Dr.

Abu Awwad - AAUP

Arab American University, Palestine (AAUP)

HEALTHCARE STATISTICS- 152526030

Topic 5: Hypothesis Testing

Instructor: Dr. Abdul Fattah Abu Awwad

AbdulFattah.AbuAwwad@aaup.edu

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 Dr. Abu Awwad - AAUP

Outline

1 Learning Objectives

2 Basic Concepts of Hypothesis Testing

3 Tests About a Population Mean (µ)

4 Tests About a Population Proportion (p)

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 Dr. Abu Awwad - AAUP Learning Objectives

Outline

1 Learning Objectives

2 Basic Concepts of Hypothesis Testing

3 Tests About a Population Mean (µ)

4 Tests About a Population Proportion (p)

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 Dr. Abu Awwad - AAUP Learning Objectives

Learning Objectives

After studying this chapter, the student will:

1 Understand the importance and basic principles of hypothesis testing.

2 Develop the ability to identify the null and alternative hypotheses when
given some claim about a population parameter such as a proportion,
mean, etc.

3 Develop the ability to conduct a formal hypothesis test of a claim about a

population proportion.

4 Develop the ability to use sample data to conduct a formal hypothesis test
of a claim made about a population mean.

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 Dr. Abu Awwad - AAUP Basic Concepts of Hypothesis Testing

Outline

1 Learning Objectives

2 Basic Concepts of Hypothesis Testing

3 Tests About a Population Mean (µ)

4 Tests About a Population Proportion (p)

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 Dr. Abu Awwad - AAUP Basic Concepts of Hypothesis Testing

Basic Concepts of Hypothesis Testing

 A hypothesis is a claim (assumption) about a population parameter
(mean, proportion, standard deviation, . . .). Examples:

1 µ < 370 C “The mean (average) body temperature of humans is less than
370 C.”

2 µ > 65 bpm “The mean pulse rate (in beats per minute, or bpm) of adult
males is greater than 65 bpm.”

3 µ > 175 mg/dL “The mean cholesterol level of children with cardiovascular
disease is greater 175 mg/dL.”

4 p > 2% “The proportion of breast cancer for U.S. women is greater than
2%.”

5 σ 6= 15 “The population of nurses has IQ scores with a standard deviation

that is different from 15.”

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 Dr. Abu Awwad - AAUP Basic Concepts of Hypothesis Testing

Basic Concepts of Hypothesis Testing

 In any hypothesis-testing problem, there are always two competing

hypotheses under consideration:

1 The null hypothesis, H0 , is a statement that the value of a population

parameter is ≤ or ≥ or = to some claimed value. (It is assumed to be true
prior to conducting the hypothesis test)

2 The alternative hypothesis, Ha or H1 , is the opposite of what is stated in

the null hypothesis. So, Ha uses the symbol > or < or 6=.

 The objective of hypothesis testing is to decide, based on sample

information, if Ha is actually supported by the data.

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 Dr. Abu Awwad - AAUP Basic Concepts of Hypothesis Testing

Basic Concepts of Hypothesis Testing

 There are two possible outcomes:

1 Reject H0 and accept Ha because of sufficient evidence in the sample in

favor Ha .

2 Do not reject H0 because of insufficient evidence to support Ha .

Very important!!
Note that failure to reject H0 does not mean that H0 is true. There is no
formal outcome that says “accept H0 ”. It only means that we do not have
sufficient evidence to support Ha .

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 Dr. Abu Awwad - AAUP Basic Concepts of Hypothesis Testing

Basic Concepts of Hypothesis Testing

 Because hypothesis tests are based on sample data, we must allow for the
possibility of errors/mistakes.

Actual Situation
Decision H0 is True H0 is False

Do not reject H0 Correct Decision Type II Error

(1 − α) (β)

Reject H0 Type I Error Correct Decision

(Accept Ha ) (α) (1 − β)
Table: Key- Outcome (Probability)

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 Dr. Abu Awwad - AAUP Basic Concepts of Hypothesis Testing

Basic Concepts of Hypothesis Testing

 A Type I error is rejecting H0 when it is true.
 Level of significance (α) =P(Type I error)

⇒ α = P(Reject H0 |H0 is True)

 Common choices for α are 0.10, 0.05, and 0.01.

 A Type II error is the failure to reject H0 when it is false.

⇒ β = P(Type II error) = P(Not Rejecting H0 |H0 is False)

 The power of the test (1 − β) = P(Reject H0 |H0 is False)

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 Dr. Abu Awwad - AAUP Tests About a Population Mean (µ)

Outline

1 Learning Objectives

2 Basic Concepts of Hypothesis Testing

3 Tests About a Population Mean (µ)

4 Tests About a Population Proportion (p)

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 Dr. Abu Awwad - AAUP Tests About a Population Mean (µ)

Tests About a Population Mean (µ)

1 Develop H0 and Ha .
One-tailed (lower-tail) H0 : µ ≥ µ0 versus Ha : µ < µ0

One-tailed (upper-tail) H0 : µ ≤ µ0 versus Ha : µ > µ0

Two-tailed H0 : µ = µ0 versus Ha : µ 6= µ0

2 Specify the level of significance α (i.e., 0.01, 0.05, 0.1).

3 If the population is normally distributed or n > 30, use the parametric

one sample t test (SPSS).

