Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 18 (2020) 100524

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Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tsep

Hydrodynamics of the vortex tray T

a,⁎ b,⁎ b b
Nina V. Deryagina , Nikolai A. Voinov , Denis A. Zemtsov , Anastasiya V. Bogatkova
a
Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny pr., Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
b
Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, 31 Krasnoyarsky Rabochy Av., Krasnoyarsk 660037, Russia

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The article presents geometry, dimensions and structural characteristics of tangential swirlers of different design
Vortex tray for vortex plates, which are a new type of centrifugal tray. The results of hydraulic tests of the vortex plate with
Hydrodynamics tangential swirlers for an air–water system are given. The research allowed determining the flow regimes of the
Tangential swirlers gas–liquid mixture at the tray and presenting the dependence for determining the critical gas velocity in the
Hydraulic resistance coefficient
channels of the device characterizing the transition from the bubbling flow regime to the annular one. The
Gas content
Angular velocity
dependences for calculating the coefficient of hydraulic resistance of the dry tray and the total resistance are
Interfacial area determined. The gas content in the rotating liquid layer was studied with determination of the design parameters
of the device that affect its value. The values of the angular velocity of the gas–liquid layer are established. The
height of the rotating gas–liquid layer is determined and the equation for its calculation is presented. The
medium-surface diameter of the gas bubbles in the liquid in the annular flow was 2–3 mm and the interfacial
area of the gas–liquid layer was calculated as 600–1,200 m−1.

1. Introduction
The processes of rectification, absorption and separation in industry
require contact devices that can provide a developed interfacial area
and greater mass transfer efficiency of the plate. In the late nineties,
when it became obvious that the structured packing was not effective at
high pressures, interest in improving the design of plates significantly
increased [1,2]. The final development in this field are centrifugal de-
vices, such as Swirltube tray and ConSep tray from Shell and Sulzer)
Swirltube, ConSep Sulzer [1,3–6], Ultra-Frac [7,8], CoFlo [9,10], UOP
SimulFlow [11].
Continuing development of centrifugal devices is due to the cen-
trifugal-Bubbling Apparatuses [12–15] and rotating packed bed (RPB)
[16–19] reactor which intensify distillation, chemical reactions and
nanoparticle production. The main advantage of these devices is an
increase of the rate of mass-exchange between gases and liquids by
increasing the interfacial area and its turbulization. Additionally, when
used in reactors, distillation columns, or other vapor–liquid contacting
apparatuses, the devices provide a short residence time, compactness,
and reasonable cost.
We focus on the vortex tray equipped by the tangential swirler
[20–24]. Gas moves through tangential channels of the swirler, obtains
rotary motion, and disperses into the liquid. Thus, it forms the revol-
ving gas–liquid layer where the intensive division of vapor bubbles
occurs. The vortex tray uses are not limited to distillation columns [25]
but may include evaporators, heat pumps [26], and reflux condensers
during thermal distillation [27].
Devices for gas (vapour) rotation applied in contact elements of
plates are divided into axial and tangential swirlers. Tangential swirlers
are the most promising ones as they are more efficient and easy to
manufacture [20].
An important research task is to study the hydrodynamics of tan-
gential swirlers including determination of the following: velocity of
the gas in the channels, which ensures liquid rotation; hydraulic re-
sistance; gas content; angular velocity of the gas–liquid mixture and
interfacial area. These dependencies allow successful development and
design of various centrifugal plates for the gas (vapour)-liquid system.
Over the past few years in our previous works [21–24,28] we stu-
died hydrodynamics of tangential swirlers of various types. As the re-
search has shown, the geometric structure of the swirler significantly
influences the extent of separation and performance characteristics of
the centrifugal plate.
This work aims at generalization of the data on the hydrodynamics
of the vortex tray with various types of tangential swirlers.
2. Materials and methods
The test stand was constructed out of shells with an internal

⁎
Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: NGavgolenko@sfu-kras.ru (N.V. Deryagina), n.a.voynov@mail.ru (N.A. Voinov).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2020.100524
Received 24 October 2018; Received in revised form 7 February 2020; Accepted 10 March 2020
2451-9049/ © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
N.V. Deryagina, et al. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 18 (2020) 100524

