THERMAL ENGINEERINa-Il IUNTU-HYDEDABADI UN2 Btoam N2 -DMIA3IMIona JAu 2.

11
2.10
- Substituting cquutions (3) and (4) in equation (1), of s g a or vapour,
when i is

Critical pressure ratio, 1 9 the enthalpy wrid is known 45

(2) Bdiabatically desclerated to w r o velocity

Simplilying the above equatlon,

stagnation cnthslpy.
.(2)

V, V2th-,)x 10' | A, andh,are in kJkgl h ,

cnermy
for an adisbatie
remains constant
And, h, equation (2),
F44.72h h,) raislormation procew. By diflerentialing
023. Explain what Is the meant by crltlcal pressure P
2. dh udu 0
(3)
ratlo of noxzle. be writen as,
isentropic flow equation (3)
can
For
AngwerI

Norzle + udu0
Crlteal Prevsure Ratlo ol a

is lhe ratio of pre88ure (4)

ln neorrle, critical pressure rutio dp pudu
at the
al lhuoat (P,) to supply presxure (P). The pressuro P2 muus flow rale given by,
From coninuty cqualion,
hrot is known as crillenl pressure.
m-pAu -Coustant
Crilical prvwsure ralio is Uie value, ot which flow thrOugh
stean nuzrle s naxinurn, Take log and diflerentiate

- (3) dddu

For adiabatic flow process,

Where, n
-

Expunsion index of stoum in nozzle,

Maxinium lisehurge
.
(5)
m Substituting cquation (5) in equation (4),
Maxinum discharge condition is attained when velocity
t throat is eyual to the sonic velocity nt throat conditions,
The above equation can also be written as,
Forsaturated steam,
1.135
VP2 P
0.58
2 C Since velocitY
For superheated steam, VP2
n1.3 From the above it
equation, can be noticed that for dA -c
the of nozzle at exit is sonic
velocity
Substituting equation (2) in the above expression,
maximum discharge
0.546 velocity,
Q25. Derive the equation which provides criteria to Where, C- Velocity of sound.
I t isconcluded from the above terms that there is only
decide nozzle shape. dA
4 pu? M)
one value of the mlio (critical pressure ratio) 2 which will Answer
Above equation provides the relation between the cross-
Criterla to Decide Nozzle Shape
give the
maximum discharge. sectional area variation and change in fluid
a24. Show that for maximum discharge through a Expansion of guses in nozzles is an adiabatic process properties.
In case of nozzle,
place.
takes In this
process dp 1s negative, since there is
convergent nozzle, the exit velocity sonic nere only energy transformations flow energy equation Op. pressure
velocity. ere 18 no shaft work. Therefore, steady
1or two states of the gas 1s given Dy When, m <1, dA is negative (subsonic flows)
Answer Nov/Dec.-12, (ROB), 03(e)
The nozzle is
The expression for velocity ofconvergent nozzle at exit h+uht5ui+w, .:(1) converging.
n case ot maximum is
discharge given by When, m >1, dA is positive (supersonic flows)
... (4) For initial state, h , h , " u
T h e nozzle
is diverging
(1) For final state, h, h , , 0 When, m =
1, dA is zero (sonie flows) i.e., dA =
0
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 THERMAL ENGINEERING-IFUNTU-HYDEDABADI UNIT-2 Steam NopResiOMIA32 41OM3 2.13
2.12 ADI
voloclty and mass
| Maximum Steam Dischange (m locate the poini 'a' for
unulial condtion
of steam

Q26 Derie the rpreason for initally lme

line Draw a yerucal
tow r a n note Substituting the value of from equation (2) n t a l pressure P, on
saturation
in
and 'a' to meet at înal pressure
line shown
P as

c-10 S aa through point 1-2-3Arepresent the

isentropic heat drop. {Le
AnSer equation (1 The area
ngure. heat drop (i.e. h-h)is
less than senuopic
Critical Fressure Rati h).Tbe actual friction in nozzle.
The actual area i

heat drop because of the

A nozk can be designed for certain thnmat pressure 'ac' instead ot "a6
shown as 1-2-34 and heat drop is
in nozzle i s
whnh will grve the maumum dsharge expansion of steam
Therefore the actual instead of
adiabatic expansion)
From the equaton of steam discharg, all the values 'ab" (ie,
are cure
pressed on
'ab' (ie. isentropic erpansion)
here is only one value of the
corstant ercept the rati

will produce maximum discharge through a

- )
YT+I
a27. For a nozzle, show the area on p-v diagram which
represents the conversion of heat energy to
Thus, the
Area A- h, -*,
area

