The first chapter is an introduction to scientific research methodology

Introduction

The continuous change in environmental factors surrounding individuals, institutions and

governments forces these parties to seek to obtain the greatest possible amount of knowledge
through the use of various scientific methods in research. This is because obtaining
documented knowledge about the various issues facing individuals or institutions helps them
alleviate the problems they suffer from or eliminate them completely and move from one
stage of growth to another, more advanced stage. As is known, organized scientific research
is what provides contemporary individuals and institutions with a solid basis for making
appropriate decisions that help them achieve their desired goals according to the established
priorities.

This chapter deals with the concept of scientific research, its definition, its types, and its
characteristics from a comprehensive point of view that takes into account the specificity of
each field of knowledge and science from both theoretical and practical perspectives. This
chapter also addresses the general considerations that must be available in scientific research,
especially in the humanities and social sciences, by giving general examples that clarify the
content of the issue of interest, the topic or idea whose dimensions are to be analysed, and its
behavioral effects on the lives of individuals and public and private institutions.
The concept of scientific research

Many writers have dealt with the phenomenon of scientific research with extensive
explanation and analysis, through intellectual starting points that express and continue to
express different backgrounds and experiences, because each group of researchers has its own
convictions and prior positions about the phenomenon of interest, which has led and
continues to lead to consideration of this topic or social or economic issue. From different
angles, arriving at relatively different results. As is known, the concept consists of two words.
The first is “research,” which may mean, for some, investigation or investigation, and for
others, a question or inquiry about something or a topic that has a certain importance to them.
As for the second word, it is “scientific” in reference to science, which means for individuals,
very simply, comprehensive documented knowledge about a specific subject through clearly
defining its different dimensions or pillars, the truth of which is perceived by the entities or
groups (Kerlinger 1976: 2-16) related to it.
Definition of scientific research
In practice, there are several definitions of scientific research, reflecting different intellectual
and historical starting points. Some see that research is an organized investigation that aims to
acquire new and documented knowledge after scientific testing of it. Abdul Haq Kayed (1972
(10), while others see that scientific research is an organized, precise, purposeful
investigation and investigation. To reveal the truths of things and their relationships to each
other in order to develop the reality in which they are actually practiced or to modify it with
monsters and scars (1989 (11-12). It is clear from these definitions that for research to be
scientific, the method used in it must be scientific and objective, and the first step is to
identify and determine what It must be researched to the last step in which it involves
discovering the facts and relationships between the dimensions or parts of the topic and
verifying the validity of what has been reached.
In general, it is inferred from the previously mentioned definitions that the primary goal of
scientific research is to investigate the truth of things, their components and dimensions, and
to help individuals or institutions know the content or content of phenomena that represent a
certain importance to him or her, and which helps them solve the most important social,
economic and political problems. It is necessary, by using scientific and logical methods, to
show strengths and weaknesses in a comprehensive manner that is useful in generalizing the
facts or knowledge that have been extracted from situations or observations emerging from
the life of societies. Thus, it becomes clear to us that scientific research deals with all life
issues by following methods of investigation and analysis and in accordance with
comprehensive and general scientific rules that help in identifying and defining paths
accurately after addressing their causes and dimensions. Accordingly, scientific research can
be defined on the basis that it includes all carefully organized and designed procedures in
order to obtain all types of classified knowledge, deal with it objectively and
comprehensively, and develop it in a way that is commensurate with the content and direction
of current and possible macro-environmental developments.
Knowledge and science
Knowledge is a set of meanings, perceptions, opinions, beliefs, and facts that a person forms
as a result of his repeated attempts to understand the phenomena and things surrounding him
(Abdul Basit, 1982: 18).
The concept of knowledge is not synonymous with the concept of science, as knowledge
includes scientific and non-scientific knowledge. Every science is knowledge, but not every
knowledge is necessarily a science.
Researchers differentiate between science and knowledge on the basis of the method or
method of thinking through which knowledge was acquired.
Science is the coordinated knowledge that arises from observation, study, and
experimentation, which is carried out with the aim of knowing the nature and origins of the
phenomena that are subject to observation. (Goode, 1952:2), and study are types of scientific
research
We conclude from the above that the primary goal of scientific research in various fields of
knowledge is to reach accurate knowledge and search for its causes and data through
objective investigation of the phenomenon in question, which can be done through one of the
following forms of scientific research (Obaidat, Dhouqan et al.