Nomenclature λ coefficient of tension

μ coefficient of dynamic viscosity, Pa s
a specific interfacial area, m−1 ξ resistance coefficient of the dry tray
b width of the channel, m ρ density, kg/m3
D tray diameter, m; σ coefficient of surface tension of water, N/m
d diameter, m φ gas content
F cross-sectional area of the swirler, m2 ω angular velocity, s−1
f cross-sectional area of the swirler’s channels, m2
g gravity acceleration, m/s2 Indices
H height of the liquid layer of the tray, m
h height of the channels in the swirler, m cr critical
L liquid flow feeding to the tray, m3/s d.t dry tray
m liquid mass at the tray, kg g gas
N number of channels gl gas–liquid
n number i gas bubbles
P pressure drop, Pa; in inner
R radius, m; inert inertial
Re Reynolds number of gas in the swirler's channels; l liquid
S square, m2 mix mixture
u gas velocity in the swirler’s channels, m/s s swirler
V volume of liquid, m3 t tray
α swirler’s channel slope, deg w.t wet tray
γ angle of the wall slope of the swirler’s channel, deg 0 at 20 0C

diameter of 0.2 m. Schemes of vortex plates are shown in Fig. 1. The gas and calculated in accordance with the dependence:
streams getting out of the tangentially installed channels of the swirler,
acquire a rotational motion, get into the liquid at the tray, split into ΔP = ΔPd. t + ΔPw. t (1)
bubbles, which provides a developed interfacial area and a relatively
The resistance of the dry tray was determined as follows
high efficiency. The liquid is withdrawn from the plate [29], with the
channel 4 or through the downcomer device 3. On the multi-element
ΔPd . t = ξ ·ρg ·u2/2 (2)
vortex tray, Fig. 1c, the liquid passes successively through the swirlers
mounted on a shelve and equipped with the cylindrical inserts 5
where ξ is the resistance coefficient of the dry tray; u is the average flow
[28,30].
rate of gas in the minimal cross section of the swirler canals , in m/s;
The annular flow of two-phase gas–liquid flow on the vortex plate is
ΔPw.t is the resistance of the wet tray, in Pa [31].
shown in Fig. 2a, and the distribution of bubbles in the gas–liquid layer
The gas content in the liquid layer was determined by the volu-
in Fig. 2b.
metric method by withdrawing the gas–liquid mixture through a hollow
Structures of the studied swirlers are given at Fig. 3. The swirlers
needle with a transparent tube on its end (3.5 mm in diameter and
with rectilinear (Fig. 3a) and profiled (Fig. 3b,c,d) walls of the channels
0.2 m in length) and was calculated according to the formula
were used.
The width of the channels in the swirl Fig. 3a and Fig. 3b is constant Vgl − Vl
along the length of the channel. Parameters of the studied swirlers are φ=
Vgl (3)
given in the Table 1.
Experiments were performed on the air–water system. Water was
where Vgl is the volume of the gas–liquid mixture in the transparent
used as a working medium with a dynamic viscosity coefficient of
tube, m3; Vl is the volume of the liquid in the transparent tube, in m3.
0.001 Pa × s.
The average surface bubble diameter was determined according to
The hydraulic resistance was measured by a differential manometer
[22,32]

Fig. 1. Schemes of vortex tray.

2
N.V. Deryagina, et al. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 18 (2020) 100524

Fig. 2. The annular flow on the vortex plate.

∑ ni ·di2 3. Results and discussion

dn = ,
∑ ni
where ni is the number of bubbles of a certain size; di is the diameter of
the bubble being determined, in m.
The surface tension of the water was changed by adding ethanol and
was accepted in accordance with [33].
The critical gas velocity in the swirler’s channels, as well as the
angular velocity was determined with the use of video recording [22].
Interfacial area was calculated in accordance with the dependence
[32]
a= 6φ /dn
where a is the interfacial area, in m−1; φ is the gas content.
(4)
3.1. Flow regimes of the tray
There are three regimes of gas–liquid mixture flow depending on the
gas discharge rate in the swirler at the tray: bubbling, bubbling-annular
and annular. These results are in agreement with those obtained in
[21,28].
The bubbling flow regime is characterized by pulsating movements
of the gas–liquid mixture and a spray trap.
In the bubbling-annular regime the gas–liquid mixture in the plate
acquires a rotational motion. As the inertial force increases in the ro-
(5) tating gas–liquid layer, a cavity is formed along the axis of the tray,
which indicates the start of the annular regime. With further increase of
gas discharge the layer height on the shell surface and angular velocity
increase, and the gas content decreases.
The critical gas velocity in the swirl channel, at which the transition

Fig. 3. General view of tangential swirlers.