The T-s chart for steam nozzle

cquals the heat
is shown below,
drop dunng expansion.

noze Ths vahue is called critical pressure rado

kinetic energy. Prove that this area equals the
heat drop during expansion. Assume
Steam discharge isentropic Ideal
flow in a nozzle. Further show the expansion beat
for steam on Ts and h-s charts and for alr on
-() Ts chart

nswer:

For grven met conditons

Entropy (s)
Misa function Steam Flow
Figure (3ETs Chart for

Then differennating the above cquation and equating

it to zero for maxmm discharge
-) T-s Chart for Air

-Pesu

eperanre

-) Voh1me (V)

Figure (1 PV Chart
The portion 1-2-34 represents the area of the nozzle Figure (4 Ts Chart fer Air Flow
Where, sMaximum steam discharge which converts heat energy to knetie energy
Velocity of Steam at Throat for Marimum Discharge a28. A steam turbine develops 190 kW with a steam

Velocity of steam at throat is given by the equatona

The steam fowing through the nozze is given by the
D-s char1
consumpton of 18 kg/kWh. The pressure and
temperature of steam entering the nozle are
12 bar and 250C respectively. The steam
leaves the nazzles at 1 bar. The diameter of the

Al-TA 1 nozle at the throat is 8 mm. Find the number

of nozzles used. lf 10% of the
lost due to friction in the
enthalpy drop is
---------- diverging portion of
the nozzle, determine the exit diameter.
for maximum discharg
Substituting the value o Ansrera
Given that,
(or)
Power developed = I90 kW
EnTopy)
Specific steam consumption, 18
(2) Figure (2 hs Chart
initial pressure,
m=
kgkW-hr
P =
12 bar

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 THERMAL ENGINEERING-I1UNTU-HYDEDABAR. 217
2.16 UNIT-2 Steam Nozzles iniA33OM Am
Now -0.202 m'kg (at P 9.6 from steam 112
P13.7 bar Heat drop berween inlet
and exit, table Bul, actual enthalpy drop - 7--0.570
UAg)
72 har 780
P0.570xP, =0.570x
P 9.6 bar 2780-2650 0.9x 297
P=444.6 kPa
130 kJkg8 =267.3 kJkg
P 4 4 4 6 bar

Saturation line
Exit velocity. Also, actual enthalpy at state 2,
temperature
C 4.72 Vh h,-h-a Similarly for critical
44.72 130 2877-267.3 0.922
r=l|
509.886 m/s 2609.7 kJ/kg
-0.96 0.922 x 3500
T
-0.94 Q31. A nozle is to be designed to expand steam a Mark the intersection point of pressure 100 kPa and
the rate of 0.10 kg/s from 500 kPa, 210ct specific enthalpy of 2609.7 kJkg on Mollier chart, T3227 K=T
S(k/kg K) 100 kPa. Neglect inlet velocity of steam. For , 1.645 mkg Now, C C= VYRT
nozzle efficiency of 0.9, detenine the exit
Figure h Diagram the nozze.
rea of,
0.971
VI.17x277 3227
P2-throat pressure Answer : To determine, the exit area of the nozzle, R
Given that Steam velocity, 277x 3227
(* Assume n= 1.4)
Steam flow rate, m=0.1 kg/s 370x10
V44.72 Aha
2.4158 mkg = 2.416 m'kg
-Critical pressure raio
Initial pressure, P-500 kPa
=44.72x 267.3 is given.
1400 kgs
Initial temperaure, 7,=210FC-210+273-483K Also mass
flow rate, m=

731.14 m/s
--0.528
Final pressure, P2 = 100 kPa

Inlet velocity, V =0m/s

Area at exit of nozle,
m=
4
13.7 mw
:
P 0.528xP, =0.528
P,= 7233 bar
x
Nozzle eficiency, ozzle. AV
2.4161400
P=S00 kPa 0.1x1.645 1022.66
From Mollier Chart
T210°C 731.14
A=3307m.
h,=2780 100 kPa