4 Decision: Reject H0 if p-value ≤ α. p-value Also called observed level of

significance. The smaller the p-value the greater the evidence against H0
and the more the evidence in favor of Ha .
0 ≤ p-value ≤ 1.

5 Interpret the statistical conclusion in the context of the application.

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 Dr. Abu Awwad - AAUP Tests About a Population Mean (µ)

Tests About a Population Mean (µ)

Example: The authors obtained times of sleep for randomly selected adult
subjects included in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Study, and
those times (hours) are listed below. Here are the unrounded statistics for this
sample: n = 12, x̄ = 6.83 hours, s = 1.99 hours. A common recommendation
is that adults should sleep between 7 hours and 9 hours each night. With a
0.05 significance level to test the claim that the mean amount of sleep for
adults is less than 7 hours.

4 8 4 4 8 6 9 7 7 10 7 8

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 Dr. Abu Awwad - AAUP Tests About a Population Mean (µ)

Tests About a Population Mean (µ)

 Normality Assumption “the population is normally distributed or n >
30.” The sample size is n = 12 < 30, so we must determine whether the
sample data appear to be from a normally distributed population. The
normal quantile plot, indicate that the sample appears to be from a
population with a distribution that is approximately normal.
 The two well-known tests of normality, namely, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov
test (n ≥ 50) and the Shapiro–Wilk test (n < 50) are most widely used
methods to test the normality of the data. (H0 : Times of sleep for adults
are normally distributed)

 SPSS Analyze ⇒ Descrpitive Statistics ⇒ Explore ⇒ Select normality

Plots with tests
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 Dr. Abu Awwad - AAUP Tests About a Population Mean (µ)

Tests About a Population Mean (µ)

 Hypotheses H0 : µ ≥ 7 hours versus Ha : µ < 7 hours (α = 0.05)

 SPSS

 Decision and Interpretation

 SPSS shows a two-tailed p-value of 0.777, so it must be halved for this
one-tailed test, i.e., p-value = 0.389 > 0.05. We fail to reject H0 .

 Interpretation: With a level of significance α = 0.05, we conclude that

there is not sufficient evidence to support the claim that the mean amount
of adult sleep is less than 7 hours.

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 Dr. Abu Awwad - AAUP Tests About a Population Mean (µ)

Tests About a Population Mean (µ)

Example: Diastolic Blood Pressure for Women Use the diastolic blood
pressure measurements for adult females listed in Data Set 1 “Body Data” in
Appendix B and test the claim that the adult female population has a mean
diastolic blood pressure level less than 90 mm Hg. A diastolic blood pressure
above 90 is considered to be hypertension. Use a 0.05 significance level.
Based on the result, can we conclude that none of the adult females in the
sample have hypertension?

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 Dr. Abu Awwad - AAUP Tests About a Population Proportion (p)

Outline

1 Learning Objectives

2 Basic Concepts of Hypothesis Testing

3 Tests About a Population Mean (µ)

4 Tests About a Population Proportion (p)

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 Dr. Abu Awwad - AAUP Tests About a Population Proportion (p)

Tests About a Population Proportion (p)

1 Develop H0 and Ha .
One-tailed (lower-tail) H0 : p ≥ p0 versus Ha : p < p0

One-tailed (upper-tail) H0 : p ≤ p0 versus Ha : p > p0

Two-tailed H0 : p = p0 versus Ha : p 6= p0

2 Specify the level of significance α (i.e., 0.01, 0.05, 0.1).

3 np ≥ 5 and nq ≥ 5, use the parametric proportion one sample z test

(Statdisck).

4 Decision: Reject H0 if p-value ≤ α.

5 Interpret the statistical conclusion in the context of the application.

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 Dr. Abu Awwad - AAUP Tests About a Population Proportion (p)

Tests About a Population Proportion (p)

Example: A study addressed the issue of whether pregnant women can

correctly guess the gender of their baby. Among 104 recruited subjects, 57
correctly guessed the gender of the baby (based on data from “Are Women
Carrying ‘Basketballs’ Really Having Boys? Testing Pregnancy Folklore,” by
Perry, DiPietro, and Constigan, Birth, Vol. 26, No. 3). Use these sample data
to test the claim that the success rate of such guesses is no different from the
50% success rate expected with random chance guesses. Use a 0.05
significance level.

 Requirement Check
np = 104(0.5) = 52 ≥ 5 and nq = 104(0.5) = 52 ≥ 5 (satisfied)

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 Dr. Abu Awwad - AAUP Tests About a Population Proportion (p)

Tests About a Population Proportion (p)

 Hypotheses H0 : p = 0.5 versus Ha : p 6= 0.5 (α = 0.05)

 Statdisk

 Decision Fail to reject H0 (p-value = 0.327 > α = 0.05)

 Interpretation With a level of significance α = 0.05, there is not sufficient
evidence to support the claim that women who guess the gender of their
babies have a success rate differ from 50%.
 Confidence Interval Method Since 0.5 ∈ (0.45, 0.64), we fail to reject
H0 . (Same interpretation as above)
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 Dr. Abu Awwad - AAUP Tests About a Population Proportion (p)

The End

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