GSS614 - GLS614 - CHAPTER 2 - Underwater Acoustic and Sonar

CHAPTER 2:
UNDERWATER
ACOUSTIC AND SONAR
HYDROGRAPHY AND OCEAN MAPPING/HYDROGRAPHIC
SURVEYING
G S S 61 4 | G L S 61 4
PRESENT BY DR MUHAMMAD ABDUL HAKIM BIN MUHAMAD
P R E PA R E D B Y D R M O H D S H A H M Y B I N M O H D S A I D
GLS614 HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING CHAPTER 2: UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC AND SONAR MOHD SHAHMY MOHD SAID
"Knowledge of the oceans is more
than a matter of curiosity. Our
very survival may hinge upon it.”
US PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY
WATCH
US President - https://youtu.be/O-LMa6DENs4
HOW TO MAP THE SEAFLOOR?
Source : 1967 Pacific Ocean Floor Map by National Geographic Maps

MADE POSSIBLE BY SONAR
WATCH
US GOV (NOAA) - https://youtu.be/ISKA_aTnF5A
LET’S TURN BACK
THE CLOCK
VIDEO TITLE:
Oceanography: Science for
Survival
VIDEO DURATION : 28:30
https://youtu.be/ZYLX58ZtAuw
Teaching Contents
1. BASIC THEORY OF SOUND
2. PRINCIPLE OF SONAR
3. ECHO SOUNDING TECHNIQUE
4. SPEED OF SOUND IN WATER
THE BASIC
THEORY OF
SOUND
GLS 614 – CHAPTER 2 - UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC AND SONAR
NATURE OF SOUND WAVE
Most of Hydrographic instrument operate on

acoustic (sound) basis.
Two ways to propagated sound:

◦ Longitudinal
◦ Transverse
BASIC COMPONENTS OF SOUND
Frequency
Amplitude
Wavelength
Phase
FREQUENCY
Rate of Oscillation or Vibration of

wave particles
Measured in cycles / sec or Hertz
Where
f = Frequency in Hertz
T = Time Interval
WAVELENGTH
A wave distance between two

successive compressions or;
The distance of wave travels in one
cycle of vibration.
Where
λ = Wavelength (m)
f = Frequency in Hertz
c = Speed of Sound
(m/s)
AMPLITUDE
Proportional to the maximum

distance a vibrating particles is
displaces from rest
PHASE
Related to how sound is heard.

Alignment of the sound wave in time
INTENSITY
The average rate of flow of energy

per unit area perpendicular to the
direction of propagation
Units: W/m2
DECIBEL SCALE
Measures Sound Intensity Level (SIL)

Expressed as a ratio of Measured (I)
and a reference level (I ref)
Sound Intensity Level (SIL) in dB:
SOUND
NAVIGATION AND
RANGING
MADE POSSIBLE BY SONAR
SONAR
SOUND NAVIGATION AND RANGING
Initially a tool for detecting icebergs (shortly

following Titanic 1912)
Quickly developed by navies in response to

submarines.
(World War II)
SONAR’S BASIC PRINCIPLES
Sonar works by generating A sound into the water
and listening for its return
Transducer is just something that turns energy into

something else
In ourcase,
Turn electricy into soundwaves , by vibrating the
materials inside transducer, which is known piezo
electric effect.
If we built a good transducer, we will be able to

vibrate it at a very precise frequency create those
sound waves we need by compressing the water in
front of the transducer over and over again really
really fast.
TRANSDUCER MATERIAL
Transducers are typically composed of

Piezoelectric (crystals) or electrostrictive
(ceramic) materials:
• Quartz crystals
1-3 Composite (Materials Systems Inc.)
• Barium titanate
http://www.matsysinc.com/im.html
• Lead zirconate titanate (PZT)
• Polyvinyldene flouride (PVDF)
PZT Ceramic shapes (EDO Corp)
http://www.edoceramic.com/Materials_Shapes/
But explosives, air guns, and other sound
sources are used in some applications.
PVDF polyvinyldene fluoride (Airmar Corp)

http://www.airmar.com/
SONAR’S BASIC PRINCIPLES
An active sonar generates a short pulse of If it takes 10 seconds between transmitting

sound, and receiving the return echo, with a sound
known as a “ping” and then ‘listens’ velocity of 1500m per second then the
for returned energy (either the sea floor or a following equation may be used:
target in the water column).
This return is presented to an operator either

aurally or on a visual display (or both)
The time between the transmission (ping) and Pulse Length; Amount of time we leave our sonar
the returned energy is measured, on to generate sound wave
Pulse width : the width of the sound generated

AND by knowing the velocity at which the pulse
travels through the water, a range to target may Pulse width and length are related to the speed
be calculated of sound
SONAR RESOLUTION
Ability to detect and separate two
Long Pulse Short Pulse
different object
Good signal to noise ratio OK signal to noise ratio
1. Range resolution
Ability to see target along the path of
the wave High Energy in the water Less energy in the water
Depend on pulse width and frequency.