A225 x 10m
at 220°C
h=2700 0.96 Q3. Steam at a pressure of 11.8 bar and
Q32. Aconvergent nozzle is used to expand ethane nozzle to
h 2650 into a discharge through convergent divergent
0.94
0971
gas at 780 kPa and 3500 K isentropically a back pressure at a 1.18 bar, The mass tilow rate
chamber at 370 kPa. Find the nozzle exit area is 1645 kg/kWh. N power developed is 184 kw.
Adiabatic heat drop between inlet and throat
of a mass flow rate of 1400 kg/s. Assume the
1.9 kJ/kg K, R= Determine,
initial is zero,
velocity
277 JIkg K and g = 1.17.
C, Number of nozzles required, if throat
2780-2700 80 kJkg
diameter is 7 mm
0%
Figure: h-s Diagram
n ISWer Exitdiameter and velocity. The 8% enthalpy
0265 m'kg (at P= 12 bar from steam table) loss is in divergent part only.
From Mollier diagram, the properties of superbeated Given that,
Throat velocity. C
=44.72 B steam at 500 kPa and 210°C. Pressure, P= 780 kPa Answer MayJune-12, set3, 03)
44.72 /80 Given tha1
= 399.98
h, 2877 kkg Temperature, T, =
3500K
Pressure,PL= 11.8 bar
s7.1039 kJ/kg K Pressure, P,= 370 kPa
C 400 m/s. Temperature, T =220° C
AL, P=100 kPa, 1 9 kJkg K

4G Pressure, P1.18bar
Masflow rate,m- h 2580 kJikg R 277 J/kg K
Mass flow rate, 16.45
m=
kg kWh
A, _ mx0.96x0265 S=7.1039 kJkg K 7=1.17
Power developed, P= 184 kW
is Dy
400 Isentropic enthalpy change in nozzle grven Critical pressure ratio oquation,
Diameter of throat, d, -7 mm
( m=lkg) Ahh- Percentage of enthalpy drop 8%
= 2877-2580
Nozle efñiciency, ny = I-0.08 0.92
A =0.900636 m
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 THERMAL ENGINEERING-II fJNTU-HYDEDABA
BADI UNIT-2 Steam Nozzles
*
10m
1s8233632
2.20 Answer A
Throat area of n o z z l e .
between inlet and exit,
Given that
Answer
Given thaa
42
mX Enthalpy drop

Inel pressure, P, 10 bar C Taral pressure, P 1 1 bar

h =h,-
Final Pressure, P, 2 bar
niet temperature, 7, 2 0 0 ° C 2.98 x0.34 2779.72490
0.34 bar Expansion index, n = l.135
Back pressure (or) exit pressure, P= 469.027
h 2897 kJ/kg
1.424x 10 m2
Discharge ofstearn,
m=2ke/sec Throat area, 4, Using relation,
team at e x i t
Nozzle et+ciency, n z l e 8 % t exit Velocity of

= 0.85 CG-44.72 h V44.72 h

at exit 44.72 289.7
C-Velocity of the steam
H - Enthalpy drop between mlet and exit of nozzle
Critical pressure ratio. P11 0.577 V-761.16 ms
h h, -h
P-6.35 bar
Pressure of steam at throat, P 635 har. Area of nozzle at
eut

2820 2280 A,
h540 kJkg Il har
0.545
10
0
61.16
0 885

=5.45 bar C4.72 540 6.35 hr A,-1.023 10m

Pressure
ofsteam at throat, P2 2 har
C 1039.198 m's nozk t a u t and throat,
Ratio ofarea of
A,C
102310m
A6.32 10m
A,1039 198 -1.62
2 of 1MW has s t e a m entering
O.854.635 -tnrpy (s) Q37. An impulse turbine
s t e a m consumption
of 8 kg
at 20 bar 300°C and
2x0.85* 4635 Figure: Mollier Chart
kW hour. Steam leaves at 0.2 bar and
10%
Enchalpy A, 1039.198 per
of total heat drop s lost in overcoming miction in
From mollier chart,
of
Figur Ext Area ALP11 bar and, 1,h, 27797 kJkg diverging portion of
nozzle. M throat diameter
(i) the number
From moler diagram 4,-7.582 10 m2 AL, P6.35 bar, h, 2680 kJ/kg
0963
each nozzde is 1 cm then detemine

h, 2820 Jkg 0 98 Exit area when n e b 85% At, P, - 2.0 bar, h, 2490 kJ/kg:,0 88 of nozzle required (a) exit diameter ofeach nozzle.
Solve using mollier diagram.
h 2710 kJkg 0.85 From steam tables,
h, 2280 10/kg C-4472,kh AL P -6.35 bar 0.293 m'kg Nov/Dec-16, (R13). 9s(b)
From steam tables
44.72 0 8S 540
AL P 2.0 bar: Ve0.885 m'/kg Given that
At P 5.45 bar, 0.341 m'kg8
G 958.094ms Enthalpy drop berween inlet and throat of nozzle, Power, P - 1MW