3
N.V. Deryagina, et al. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 18 (2020) 100524

Table 1
Parameters of the swirlers.
Figure Swirler Ds, m Din, m h, m b, m γ,o α,o N, pcs Channel walls

Fig. 2b 1 0.15 0.108 0.004 0.006 17 41 40 profiled

2 0.11 0.068 0.006 0.0035 35 28 40
3 0.17 0.128 0.003 0.008 22 25 40
4 0.17 0.12 0.008 0.0035 35 26 40
5 0.17 0.12 0.016 0.0015 16 31 40
Fig. 2c 6 0.11 0.06 0.01 0.005 28 53 8
Fig. 2d 7 0.11 0.07 0.013 0.0025 – 62 8
Fig. 2a 8 0.17 0.114 0.1 0.003 – 26 40 rectilinear
9 0.15 0.14 0.06 0.004 – 26 40
10 0.082 0.04 0.01 0.002 – 40 45

where Ds is the external diameter of the swirler; Din is the internal diameter of the swirler; h is the height of the channel; b is the minimal width of the channel; N is
the number of channels.

from the bubbler to bubbler ring mode occurs, depends on the geo- 2
m ·ω ·Rst ⎞
ΔPinert = ⎛⎜ ⎟

metric parameters of the plate and swirl [21–23,25,34]. In addition, it ⎝ S ⎠ (8)

depends on the magnitude of the friction coefficient on the interface 2
and on the walls of the apparatus, gas and liquid density. The depen- where S=(h + r)2πr is the square, in m ; m is the mass of the
dence of the critical velocity can be represented as, liquid, in kg; Rst is the radius of the swirler tray, in m; w is the angular
velocity, in s−1.
0,5
In calculation of ΔPd.st the value of the resistance coefficient in the
⎡ ρl (1 − φ) + ρg ·φ Rst ω2 ·Vl ⎤
2
ucr
=⎢ · · formula (2) was calculated in accordance with the dependence obtained
0, 27 ρg Rs f ·cos α ⎥ (6)
⎣ ⎦ on the basis of experimental data given in Fig. 6.
α is the angle of swirler’s channel slope, in deg ; φ is the gas content; h −0,25
ξ = 21·Re−0,28·⎛ ⎞
Rs is the radius of the swirl, in m; Rst is the radius of the column shell, in ⎝b⎠ (9)
m; Vl is the liquid volume, in m3; f is the area of the channels, in m2; ρl
and ρg are the densities of liquid and gas correspondingly, in kg/m3. where Re=(u∙b∙ρg)/µ is Reynolds number of the gas in the swirler's
The values of the critical velocity for various types of swirlers are channels; h is the height of the channel, in m; b is the width of the
shown in Fig. 4. channel, in m.
The above analyses reveal that the value of the gas velocity in the Experimental points (1–9): profiled channels in accordance with the
channels at which the gas–liquid mixture rotates on the tray decreases Table (1–7): 1 is swirler 1; 2 is swirler 2; 3 is swirler 3; 4 is swirler 4; 5 is
with increasing radius of the swirler, the number of channels for gas swirler 5; 6 is swirler 6; linear channels (8–9): 8 is swirler 6; 9 is swirler
passage and gas content, and increases with increasing liquid mass on 9.
the tray and liquid density. It is recommended to use the equation (9) when the number of the
Experimental points at m = 1–2 kg (1–7): (1) swirler 1 from the swirler’s channels is N = 25–40 pcs, Ds = 110–170 mm and the angle
Table; (2) swirler 2; (3) swirler 3; (4) swirler 4; (5) swirler 6; (6) swirler of the wall slope in the swirler’s channel is γ < 220.
7; (7) swirler 9.
3.3. Gas content
0,5
⎡ ρl (1 − φ) + ρg ·φ Rst ω2 ·Vl ⎤
2
X=⎢ · · Experimental values of the gas content in the liquid at the tray of
ρg Rs f ·cos α ⎥
⎣ ⎦ different types of swirlers listed in Table 1 are shown in Fig. 7 and
Fig. 8.
Experimental points (1–12): swirler 1 (1–2): 1 = m = 0.5 l; 2 -
3.2. 2 Hydraulic resistance of the tray m = 1 l; swirler 2 (3–4): 3 –m = 0.5 kg; 4 - m = 1 kg; swirler 4 (5–6): 5
–m = 0.5 kg; 6 - m = 1 kg; swirler 6 (7–10): 7 – m = 0.5 kg; 8 -
Similar studies [12,13] find that the tray pressure drop increases m = 1 kg; 9 - m = 2 kg; 10 - m = 3 kg; swirler 7 (11–12): 11 –
linearly with rising thickness of the gas–liquid layer. It can be explained m = 0.5 kg; 12 – m = 1 kg.
by the growth in its weight and friction between the liquid layers.
Changes of the hydraulic resistance of the tray depending on swirler
type are given in Fig. 5.
Experimental points for the dry tray (1–4): 1 is the swirler of type 1;
2 is swirler 2; 3 is swirler 4; 4 is swirler 5. Experimental points of the
wet tray at the liquid mass of 1 kg (5–8): 5 is the swirler of type 1; 6 is
swirler 2; 7 is swirler 4; 8 is swirler 5.
Comparison of the value of the total hydraulic resistance calculated
in accordance with the equation (1) with experimental data, shows that
their discrepancy does not exceed 15%.
The following formula was used to calculate the resistance of the
wet tray

