4.

Homogeneous equations:
The ordinary differential equation of first order is said to be homogeneous equation if it take the form:

𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 → (∗)

Such that 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑄 𝑥, 𝑦 are homogeneous of the same degree.

In this case we let: 𝑢= ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦́ = 𝑥𝑢́ + 𝑢

Then equation (∗) turn to separable equation and we integrate the both sides of this equation, we obtain the
general solution 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝐶 .

NOTE:

 To check 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑄 𝑥, 𝑦 are homogeneous of the same degree, we substitute:

DR. NAGWA RAGAB 3/18/2024 26

Example:

Find the general solution for the following equations:

(1) 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 .

(2) 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 .

DR. NAGWA RAGAB 3/18/2024 27

Solu.(1): 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 .

𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 , 𝑄 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥
⇒ 𝑃 𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦 = 𝑡𝑦 − 𝑡𝑥 𝑡𝑦 = 𝑡 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑡 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑡 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 ,
𝑄 𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦 = 𝑡𝑥 = 𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑡 𝑄 𝑥, 𝑦

Then the given equation is homogeneous equation of second degree, we let 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦́ = 𝑥𝑢́ + 𝑢

Then given equation is : (𝑢𝑥) −𝑥(𝑢𝑥) + 𝑥 (𝑥𝑢́ + 𝑢) = 0

⇒ (𝑢) −𝑢 + 𝑥𝑢́ + 𝑢 = 0 ⇒ (𝑢) +𝑥𝑢́ = 0 ⇒ (𝑢) +𝑥 =0 ⇒ + =0 ⇒∫ +∫ = ln 𝑐

⇒ + ln 𝑥 = ln 𝑐 ⇒ + ln 𝑥 = ln 𝑐 ⇒ = ln ⇒ 𝑦= .

DR. NAGWA RAGAB 3/18/2024 28

Solu.(2):

𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0

⇒ 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 , 𝑄 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥

⇒ 𝑃 𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦 = (𝑡𝑦) +(𝑡𝑥) + 𝑡𝑦 = 𝑡 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑡 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 ,

𝑄 𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦 = 𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑡 𝑄 𝑥, 𝑦

Then the given equation is homogeneous equation of first degree, we let 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦́ = 𝑥𝑢́ + 𝑢

Then the given equation is: 𝑥(𝑥𝑢́ + 𝑢) − (𝑢𝑥) +𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 𝑢́ + 𝑥𝑢 − 𝑥( 𝑢 + 1 − 𝑢𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 𝑢́ − ( 𝑢 + 1) = 0

⇒𝑥 − 𝑢 +1 =0 ⇒ − =0 ⇒∫ −∫ = ln 𝑐

⇒ sinh 𝑢 − ln 𝑥 = ln 𝑐 ⇒ sinh ( ) = ln(𝑐𝑥)

⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 sinh ln 𝑐𝑥 .

DR. NAGWA RAGAB 3/18/2024 29

Exercises :

Find a general solution to the following equations:

1) 2𝑥𝑦𝑦́ = 𝑦 − 𝑥 .

2) 𝑥𝑦́ = 𝑥 + 𝑦 .

3) 𝑥𝑦́ = 𝑦 + 2𝑥 sin ( ) .

DR. NAGWA RAGAB 3/18/2024 30