At P 0.34 har, 4.635 m'kg h h-h Pressure at inlet P 20 bar

2779.7-2680 Temperature a t inlet, T, = 300°C
At throat
h99.7
k/kg Steam consumpton m,8 kg/kW-hr
C44.72 vh throat,
Velocity of steam at
Pressure at exit, P 0.2 bar
h h,ha 44.72 Vh
2820 2710 Percentage of heat drop 10%
2085 4635 4472 v99.7
ha110khg 094
V H6.S3 ms
Threat dáameter, d I cm=
10 mm- 10x 10- m
CVelocity at the throat Pressure drop occurs in the nozzlo due to the action
Ext area, A, =8.224 10m Throat area can be determine by. of steam in an impulse urbine.
h-Enthalpy drop between inlet and throal of nozzle Q36. Dry-saturated steam at 11 bar is pass Pressure ratio is taken as 0.545
nozzle and ea m
C 44.72v110 rough a convergent-divergent
Throat preasure,
pressure is 2 bar. If the flow is
isentropic, Pa0545 P
C469.027 m/s ext velocity of the steam and ratio of e r o 4HO53
0.9630 293
of i s e n u r o
0.545x 20
secton at exit to throat. Take index
m
expansion of steam = 1.135.
m 4 1 582 55
Pa10.9bar
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ENGINEERING-II

UNIT-2 Steam N
Steam velocity at
nozzle exit, LIes. vvii
useful heat drop)
V 2( Specific volume at throat
20 bur = 2x704.98x10 v, =
v Velocity is given by,
30222
.10.9 bar V 1187.417m/s
2883.333
h(kJ/kg) Area at the exit
of the nozzle, =
0.138 14 =0.2199 mkg
2 bar
{from continuity equation}
2238.889E 4
-2074 V0.2199 m'kg .134
m< Velocity at throat is given by, V x14x10x0.0961-8.0869 14
0.134
4, 1.307 10
=
x

14
s(kJ/kgK) 4- 377.94 m/s
Figure D1307x10)* Mass fiow rate of
From mollier diagram. stream,
=
40.7 mm
D=0.0407 m m,
h= 3022.2 kJ/kg of 14 bar and 400°C is 2
Q38. Steam from a pressure 03
h, 2883 333 kJ/kg below critical '203xl4x10 x0.1381-7.641
expanded in nozzle to a pressure
h, 2238.889 kJ/kg throat area required to m,0.0002 x377.94
pressure. What is the
if the
14 0.156
= 0.485 kg/s

pass 1500 kg of steam per

hour expansion
V0.2 m/kg is isentropic? By how many percentage is the V= 467.34 m/s
Then, Percentage increase in discharge = m
discharge increased, if the steam is dry and Area at throat is given by,
Heat drop upto throat saturated initially.
=

h, h,
-

Answer :
m, 0.4167x0.2199
A==
0.485-04167
0.4167 *0.164
= 3022.2- 2883.333 V, 467.34
= 138.867 kJ/kg
Given that, =16.4%
A,=0.0002 mf or 2 cm
Pressure, P = 14 bar = 1400 kPa
Throat velocity, V Percentage increase in discharge = 16.4%
2{h,-,) Temperature, T, =400°C = 400 +273=673 K
Throat area = 2 cm*

= 2x138.867 10 Case (2) Q39. Steam enters the nozzle at a pressure of 2 MPa
1500
Mass of steam, m, = 1500 kg/hr 6 0 o ksec and 400°C with a negliglble
V,= 527.005 m/s Steam is dry and saturated, approach velocity
and leaves at a pressure of 3 bar. What is the
= 0.4167 kg/s For dry saturated condition, n = 1.134 shape of the nozzle? Assuming isentropic flow
Mass flow rate through nozzle,
Specific volume, through nozzle, obtain the exit diameter for a
AV mass flow rate of 2.5 kg/s.
V mRG Ix0.287x673 =0.138 m?/kg
Answer Doc.-11, Sot-2, QJ[b)
1400
1010'S*527.005 =0.138 m'kg
1134 Given that,
02 Crilical pressure ratio,
.134
Inlet pressure, P, = 2 MPa = 2000 kPa
= 0.207 kg/s