ΔPw.t = ρl ·g·Hgl + ΔPinert (7)

where Hgl is the height of the gas–liquid layer, in m; ρl is the density

of the liquid, in kg/m3; g is gravity acceleration, in m/s2.
The inertial resistance of the tray was calculated according to [35]: Fig. 4. Dependence of the critical velocity on parameter.

4
N.V. Deryagina, et al.
Fig. 5. Dependence of the tray pressure drop of the swirler type.
Fig. 6. Dependence of the resistance coefficient of the Reynolds number of the
gas.
Fig. 7. Dependence of gas content on the velocity in the swirler’s channels.
According to the data presented, in the bubbling regime with in-
creasing gas velocity in the channels of the swirler, the gas content
increases and becomes largest in the bubbling-annular regime, which
agrees with the studies [36]. In the annular flow with increasing gas
velocity in the channels of the swirler, the gas content decreases due to
the displacement of gas bubbles from the liquid by inertia. The study of
the mixture at the ethanol–water plate allowed to determine the effect
of surface tension on the gas content in the form φ≈(σ0/σ)0.25
To calculate the gas content in the bubbling-annular regime the
dependence was obtained [23]
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Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 18 (2020) 100524
Fig. 8. Dependence of gas content on the ratio of gas velocity in the swirler’s
channels and the critical velocity.
φ = 0.9·(H / Dt )0,4 (σ0/ σ )0,25 (10)
where σ is the coefficient of surface tension of water, in N/m; σ0 is
the coefficient of surface tension of water at 20 °C, in N/m; H is the
height of the liquid layer at the plate, in m; Dt is the diameter of the
tray, in m.
The dotted line is the transition from the bubbling-annular regime
to the annular regime.
Experimental points (1–10): 1 is swirler 1 m = 1 kg; swirler 2 (2–3):
2 –m = 0.5 kg; 3–m = 1 kg; swirler 4 (4–5): 5 –m = 0.5 kg; 6 –
m = 1 kg; swirler 6 (6–9): 6 – m = 0.5 kg; 7 – m = 1 kg; 8 –m = 2 kg; 9
– m = 3 kg;10 is swirler 7 m = 1 kg.
According to Fig. 8 the value of gas content in the annular flow
regime is subject to the dependency:
φ = A1 (u/ ucr )−2,4 (11)
where the value of the coefficient A1 is determined in the course of
simultaneous solution of the equations (10) and (11) at u/ucr = 1.25.
3.4. Angular velocity of the gas–liquid layer.
The linear rotation velocity of a gas–liquid flow is an important
determinant of its structure and characteristic [37].
To measure it, a scapular anemometer was placed in a two-phase
rotating flow. The study found that the rotation velocity of the layer
linearly depended on the gas velocity in the swirl channels.
The value of velocity decreases with increasing thickness of the
gas–liquid layer due to the rise in the friction of the flow on the
chamber end surfaces.
We detected the magnification of the angular velocity of the ga-
s–liquid layer as the mass of the liquid increases. Although its decrease
is observed at m greater than 0.5 kg, as in [37] Fig. 9, which is caused
by the slippage of gas–liquid layers [22,36] .
Experimental points (1–6): (1, 2) swirler 1 correspondingly at
u = 20 and 26 m/s; (3, 4) swirler 6 at u = 55 and 75 m/s; (5, 6) swirler
7 at u = 55 and 75 m/s.
The change in the angular velocity of rotation of the gas–liquid layer
from the velocity of the gas in the channels of the swirler is shown in
Fig. 10, according to data for all types of the swirler ω ≈ (Re)0,8.
Experimental points (1–10):1 – swirler 1 m = 0.5 kg; 2 – swirler
2 m = 0.5 kg; 3 – swirler 3 m = 0.5 kg; swirler 6 (4–5): 4 -
m = 0.15 kg; 5 – m = 0.5 kg; swirler 7 (6–7): 6 - m = 0.15 kg; 7 –
m = 0.5 kg; swirler 10 (8–10): 8 -m = 0.15 kg; 9 – m = 0.25 kg; 10 –
m = 0.35 kg.
When the diameter of the tray increases, the value of the angular
velocity decreases in accordance with the law ω ≈ (Dt/Ds) -0.7.
With the mass of the liquid within the range m = 0.5–1.2 kg the
value of the angular velocity of the gas–liquid layer in the annular
N.V. Deryagina, et al. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 18 (2020) 100524

