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HDT 25
HDT 25
graphical description a curve in the 3D surface of the equation
of a perfect gas
⁄ constant in the space
curve in the
3D surface
shows the path taken by the system as it goes from one
state to another as it interacts with the environment
analogous to the 3D space of
rectangular
a right handed, rectagular, Fig. 25‐1
coordinate system
coordinate system
f
right hand rule . ‐
,
see Fig. 25‐ 1
f ,
right hand rule
0
The three perpendicular planes shown in Fig. 25‐1 are as follows: 3D rectangular
plane the horizontal plane to the plane of the paper coordinate system
plane the plane of the paper
plane the vertical plane to the plane of the paper
equation of state ⁄
⁄ constant
A quadric surface is the locus, or a set of points, centered at the origin of a rectangular coordinate
system and satisfying a second degree polynomial equation in three variables , , and
having the general form
2 2 2 25.1
where the coefficients through are real numbers with up to not all zero.
case of the eq. ⁄ 1 0;
having the same form as 0;
the perfect gas equation ½ and –1
the identification of a
quadric surface that is a
graph of a given equation
If a quadric surface is not centered at the origin, its equation may be more complicated than
that given in eq. 25.1 .
One example is the equation in quadratic form of two variables given by
Handout 25 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 5 pages Page 1
5 – 6 5 – 24 √2 8y√2 56 0
whose graph is an ellipse but is not immediately recognizable as such because it is not in
the standard form with the center of the ellipse at the origin of the coordinate system.
However, by first rotating the plane
about O at an angle of 45° CCW, in which
case we get the plane as shown in Fig. 3√2 , √2
25‐2a, after which we move the plane in plane
along the axis so that O is displaced from
45°
0 to –2, and then moving the O 4 ,–2
plane along the axis so that O is again in plane
Fig. 25‐2a 45°
displaced to a new position 4,–2 in the
plane, where we finally set the center O
O
of the ellipse to the origin of the plane. Standard form: ⁄4 1
Handout 25 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 5 pages Page 2
Characteristics of the hyperbolic paraboloid shown: Fig. 25‐5 0
• axis is || to the degree one variable ,
• two traces are parabolas ‐2 axis is going
‐2
along the plane and 2 into the page.
along the plane , 2 ‐1
• one trace is a hyperbola with asymptotes 1
‐ and along the 0
plane . 1
Fig. 25‐5 shows the projections of the ‐1 2
The asymptotes
hyperbolas on the plane in Fig. 25‐4. The are along the ‐2
and axes.
numbers beside the hyperbolas show the
values of above 0 or below 0
A rectangular hyperbola AKA equilateral
the plane. The asymptotes of the hyperbolas
wherein the asymptotes hyperbola or
lie along the and axes. are perpendicular. right hyperbola.
surfaces with origin at the saddle point
saddle surfaces mentioned earlier and wherein hyperbolic
paraboloids are the simplest examples
functions of two vector variables that are convex
saddle functions
in one variable and concave in the other
variable and which generate saddle surfaces
From its other designation as a saddle function, it is evident that the one with the inverted
coordinate system shown in Fig. 25‐4 is the most appropriate one to use for the particular
example of hyperbolic paraboloid given above.
In order to conform with the conventional representation of the diagram used in
physics, chemistry, and engineering, we change the orientation of the coordinate axes
indicated in Fig. 25‐4 to that shown in Fig. 25‐6 below.
Fig. 25‐6
Fig. 25‐7
Since the equation ⁄ 1 is not the standard form of a hyperbolic paraboloid properly
shaped as a saddle in the suitable coordinate system shown in Fig. 25‐4, we take the
coordinate system instead as indicated in Fig. 25‐6 and 25‐7. While the axis in Fig. 25‐6
lies horizontally in the plane of the page only, the axis in Fig. 25‐7 has been pushed a
Handout 25 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 5 pages Page 3
little bit backward behind the page making the ‐ axis come forward in front of the page,
similar to what we see in an isometric view.
Finally, replacing the space coordinates , , and •••
the hyperbolic paraboloid of the perfect gas with
0
the coordinate planes of the coordinate system.
straight line on the plane since we have
⁄ constant
⁄
if
constant
constant
constant · straight line passing
through the origin
⁄ constant
⁄ constant
constant · straight line passing
through the origin
if constant
Moreover, each plane with a nonzero positive value of intersects the quadric surface
along one branch of its hyperbola as can be seen in Fig. 25‐8. In Fig. 25‐9, three branches of
these hyperbolic curves of intersection, each one of them lying on three different planes,
are shown once again projected simultaneously on the plane with 0, like the one we
saw earlier in Fig. 25‐5 with 0 and 0. In addition, we see in Fig. 25‐9 how the
branches of the hyperbolic curves intersect the plane with a given value of and the
plane with a given value of at certain points. The points of intersection shown
there constitute the line on the plane of which the closed circles in Fig. 25‐9 form
a part and the line on the plane of which the open circles in Fig. 25‐9, in its turn,
form a part too as indicated in Fig. 25‐8.
O •••
••
•
Fig. 25‐10
1 plane for a
fixed value of .
2
Seen above the plane.
3 axis going
•••
Fig. 25‐9 ••
into the page. •
O
plane for a
fixed value of .
Handout 25 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 5 pages Page 4
Fig. 25‐11 shows the surface of the hyperbolic
paraboloid of the perfect gas in the first octant of Fig. 25‐11
the space from a different perspective, •••
••• •••
namely that from the point of view of the
plane where 0 in Figs. 25‐8 and 25‐10,
where the quadric surface is seen from the plane
with 0. Note that line in Fig. 25‐11 is parallel
to in Fig. 25‐10 while line is parallel to
line .
O •••
clearly gives us a better idea of what curves to expect in
the graphical description of a perfect gas as its values of ,
, and all considered to be positive change accordingly
represents the thermodynamic state of
a point on the surface of
the hyperbolic paraboloid
a gas in equilibrium whose values of , ,
and satisfy the perfect gas eq. 25.3
equilibrium
,
thermodynamic ,
state of a system
Handout 25 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 5 pages Page 5