Inlet temperanure, 7,= 400°C

i) Number of Nozzles P8.0869 bar
Velocity, , 0
Specific volume,
Number of nozzles Steam consumplion Case (1) Exit pressure, P = 3 bar = 300 kPa
Mass flow rate through nozzle
Steam
mRLa
is in superheated condition, Mass flow rate, m, = 2.5 kg/s
108 condition n=1.3
for superheated
3600 0.207 From steam tables, at 14 bar T, = 195°C = 468 K 2 MPa
-
10.735 l nozzles 13
Exit Diameter of cach Nozzle
Ix0.287x408 0,0959 m°kg 32476
ii) 400
Total heat drop in the nozzle
0.096 m'kg
=

h, -h Dar

3022.2 2238.889 Specific volume 3076

783.311 kJ/kg
2782
. Useful heat drop = 0.9* 783.311
704.98 kJkg p = 7.64 bar
From Mollier diagram, specific volume at pressure 0.2
har. vy7.5 m'/kg
23 0 . 0 9 6 1 14
8.0869 Figure: ha Diagram
P 7.64 bar
V, 0.156 m'kg
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 THERMAL ENGINEERING-IlfUNTU-HYDEDABAD

2.24 NIT-2 Steam No

be
determined using the zles 0H39M
diamoter can Heat drop from
The oritical pressure natio for Hence, exit inlet to
given y a
super-heuted am is throat,
cquntion,
hh-ha From Molier
exit conditions. diagram, for the
2.25
AV 2825 -2710 specified inlet, throe and
0.S46

P 0.546 xP
2.5x0.6764 h-115 kJkg
930.57 Steam velocity
0.546 * 2000
at
throat
4x2.5x0.6 /64 V44.72 h
1092kPa d 930.57xT
Since, the critical d-2.3137x 10-3 44.72 11
pressure P, is less than steam entering
pressure P Hence, the nozzle
From steam tables,
is of
convergent type d2.3137x10 0.0481 m V479,568 m/s
Area of throat,
Figure: hs Diagram
T Properties of super-heated steam at P 2 MPa and
= 400°C is, d 48.I mm h 2580 kkg
flow rate of steam in a nozzle h 2485 kJkg
Q40. Estimate the nmass
h 3247.6 kJ/kg with the following data: inlet pres
sure and
122 h 2225 kJkg
back pressure
S7.127kJ/kgk temperature is 10 bar and 200°C; hh-h
Is 12 mm. = 113.097 mm?
At, P 1092 kPa, 0.5 bar; throat
is diameter 2580-2225
Answer A 113.097 x 10- m2
SS7.127kJ/kgK h 35
Gtyen that - 0.87
Mass flow rate, m42
h3076 kJkg 10 bar
Inlet pressure, P= 0.8
0.242 m'kg Final velocity of steam,
At state 3', the Inletpressure, T=200°C = 13.097x10-x479.568
process is isentropic i.e., Back pressure, P = 0.5 bar 0.982x0.345
S Throat diameter, d = 12 mm
V 44.72A
From H-s diagram, by
0,3. -44.72 x /355
drawing a straight line from point For superheated steam, throat pressure . Finalvelocity of steam, V- 842.6 m/s
and
extending it upto a pressure of 300 kPa, the value ofh P 0.546 P 0.160 kg/s G) Cross-sectional Area of the Nozle at Exit
is obtained 0.546 x 10
0.160x 3600
From steam tables at P 5.82 bar
,-2782 kJ/kg P 5.46 bar m=576 ky/hour. -0.3254 m'kg
The nozzle Q41. Steam at
efficiency is given by. a pressure of 10 bar and 0.9 dry At P I ba
discharges through nozzle having throat area
SoIUnnon uc
of 450 mm:. Mthe back pressure is 1 bar.
Find, 1.694 m'kg
h,-225k 200C (0) Final velocity of the steam hh-
Assuming nozzle eiiçiency to be 0.93, -2580-2485
therefore
(1i) Cross-sectional area of the nozzle at exit
0.93 16-1 for maximum discharge. h 95
But, V
3247.6-2782 -2710 AE *-****
Answer 44.72 h x

