ocean bottom and a ladder device
brings the mud or dregde spoil up to the surfae for deposit in a barge
• Ice breaker
– High propulsive power in order to overcome
the resistance of the ice layer
– Waterline of the ship is reinforced by thick
plating and heavy stiffeners
– Propellers are protected by hull shape
to divert ice and built from replaceable blades
 Military Vessels
• Aircraft carrier
– Largest military ships
• USS Nimitz L:333 mt B:77mt
• Nuclear reactors provide
appx. 280000 HP
• 570 officers, 5700 personnel, 100 aircraft
• Cruiser
– Anti aircraft and anti missile defence
– Anti submarine weapons
– Largest L:182 metres
– ~500 crew
 Military Vessels
• Destroyer
– Smaller than a cruiser
– Multifunctional warships
• Fights submarines and surface
vessels
• Escorts convoys
• Used as a defensive screen to detect submarines, aircrafti missiles
and surface ships
• Frigate
– Scaled down version of
destroyers
– Used to protect amphibious
assaults supply ships and convoys
 Military Vessels
• Corvette
– Smaller than frigates
– providing similar figting
capability in a smaller and
maneuverable hull
– 50-100mt in length
– May accommodate a helicopter
• Fast attack craft
– Small, high speed missile firing ships
– 250-500 tons
– Powered by diesel and
gas turbines
– Speed 35-40 knots
 Military Vessels
• Mine warfare vessels:
– Mine laying and mine sweeping operations
– Small vessels for detecting and neutralizing mines
– Soundproofed to reduce acoustic signature, built
in wood, grp, non-ferrous or degaussed metal
 Military Vessels
• Amphibious Warfare Ships
– Used to land combat troops
and equipment on hostile territory
– LHA: landing helicopter assault
– LHD: landing helicopter dock
– LPH: landing platform helicopter
– LPD: landing platform dock
– LSD: dock landing ship
– LSI: landing ship, infantry
– LSL: landing ship logistics
– LSM: landing ship medium
– LST: landing ship tank
– LCC: landing craft command
– LCT: landing craft tank
– LCM: landing craft
mechanized
 Military Vessels
• Ships for logistics:
– Supply and repair tasks
– Fuel, food, ammunition, other provisions
– Fleet oilers, ammuniton ships, destroyer tenders,
repair ships, fleet ocean tugs, submarine rescue
ships, floating docks
 Pleasure Craft
• Motor yachts
• Sailing yachts
 Offshore Vessels
• Offshore drilling ship
• Crane vessel
• Offshore supply vessel
• Pipe layer
 High Speed Displacement Vessels
• High performance displacement vessel design is
clearly seen in destroyers and fast frigates
• Slender narrow hulls, relatively operable in bad
weather
• Sensitive to wind and waves → stabilizers
• Catamaran: displacement vessel with two slender
hulls→ increased deck area → suitable for
carrying passengers and low density cargo
– High transverse stability –> suitable for ferries
 High Speed Displacement Vessels
• SWATH: small waterplane area twin hull
– Catamaran with tubular submerged hulls
connected to the upper cat. Hull by narrow struts
– Minimal surface area at the waterline for waves to
act upon→excellent sea keeping
 Dynamically Supported Craft
• Weight supported by dynamic lift
– Planing craft: craft gains lift with speed due to
shape of hull bottom ~@FN=1.0
– Hydrofoil craft: lift is created by underwater wings
• As the vessel is lifted out of the water, reduced drag
permits greater speeds
• As water is denser than air, small wing surfaces may be
sufficient
• These type of craft are weight critical!!!!
 Air Supported Vessels
• Air cushion vehicle: craft weight is supported by
air pressure in close proximity of the surface
– Suitable for use over water or land
– Fitted with a flexible skirt to retain the air cushion
– Load balance is critical
• WIG craft: flies just above the surface
– Ground effect: the lifting capacity of a wing is
increased when in flies in close proximity to water
surface <0.5*span
– Take off stability and
hump drag is ciritcal