Fig. 13. Dependence of the interfacial area on the velocity of the gas in the
Fig. 9. Change of the angular velocity of the rotating gas–liquid flow with the channels of vortex tray at m = 2 kg.
change of the mass of the liquid.

regime can be calculated in accordance with the equation:

ω = 12, 5(Re/Recr)0, 8(Dt / Ds ) − 0, 7 (12)
−1
where ω is the angular velocity of the gas–liquid flow, in s .
The angular velocity of the gas–liquid flow w ≈ u0.8, this is in
agreement with the results demonstrated in [12,15].

3.5. The height of the rotating gas–liquid layer.

With the increasing gas velocity in the channels of the swirler, the
height of the rotating gas–liquid layer on the plate increases, Fig. 11.
This is caused by the increase in the normal inertial force, which
squeezes out the layer of liquid on the surface of the shell. In this case,
Fig. 10. Dependence of the angular velocity of the rotating gas–liquid flow on
the shear stresses of the gas flow on the liquid can be neglected due to
the Reynolds number. the average flow rate of the gas at the tray is low.
From the equilibrium of the forces acting on the liquid in the work
[26] the following formula was obtained in order to calculate the value
of H:
0,5
ρ ·u2
⎛ m ·w 2·Rs + g Dt ·π·h ⎞
2
H=⎜ ⎟
⎜ ρl ·(1 − φ)·g ·Dt ·π ⎟
⎝ ⎠ (13)

where H is the height of the gas–liquid layer, in m; h is the height of

the channels in the swirler, in m; φ is the gas content; Dt is the diameter
of the tray, in m; Rs is the radius of the swirler, in m; u is the velocity of
the gas in the channels of the swirler, m/s; m is the mass of the rotating
water (liquid), in kg; w is the angular velocity, in s−1; ρl and ρg are the
densities of liquid and gas correspondingly, in kg/m3.
According to the data shown in Fig. 11, calculated and experimental
values of H in the annular flow regime, satisfactorily agree with each
other
The dotted line is the border of the flow regime change.
Fig. 11. Dependence of the height of the rotating layer on the velocity of gas in
Lines: calculation by (13). a) at Dt = 0.205 m. Experimental points
the swirler’s channels.
(1–4): swirler 1 (1–3): 1 – m = 0.2 kg; 2 – 0.5 kg; 3 – 1 kg; 4 – swirler
2 m = 1 kg. b) at Dt = 0.18 m. Experimental points of the swirler 7
(1–4): 1 – m = 0.5 kg; 2 – m = 0.75 kg; 3 – m = 1 kg; 4 – m = 1.5 kg.