h 3247.6-0.93(3247.6-2782) Given that, 44.7295

hy 2814.59 kJkg Initial pressure, P = 10 bar 436 ms
Actunl enthalpy of steam exit state,
at The mass filow rate is equal at throat ond exit,
0.982 Dryness fraction, x 0,9
h 2814.59 kJ/kg
(/kgk) Nozzle throat area, A, 450 mm
Properties of steam at actual exit state is.
Figure: Mollier Chert 450 x
10 m
v0.6764m'kg From the mollier chart,
. Exit velocity of nozzle is Final pressure, P=1 bar
given by, Properlies of the steam
V44.7 - h P
corresponding to, Final Veloclty of the Steam
10 bar and T, 200°C: h 2825 kJ/kg From maximum discharge, we know that,
44.7 3247.6-2814.59 P25.46 bar, h, 2710 kJ/kg, z,- 0.982 450x10 x436x0.8x1.694
From the steam tubles, P-0.582 xP 4 0.87x0.3254x8426
930.57 m/s 0.582 x 10
Specific volune of steam at
0.345 m'/mg throat, at a pressure 5.46 bal, -1114.7 mm
P 5.82 bar .Cross sectional area of the nozzle at exit, A,- 1114.7 mm
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 THERMAL ENGINEERING-II J N T U - H Y D E D A B A D
UNIT-2 SteamiLauuia
26 2.3 sUPER SATURATED 2.27
inlet to throat,
FLOw, ITS
EFFECTs, DEGREE OF SUPERSATURATION Signlficance of Wilson's Line
Q42. The nozzles of a steam turbine are supplied witn Heat drop from Wilson's line the
AND DEGREE OF UNDERCOOLING WILSON
is
luniting condtion of
comiiences and nomal undereooling
dry saturated steam at a pressure of 9 at which condensatton
The pressure at exit is 1 b The turbine bar.
has
hh-
2770-2670 100kJ/kg LINE libriuin is assumed to be thermal equ
restorcd.
3-nozzles with a throat diameter 5 mm. The Q43. Discuss the process of Hence whtle solving
nozzle efficiency is 90% and turbine Heat drop from
inlet to exit, super saturation in
problems on
enthalpy-entropy flow, Mollier chart useless, inless "Wilsom'ssupersalurated
steam nozzles with the help of
is 45%. Find the of steam
efficiency line" drawn
is
mass used/hour and h- diagram. Explain in detail the physical significanceO b

power developed. = 2770-2400 of abrupt change in Wilson's line. 1nerelore, wisonS ne very importan'in solving is

supersatnurated problems on nozles.

Answer:
=370kJ/kg Answer: Q44. What is the metastable
Given that, nozzle? Explaln with help expansion of steam In
From steam tables at P2 =5.22 bar, Supersaturation is phenomena in which the presSure Answer
a of h-s
diagram.
Inlet pressure, P=9 bar and temperature reduces but the condensation ot MaylJune-12, Set-3, a3a) | Model Paper-ll, 04
0.361 m'kg steam does
Exit pressure, P =1 bar
AtP1 bar, we have,
occur and within a
short fime steam expands in the fonn of
the notSupersaturated or Metastable Eapanslon of Steam
superheated vapour even after reaching the saturation line. When the discharge of stean1
Number of nozzles, n=3 through a nozzle is
1.694 m'kg does not allow the lormation of liquid droplets and heat transfer observed, it is expected tar tbe rate of stearn
flow to be lesser
Throat diameter, D, 5 mm to take place, since the available or residence time is very less than the theonetical value. But. it 1s found that the
Velocity of steam at throat, discharye
Nozzle eficiency, n = 90% =0.9 because of very high velocity passing through the nozzle. of steam is greater than the calculated value.
This occurs due
Turbine efficiency, n =45% = 0.45 44.7 xh Therefore, for short time condensation of steam is suppressed or to two reasons.
and converg1ng part
namely higher velocity of steam molecules
delayed. The steam with no moishire content exist in wet region of the nozzle when the steam molecules
Using relation, -447/Rh-h is known as super saturated stean. Condensation
of slean1 may
strike the converging part of noznle, it resuls in abnonmal
v2 424.25I m/s Occur abruptly within the nozzle or as the steam exit from the condensation steam due to incomplere formation of droples
of
Flence, this Dpe of expansion is known as metastable expunsion
Velocity of stean at exit, nozzle.
and the corresponding state is knowT as supersaturated state.

