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Two Solved Problems in Static Equilibrium with Given Elastic Properties of Matter
Problem 14‐1
A 1.05‐m‐long rod of negligible weight is supported at its ends by wires and of equal
length. The cross‐sectional area of is 2.00 mm and that of is 4.00 mm . Young’s
modulus for wire is 1.80 10 Pa; that for is 1.20 10 Pa. At what point along the
rod should a weight be suspended to produce a equal stresses in and ? b equal
strain in and ?
Solution:
1.05 m
Let 1.05 m … … 2.00 mm …
4.00 mm … 1.80 10 Pa …
1.20 10 Pa …
a Recall that stress ⁄ so that
Handout 14 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 8 pages Page 1
b To get so that the wires and have the same mechanical strain, recall from Handout
13, page 2, eq. 13.9 that for tensile and compressive stresses , stress is the product of
Young’s modulus and strain ∆ ⁄ ; that is
∆ ∆ is the replacement for in eq. 13.9 of Handout
13 to avoid confusion with the symbol for energy
It follows that for the two wires, initially having the same length , supporting
the horizontally suspended bar in this problem, to have the same strain, then
∆ ∆ ∆
∆ ∆ 14.6
Using eqs. 14.3 and 14.2 , we find that the last relation becomes
1 ⁄ ⁄ 1 ⁄ ⁄
. . .
0.6 m
. . . .
from the left end of the bar, or
1.05 m 0.6 m 0.45 m 14.7
from the left end .
Problem 14‐2
A lead brick rests horizontally on cylinders and as shown below. The areas of the top
faces of the cylinders are related by 2 ; the Young’s moduli of the cylinders are
related by 2 . The cylinders had identical lengths before the brick was placed on
them. What fraction of the brick’s weight is supported a by cylinder and b by cylinder
? The horizontal distances between the center of mass of the brick and the centerlines of
the cylinders are for cylinder and for cylinder . c What is the ratio ⁄ ?
Solution:
The forces acting are shown below. But we shall be concerned mainly with the forces acting
on the brick. The forces acting on the cylinders are shown only for clarity and completeness.
CM of
brick Forces acting
on the
cylinders
Forces acting
on the brick
FCSE for the brick 0 14.8
Handout 14 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 8 pages Page 2
SCSE for the brick axis of rotation at centerline of cylinder so zero torque due to
0
14.9
1
14.10
Now, the fraction of the brick’s weight supported by cylinder is none other than the
force exerted by the brick on cylinder . But since the force is just the reaction
force of cylinder to the force exerted by the brick, then they must have the same
magnitude, so that
fraction of the brick’s weight
supported by cylinder A 14.11
Similarly, the fraction of the brick’s weight supported by cylinder is the force with
the reaction force , so that
fraction of the brick’s weight
supported by cylinder A 14.12
Note that since the distances and shown in the figure are not necessarily drawn to
scale, as is always the case every time, unless properly stated to be otherwise, no qualitative
conclusion regarding the magnitudes of the forces in eqs. 14.11 and 14.12 should be
made yet. It is still not clear whether or .
Since the fraction of the brick’s weight supported by a cylinder is the force exerted by the
brick on that cylinder or , whose reaction force, that is equal in magnitude, is the
force exerted by the cylinder on the brick or , let us look for other expressions for
and which are different from those given in eqs. 14.11 and 14.12 obtained
using the two conditions of static equilibrium.
Another formula for the force can be obtained from the stress‐strain equation of the theory
of elasticity used in problem 14‐1;
∆ ∆ ∆ ⁄ for cylinder
∆ ⁄ for cylinder
Given that 2 , we obtain
∆
2
∆
2
∆
∆
2 14.13
since initially and the brick remained horizontal resting on the cylinders, so that
∆ ∆ as well. Moreover, we have from the given
2 2 2 2 4 4 14.14
From eq. 14.8 of FCSC for the brick, eq. 14.14 leads to
¼
14.15
4 5
Cylinder therefore supports 4⁄5 of the brick’s weight while cylinder supports only 1 ⁄5.
That being the case, we should expect the centerline of cylinder to be closer to the CM of
Handout 14 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 8 pages Page 3
the brick than that of cylinder . Substituting the results in eq. 14.15 to those obtained in
eqs. 14.11 and 14.12 , we get the following:
understanding properly the
requires the knowledge of the
effects of the applied stress location of the axis of symmetry
and the resulting strain
a long bar with the shape of a right circular cylinder
a metal rod whose axis of symmetry lies along the axis of the cylinder
a torque applied to the rod will twist the rod
, ,
along its axis creating an uneven stress
distribution over the cross section of the rod
If the resulting deformation is not
too large, it is found that a plane
drawn along the axis of the cylinder,
like the plane containing the line
and the cylinder axis shown in
the figure on the right, becomes
twisted. The angle of twist increases
linearly with the distance from the fixed
end, so that the radial lines remain
torsional deformation of a rod
straight. Lines originally drawn
along the lateral side parallel to the axis become slightly curved. In bodies with non‐
circular cross sections, twisting is accompanied by a distortion called warping, wherein the
transverse sections do not remain plane.
If the rod is subjected to an increasingly large twisting torque, it will eventually fracture.