: (۲۸) - ٣٦ : ۱۹۸۲

1. Applied Research

This type of research aims to address existing problems in social and economic institutions,
where the concerned researchers clearly identify the problems that these institutions suffer
from while verifying the validity or accuracy of their causes in the field, by using or
following a scientific methodology with gradual research steps to reach a set of The relatively
actual reasons that led to the occurrence of these problems or phenomena, along with
proposing a set of scientific recommendations that could contribute to alleviating the severity
of these problems or addressing them once and for all.
Theoretical Research
In general, this type of research is not related to immediate problems per se, as its primary
and direct goal is to develop the content of basic knowledge available in various fields of
science and human knowledge. This type of research is also called basic research or pure
research. Which aims - regardless of its name - to provide cognitive and scientific additions
to support the life of human societies by developing a vision of the theoretical constructs of
social and human phenomena that are directly related to ideal models or what concepts
should be in terms of their dependence on measurable standards or standards (Obaidat, Two
tastes Walkhron, (1982 (10).
It is worth noting here that it is difficult to separate these two types of applied and theoretical
research due to the complementary relationship between them. Applied research often relies,
in building its hypotheses or the questions to which it tries to find answers, on the theoretical
frameworks available in the published literature. At the same time, theoretical research also
benefits, directly or indirectly, from the results of those applied studies by reconsidering their
theoretical starting points and their compatibility with reality.

On the other hand, all research aimed at finding solutions to the problems or issues that
institutions or companies suffer from is considered applied research, whether conducted or
implemented in the form of descriptive, exploratory, field, experimental, or laboratory
research or studies. Some research and studies carried out by some official and private
scientific research institutions also represent an acceptable embodiment of theoretical
research aimed at enriching scientific knowledge in the social and humanitarian fields,
despite not addressing immediate problems.
Characteristics of scientific research
Scientific research is characterized by an interconnected set of structural characteristics that
must be present in order for the desired goals to be achieved. These characteristics can be
stated on:(Sekaran (1992): As follows
The Objectivity
The characteristic of objectivity means that all steps of scientific research have been carried
out objectively and not in a subjective, biased manner. This makes it imperative for
researchers not to let their personal feelings and opinions affect the results that can be reached
after implementing the various stages or steps prescribed for scientific research.
For example, the steps of scientific research must begin with a clear definition of the research
problem, followed by developing hypotheses, then determining the method and method of
collecting, managing and reviewing information, analyzing the information collected and
putting it in a final report explaining what was implemented and what was reached. This
means not resorting to distortion or distortion of the results reached to serve the personal
purposes of the administration or the researcher in any way. In addition, researchers must
constantly be characterized by scientific behavior in order to know the truth, away from
fanaticism or extremism behind their opinions
And their personal feelings, regardless of the results that are reached to describe and address
the phenomenon or issue in question.
This characteristic is also one of the most important characteristics that characterizes any
scientific research, as many field or theoretical studies that are conducted or implemented in
countries
Developing programs lack a specific, clearly defined goal that has been deduced from a
problem that has been defined and defined in a scientific way. Accordingly, the presence of a
well-defined goal helps researchers adopt the sound and appropriate scientific methodology
for this or that topic
To the plausible causes, consequences and implications of the problem of interest.
The Testability & Accuracy

This characteristic means that the phenomenon or problem under investigation is capable of
being tested or examined. There are some phenomena that are difficult to subject to research
or testing due to the difficulty of doing so or the confidentiality of the information related to
them. This characteristic also means the necessity of collecting the quantity and quality of
accurate information that can be trusted and that helps researchers test it statistically and
analyze its results and implications in a logical, scientific way in order to ascertain the
validity or incorrectness of the hypotheses or dimensions that were put to the test with the
aim of identifying the various dimensions or causes of a problem. The research that is being
carried out to arrive at some suggestions or recommendations that help solve the problem of
interest. It should be noted here that accurate information that is collected and its results
analyzed according to the correct scientific methodology increases the degree of confidence
when applied by management in the form of decisions, the degree of accuracy in which must
be supportive of the principle of taking

Using scientific methodology in economic, social and political institutions.