n=1.13 for dry and saturated steam, -44.72 xh TJturtcd

regxa
a converyent-diverngent nozle
Corsider through which a
superheated steam is evpunding isentropically as shown in figure
3S
-44.72 Chh) DE Adahale evpmsion
uplo exut presure
44.72 0.9x370 C,DSurt ol condensalwn
Satnratm lie
tcain
v'816.063 m/s
i i s o n line
=
0.577 bar =
0.58 bar Area of nozzles, SipeT healed regran
P2P x0.58
= 9x 0.58 A x(D,P h)
Fiqure. h-s Diagram
A, = 58.904 x 10- m2
P 5.22 bar
Fron h-s diagram Saturatam line
(kJkgK) Mass of steam used per second he determined by
522b
= 9bar can
h A 22bar ustng. PInitial preisiure of steam
P Oceurrence ot phase change.
P lb a r
4x Chrg aE
(Here, expansion line ineet the sauralion line at point 0) Emiopy (

In the above figure. Wilson line shows the lmiting

58.904x10x424251 condition of supersaturated flow of steaan The vapour
belween Cbaue a edt

0.96x0.361 Figure Metastable Expaasian

ef Steam
the pressures, P2. P tepresents supersaturated or super cooled
0.88 state
represents he initial
Saturation m= 0.072 kg/sec steam flow. Here. the ten1perature of vapour is less than that
of The point sthowa in hgure
s sudden drop in enthilpy or
line (n=1) Saturation temperature. Wilson hue shows Uhe limiung Condhtk
of steam. From this point, there
point
constzat pomi2 1nismit
pressure process iuypto allains
Energy supplied Mx() of
under coolng at which
condensation comences atcomsiansteam with a curve which the of.
assumed to be On a Costani pressure
2 enthalpy and nomial
thermal cquil1brum s
condstion ull poi:it 3 This
supersdiuratron. lt ollows nomual
with a cons/ant
(kJ/kgK) 0.072x (816.063) restorcd.

Efects of Supersaturation Flow

point P, iies on consLint

steam cont1nues
pressure
to
curve

drop
P
the heat isentropically
Figure: Malljer Dingram enthaiphy 1he curve, P If ihe
4 an a constant pressure
=23974.518W from joint 3 to pont there 1s stoll drop un

From mollier diagram, Ihe mauu elferts of supersaluratiun are thermally equlibrium,
then
Steam is n
23.975 24 kW 4.Hence, a slight change
in the Ireal drop
by supersaturatio0
Dryness fraction ofsteam inipruved
h=2770 kkg is enthalpy upto pont by,
Now, ) placc. THus,
lotal enthaipy.drop
is given
the uensity ot the steanu takes
h, 2670 klkg is increased as
Useful work, W- nx () The mass of steam discharged
h 2400 kJkg
Energy supplied of steam is more than that of equuhbrum
conditons.

-0.45x 24
0.96 W 10.8 kW There is an inerease in specihic vplumeotsta

0.88 :
Power developed P 10.8 W (v) The entropy of steam is also increave SIA GROUP
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2.28
THERMAL ENGINEERING-II JNTU-HYDEDABADJ UNIT-2 Steam Nozes-aIRaMi313 2.29
Q45. The dry saturated
steam is expanded from
| Q46. Steam bar aand
expands Q47. Supersaturated expansion occurs in a nozzle Specific volume t thrn
to pressure of4har
10 bar to 6 bar in a
is
nozzle. If the
expansion 170C a 1.4 bar. H expansion
If the expansion
provided with steam at 2 MPa and 325C. The
supersaturated, determine the
degree of is in super saturated condition, calculate the law of expansion may be taken as PVi3=
under cooling and enthalpy drop and the degree of under cooling.
degree of supersaturation. Constant and the discharge pressure is 0.36 MPa.
Answer Answer : For a steam flow rate of 450 kg/min, determine,
Given thal GIven that 0 Throat and exit diameter
Pressure P= 10 ba
nital pressure, P 4bar
(i)Degree of undercooling
a
bar
Pressure, P, = 6 bar. Final pressure, P,14 ( ) Degree of supersaturation.
Degree of Under Cooling Initialtempenture, T=170-C=170 -273-443 K 0.21 m'hg
Model Papera
From steam tables for a
Answer From costty cqion
pressure of 10 bar, the mital GTven tha
temperatuTes of steam,
T =179.9°C Initial pressure, P-2 MPa-210 N-20ber
T-179.9-273 12=Temperaturewhbere super-saturaion occurs Fimal pressure, P =036 MPa-0.36 10 N

T4529K T n=13 for super-sturated flow -3.6 bar

T-Temperature at which supersaturation Inialtempeme I-325C-325-273-598 K 15x021
OCCus. 545 38
Mass flow rae, m- 450 kg min = 75 kgs
For supeTsaruraled expansion 4-2887 10
Polytropic indexr, n=13
4-2887
s43(14 Critical pressure ratio for supersaturated stea