Handout 14 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 8 pages Page 4
Twisting fractures in human bones and metal cylinders normally are not breaks at right
angles to the axis, but instead are spiral fractures.
f
bending AKA flexure
understanding bending
,
a structural element that primarily resists
beam
loads applied laterally to the beam’s axis
a structural frame in which at least one of its
framework individual members is a multi force member
with three or more forces acting on it
based on their manner of support, profile
classification
of beams
shape of cross section , equilibrium
conditions, length, and their material
Beams are traditionally descriptions of buildings or civil engineering structural elements,
but any structure such as automobile frames, aircraft components, machine frames, and
other mechanical structural systems contain beam structures that are designed to carry
lateral loads are analyzed in the same manner.
Beams primarily carry vertical gravitational forces. But they are also used to carry
horizontal loads loads due to an earthquake or wind . The loads carried by a beam are
first transferred to columns, walls, or girders the main horizontal support of a structure
which supports smaller beams , which then transfer the force to adjacent structural
members and eventually to the ground.
Analysis of beam deflection for various loads and supports is considerably simplified by
making the following assumptions:
1 the beam is originally straight any tapering is slight so its cross section remains
constant throughout the whole length ;
2 the beam experiences only linear elastic deformation beam obeys Hooke’s law ;
3 the beam is slender its length to height ratio is greater than 10 ;
4 only small deflections are considered max deflection less than 1/10 of the span .
span the distance between two intermediate supports for a structure …
Conditions satisfied in simple beam bending in addition to the four assumptions mentioned
above to simplify the analysis of beam deflection:
5 the beam is subject to pure bending only shear force is zero and the absence of
torsional or axial load ;
6 the material is isotropic uniformity in all orientations and homogeneous uniformity
in all locations ;
Handout 14 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 8 pages Page 5
7 the beam has an axis of symmetry in the plane of bending;
8 the proportions of the beam are such that it would fail by bending rather than by
crushing or sideways buckling see last part of page 8 ;
9 cross sections of the beam remain plane during the bending.
beam with supports under
simply supported
its ends which allow
beam Schematic of the deflection
rotation but not deflection of a simply‐supported beam
roller support
pinned
Simply‐supported beam connection
with a concentrated load
Simply‐supported beam with
a distributed uniform load
point load in the center
intensity force per unit length
allows for adjustment in length of the body in the available space
roller support
and shows that the reaction force is to the surface of contact
sets the body to a fixed anchorage point and indicates that
pinned connection the reaction force passing through the center of the pin can
be in any direction in the plane normal to the pin axis
neutral
axis
compression
tension
bending force neutral
axis
A simply‐supported beam bending due
to a concentrated load in the center
Recall that
characteristic of the inner the length of the inner arc is shorter
minor circular sector than the length of the outer arc
It follows that the maximum compressive stress is found at the uppermost edge of the
beam while the maximum tensile stress is located at the lowermost edge. Since the stresses
between these two opposing maxima vary linearly, there should exist a point on the linear
path between them where there is no bending stress. The locus of these points is called the
neutral axis.
the largest internal forces which could danage
the important structural member appear there
Handout 14 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 8 pages Page 6
The presence of a central area with no stress, and its adjacent area with low stress, shows
that using beams with uniform cross sections is not an efficient means of supporting a load
as it does not use the full capacity of the beam until it is about to collapse.
for the same cross sectional area volume of
efficiency as
beam per unit length subjected to the same
meant above
loading conditions, the beam deflects less
I
f
most efficient beam
cross section for
unidirectional bending
unidirectional up and down
bending meant
I beam
direction
one with large value of
stiff material Young’s modulus in
eq. 13.9 of Handout 13
directly
spring constant proportional
to
large large the more difficult to stretch or compress a coil spring
the larger the , the farther away true in general
for a
point particle
from the axis of rotation , the for a body
larger the rotational inertia of any shape
for a given , large for the same but smaller
torque gives large that makes torque makes a smaller
large deformations deformation body more stiff
the lack of sufficient material makes it less efficient in resisting bending
in the under stressed central when bent side to side, like a structural member
region of the I beam in the form of an H, with a vertical load
The more efficient shape in resisting deformation in
the two directions up and down, and side to side is
a box a square shell of closed section tube with thin
walls . However, the most efficient shape for bending
in any direction in 2D is a hollow cylinder or tube. But
for unidirectional bending, as already mentioned earlier,
the I ‐ beam is the best. A hollow tube has more bending hollow tubes
strength than a solid rod of the same length and weight. That is why metal chairs and
table legs are usually hollow. They can better withstand forces applied in any direction
perpendicular to their length, since on the average the body of the metal is farther from the
central axis than the neutral region.
Aside from avoiding failure of the structural elements, engineers are interested in
determining deflections because the beam may be in direct contact with a brittle material
Handout 14 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 8 pages Page 7
such a glass. Beam deflections are also minimized for aesthetic reasons. A visibly sagging
beam, even if structurally safe, is unsightly and should be avoided.
the opposite of sagging, the deflection of a beam
hogging which curves upward in the middle so that the top
face of a beam is in tension instead of compression
tension
Schematic of the deflection of an overhanging
beam with a concentrated load at each end.
compression
neutral applied A beam hogging applied
axis force due to its load. force
tension
load
cantilever ;
cantilever
f , compression
Cantilever construction allows overhanging structures without external bracing, in contrast
to constructions supported at both ends with loads applied between the supports.
Cantilevered balcony in Pennsylvania, USA Cantilevered roof in Busan, South Korea
a sudden sideways deflection of a structural member which may
buckling occur even though the stresses that develop in the structure are
well below those needed to cause failure of the material
Buckling
ordinary
bending
both ends fixed‐free both ends fixed‐pinned
pinned ends pinned ends
Handout 14 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 8 pages Page 8