Replicability of results

This characteristic means that almost the same results can be obtained by following the same
scientific methodology and research steps again and under similar objective and formal
conditions and conditions. This is because the occurrence or occurrence of the results
themselves deepens confidence in the accuracy of the procedures that were taken to define
the research problem and its objectives on the one hand, and the methodology - the
foundations and stages - applied on the other hand. This characteristic also proves the validity
of the theoretical and applied structure of the research of interest and its legitimacy.
Paralmony
It is said in the literature published on scientific research methods that the wealth of
innovation and innovation in the field of science is the transcendent simplification in
treatment and the sequential treatment of the most important and then eating, which is true
with regard to the phenomena of interest. This is because it is known that the atmosphere of
research, whatever its type, requires a lot of effort, time and cost, which is known. Experts in
the field of scientific research must strive to simplify and shorten the procedures and stages
so that this does not affect the accuracy of the research results and the possibility of
generalizing and replicating them. This requires the researcher to focus his research on
limited variables because the research’s inclusion of non-existent variables may weaken the
degree of depth and coverage of the phenomenon or problem that is the subject of the
research. For this reason, researchers resort to identifying the factors most influential and
related to the problem under study in a way that achieves the set objectives. For example, or
one of the establishments producing laundry detergent noticed that there was a decline in its
sales of this type, and the establishment noticed a complaint from customers about the type or
quality of the detergent, with an increase in Intensity of competition. These may be the most
influential reasons for the decline in sales. Therefore, we will focus on these factors only in
scientific research on that brand and exclude other factors that are less influential in the
decline in sales for it.It is worth noting here that the availability of objectivity and accuracy in
how to determine the most influential factors, with full commitment to the principles of
scientific research by the researcher, makes the expected results of the research more realistic,
and the decisions that will be taken by the administration will be the great guarantee for the
success of the principle of scientific research and its spread.
Accordingly, the process of simplifying and abbreviating the factors affecting the occurrence
of the problem or phenomenon in question is carried out, and the contribution of each factor
is calculated through the use of... Advanced statistical methods such as factor analysis
For example, factors are classified into groups following clear criteria, where the factors in
each group are closely related or related to each other
Some and weak with factors found in other groups.
The scientific research should address the achievement of a goal or goal
Scientific research must have a goal or goal behind its conduct, and defining the research goal
clearly and precisely is an essential factor that helps facilitate the steps and procedures of
scientific research, and it also contributes to the speed of completion and obtaining data.
Appropriateness, and enhances the results that can be obtained so that they meet the
requirements.
Generalization and prediction
Using the research results later to predict similar cases and situations. The areas of benefit
and use of the results of scientific research may not be limited to addressing an immediate
problem, but may extend to predicting many phenomena and situations before they occur. We
notice the high ability at the present time to predict the weather condition for future periods,
and to predict the occurrence of many other natural phenomena, such as eclipses. The
possibility of using the results of scientific research to predict the occurrence of some
phenomena in the future has extended to social studies thanks to the use of appropriate
statistical methods, in which the phenomenon is expressed in numerical or statistical form,
such as: the use of Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, the results of which show
the strength of the correlation and the accuracy in Results: For example, if the correlation is
44 r, this means that there is a direct relationship between the two variables at a rate of 44%.
Let us assume that the level of confidence (accuracy) was 001 r, this means that if the sample
contains 1000 people, then only one person does not apply.
The relationship and 999 apply to them.The role of the human element in scientific research
The human element represents the driving heart of the various stages of scientific research
and in various fields of human knowledge. In fact, it is the human being who plans,
organizes, implements and directs the various stages of practical research to reach the results
that must be translated and presented in a scientific and logical manner before the decision
maker. For this reason, the researcher must have specific qualities so that he can complete the
research required of him in the manner required of him
What is required, and among the most important of these qualities, are the following:
Gharabiyeh et al., (1977): Mastery of the basic skills necessary for scientific research: There
are many skills that the researcher must be trained in and master in order to carry out the
research in a sound scientific manner, such as the skills of conducting interviews and the skill
of designing a questionnaire. The skills of selecting a study sample, the skill of reviewing
previous studies, criticizing them and benefiting from them, and other matters that we will
mention later. Extensive knowledge of the research topic: Without the researcher having a
sufficient background on the research topic or problem to be studied, the research procedures
and results will be weak. We cannot imagine a person conducting research in the field of
accounting if this person lacks basic knowledge in this field.
The researcher must have knowledge of some statistical methods: The use of statistical
methods in the field of scientific research has become essential for many researches.
Especially in the field of administrative sciences.
Objectivity and impartiality in research design and in presenting and discussing results. The
researcher must adhere to complete impartiality in the various research procedures and refrain
from adhering to his personal opinions or distorting the research results if they conflict with
his personal interests. Patience and the ability to endure. There are many studies that may
take the researcher a long period of time or may take longer than the researcher initially
expected due to the intervention of some incidental variables. Therefore, the researcher must
be patient and have the ability
To endure.Institutions and scientific research at the state and corporate levels

Public and private institutions need to conduct research and studies to either address the
problems they face, develop their products and services, or find new production lines, work
methods, or technology.Countries and companies allocate a portion of their budgets for
research and development purposes

And training, to achieve greater efficiency and effectiveness.

Universities are centers of research and studies, and governments establish specialized
centers or higher councils to undertake or sponsor research and studies. Some of these centers
are specialized in the fields of management, education, marketing, or...

Technology, industry or medicine such as:

- The National Center for Educational Research and Development.

- Royal Scientific Society.

The Supreme Council for Science and Technology in Jordan for Technology.

In addition to research and study units that serve the objectives of ministries and government
institutions.

Governmental and private institutions face many problems, such as declining sales, low
morale among their employees, and increased competition from The high cost that the
external team may require to conduct the research, especially if c

It belongs to one of the famous offices.

note

There are some situations or problems in which it is preferable to seek help from an external
team. These are important problems that require qualified and highly experienced expertise
that is not available in Al Shokah, while repetitive routine operations can be assigned to the
internal research team at

Enterprise.