T-347.68 Kor
74.68C 2274
From steam tables, at pressure 1.4 bar, Saturation
4
temperatiTe IS obtaned as,
4-53.6
T-109.3C velociy e
.Degrec of undercooling. P-0.5457 20
-0.589
T-T P10.92bar
T-T,0.89 -1093-74.68 Throat and Exín Diameler
0)
T-45290.889
T-402628 K
34.62 C Velocity at drot (V)

T- 402628-273
T-129.628C 2790
4 bhar, 170FC

Z14bar 213,2010a132
03
For steam tables, for a pressure of 6 bar, the saturation
tempereure,
2610- From seam tables, 2x20x c132x0324
T-1589C 103
AlP,-20har, 7,-325 C
Degreeof cooling T-T 74588
158.9-129.628 Specific volnea-0.132='kg
Y-6354 ms
29272 C Figre Moller Chart
Fros mollier chart, Speciic w e l d a d
Degree of Supersatura tion
From sleam tables, for a temperature of 129 628C ,-2610 kg 03-0
P2674ber h,2790khg
Endalpy drop 2x20x10' x0.132x0.130
Degrceof supenaturation hh,-h
-2790-2619 297490
2742244
Ah-180hg -54538 .493 mky
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3.30 THEAMAL ENGINEAINGH JNTU-HYDEDABADI
UNIT-2 Steam Nozzlos 2.31

5 kg of ateam Volocity at point 2,

948 In a steam turblne powor plant,
350 C to a oroup of
ls suppllod at 30 bar and
nozzlos. The exit prensure is 4 bar. Detormine, C44.7 Ch-h)
(0) Dimenslons of rectangular nozzle If ld is -44.72 435.24
0 19 3:1 - 932.967 m/s

(0) Degroe of undorcoollng

Also,
44281 10 (11) Dogroe of suporsaturation
(tv) Loss in enthalpy drop.
448)m Answer

Given that

42814 rdi
Mass of steam, m= 5 kg
nict pressire, P 30 bar ,-00
Exit pressure, P 2 4 bar
281x4 V=0.424 mkg
Inlettemperature, 7,350
+273 =623 K
Assunie number of nozzles, N=6 M a s s flow rate,
73SZ inm
D-gree of tIndercooling m42XC2

C S4X932.967
0.424
0.09m'/h.
350C
h
P20ba 4
Sx0.424

932.967
A 0.002m2

P,3.6bar Since 3:1, assume breadth as

'r' and length is 3
ss enthalpy drop
A6
mss.
Area of 6 nozzles,

A,= Nx 3r x r
Figura: b-3 Diagram A =6 *
3r xx

Temperature al puint 2 is given by the Tulation. 0.002 18x

(kkg)
Figure: Molliers Chart O 0 0 0 2

From Moller churt.

0.011 m or 11 mm
3115 kJ/kg, h, 2675 k/kg
n-l 0.09 m'kg v 0.46 m'/kg Length =3 x n

Dimenstoos of Rectangular Nozle =

3 x
11
The ndex expansion of
supersaturated sleanm is assumed 33 mm
598
sarne as
superheuted steam, 1.e, n 13.
=

(i) Degree of Undercooling

1-D Iseutropie enthalpy drup,
Temperaure at point 2,
n-

T402.56 K or 129.56°C
h)n-1 10
Saturation lemperalure at 3.6 bar = 139.9PC

Degrve of undercoolng 139.9- 129.56 10.34"C

1330x0.09x10
(ii) Degree of Snpersaturntion 13-1 10
Satraion pressime coTesponding to 129 56 i8270 bar

1.6 1170 ( -0.628) -623

Degree ofsuper saturation 133
435.24 kJ/kg
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2.32
THERMAL EN
T623 x0.628
T = 391.2 K or 118.2°C

From steam tables saturation

temperature at 4 bar,
= 143.6 C

Degree of undercooling = 143.6-118.2 = 25.4°C

Saturation pressure at 118.2°C 1.9 bar

(ii). Degree of Supersaturation

Degree of saturation-
1.9

1.9

2.1 bar

(iv) Loss in Enthalpy Drop

Isentropic enthalpy drop for expansion under thermal

equilibrium from Mollier chart,

h -h=3115 -2675 = 440 kJ/kg

. Loss in heat drop =440- (h n )
= 440 4 3 5 . 2 4

= 4.76 kJ/kg