3.6. Interfacial area

According to [22], the fragmentation of gas bubbles in the liquid at

the tray is provided by forces of internal friction between rotating ga-
s–liquid layers, and also due to pressure caused by inertial forces.
Fragmentation of gas bubbles begins at a speed of more than 0.1 m/s,
the compressibility of the gas–liquid layer can be neglected up to the
speed of about 7 m/s, which is comparable to the conditions of the
experiments.
Fig. 12. Dependence of the diameter of the gas bubble in the liquid at the plate In the area of the annular flow regime, Fig. 12, the value of dn is the
on the velocity of gas in the channels of the swirler for vortex tray at m = 2 kg.
same for the studied types of vortex contact devices.
Experimental points (1–3): 1 –swirler 6; 2 – swirler 4; 3– swirler 2.

6
N.V. Deryagina, et al.
The dependence of the interfacial area on the velocity of the gas in
the channels in the annular regime is shown in Fig. 13. The value of the
interfacial area is slightly dependent on the gas velocity in the annular
regime and made (600–1300) m−1, it matches the data from [14].
Experimental points (1–3): 1 – swirler 6; 2 – swirler 4; 3– swirler 2.
4. Conclusion
Vortex tray with tangential swirlers are a new type of devices. The
study of their hydrodynamics will accelerate their practical application.
The presented article summarizes the results of many years of experi-
ments on the study of the hydraulic behaviour of vortex plates under
various conditions. As a result, the following key points were identified:
•
Depending on the flow rate of the supplied gas, three flow regimes
of the gas–liquid mixture are confirmed existence in the swirler of
the device: bubbling, bubbling-annular and annular. The de-
pendences allowing to calculate the gas velocity in the channels of
swirlers, providing the beginning of the rotational motion of the
mixture, were revealed. It was determined that in order to create a
rotational motion of the gas–liquid layer on the plate with a lower
gas velocity in the channels, it is necessary to increase the radius of
the swirler and its whirling factor f/F, and also to reduce the liquid
volume at the plate.
• The analysis of the general resistance of the tray with the tangential
swirlers showed that it is comprised of the resistance of the dry and
wet tray. The contribution of the dry plate is from 55 to 70%. On the
basis of the experimental data the formula for the calculation of the
coefficient of the dry tray resistance was obtained, which is uni-
versal for various types of tangential swirlers and which is re-
commended to be used when the number of channels of the swirler
is 25–40, Ds = 110–170 mm and the angle of the wall slope of the
swirler’s channel is γ < 220. When designing the swirler in order to
reduce the hydraulic resistance of the tray in the annular regime, it
is necessary to increase the whirling factor f/F and reduce the
channel width, its slope angle α, and the curvature of the channel
wall of the swirler.
• When studying the gas content, it was determined that with the
increase of the gas velocity in the swirler channels, the gas content
increases and becomes the largest in the bubbling-annular regime,
then after the transition to the annular regime the gas content de-
creases. Dependences for calculating the gas content in the bub-
bling-annular and annular regimes were determined. The gas con-
tent value is influenced by the design parameters of the swirler, and
the technological parameters of the tray.
• The angular velocity of the gas–liquid layer depends on the mass of
the liquid at the plate, its diameter, the velocity of the gas in the
channels, for all types of the swirler ω=(6–20) s−1. Dependencies
that allow to calculate the angular velocity in the annular regime are
presented.
• The value of the interfacial area of the vortex plate is determined,
which in the annular regime depends weakly on the gas velocity and
the type of the swirler and, depending on the rotating mass of liquid
is (600–1300) m−1.
Due to the high efficiency, productivity and sufficiently low hy-
draulic resistance, the vortex plates can be recommended to be widely
used in the industry. The obtained data will be in demand, for example,
when designing the columns of rectification of increased efficiency
[21].
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
7
Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 18 (2020) 100524
influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgment
Studies were carried out in the laboratory “Deep processing of plant
raw materials” of Reshetnev Siberian State University of science and
technology. This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and
Higher Education of the Russian Federation within the framework of
State Assignment of the “Technology and equipment for the chemical
processing of biomass of plant raw materials” project FEFE-2020-0016.
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