High maximum range Shorter maximum range
Increase range reloution by lowering
pulse length
Lower pulse length and higher frequency Low range resolution High range resolution
will limit your range
2. Angular Resolution Good for deep, flat areas Good for shallow, feature rich
Ability to see target along the path of areas
the swath
SONAR FREQUENCY
• Beam size is a function of frequency

• Bigger frequencies mean smaller beam
sizes
• Smaller and more beam hitting a target
means an increase in resolution
• Beam size increases with depth
High Frequency Low Frequency
Shorter pings Good range

Smaller scatter size Big Transducers
Small transducers Generally poorer
Poor range resolution
survey's of the liberty ship James Eagan Layne with a
SONAR RESOLUTION Multibeam Echo Sounder using 200kHz , 400kHz and 700kHz.
ACOUSTIC TRANSMISSION
An acoustic “ping” is generated by a

piezo-electric ceramic element which
responds to an applied voltage by
oscillating.
Frequency of oscillation depends on input

waveform and ceramic characteristics
Oscillation causes a series of

compressions and rarefactions (or anti –
compressions) in the surrounding water;
sound pressure waves are formed
Isotropic waves are generated
ACOUSTIC RECEPTION
During transmission the receiver stage is ‘closed’
When transmission is complete, the receivers are

‘opened’ and as the returned echoes strike the
ceramic elements
Continuous minute voltages are generated,

proportional to the incoming sound pressure
level.
These voltages are amplified
Then converted to digital signals by an Analogue-

to Digital converter in the receiver stage
WATCH
SONAR 101 - https://youtu.be/OWmi723Cj0A
SONAR’S EQUIPMENT
Types Of Active Sonar
1. Single beam echosounder

2. Multibeam echosounder
3. Sidescan Sonar
Passive sonar simply listens
HISTORY OF SEABED MAPPING
History of Seabed Mapping - https://youtu.be/7h2dJR8gKyA
ECHO SOUNDING
Technique for measuring water depths by

transmitting acoustic pulses from the ocean surface
and listening for their reflection (or echo) from the
sea floor.
This technique has been used since the early

twentieth century to provide the vital depth input
to charts that now map most of the world’s water-
covered areas.
These charts have permitted ships to navigate safely

through the world’s oceans.
ECHOSOUNDER CHARACTERISTIC
Hardware Characteristics
– Frequency (Wavelength)
– Beam Width
– Transducer size
– Beam Shape
– Resolution
Bottom Detection and Resolution Characteristics:
– Pulse Length Selection

– Angle of Incidence
– Sensitivity of Recording Medium
– Nature of Target (target strength)
– Beam Width (footprint size)
SBES HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY
MBES HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY
SPEED OF SOUND
IN WATER
GLS614 HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING Speed of Sound Experiment
CHAPTER : https://youtu.be/BlENwMSTUy4
2: UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC AND SONAR MOHD SHAHMY MOHD SAID
The speed of sound in
seawater depends on
1. pressure (hence
depth),
2. temperature (a change
of 1 °C ~ 4 m/s),
3. salinity (a change of
1‰ ~ 1 m/s),
VELOCITY VS DEPTH
Speed of sound is ~1500 m/s in

freshwater and ~1550 m/s in
seawater at 25° C and 1000 m.
The difference in speed can mostly be

accounted for by the 35% salinity of
seawater.
The speed of sound in water

increases linearly with pressure.
Below 1000 meters pressure

continues to increase while other
factors change very little
SOUND VELOCITY FORMULAE
WILSON
MEDWIN1
MEDWIN2
DEL GROSSO (FRESS WATER)
CHEN & MILLERO (UNESCO)
WILSON, MEDWIN1 & 2
DEL GROSSO
c(S,T,P) = C000 + CT + CS + CP + CSTP Table of Coefficients
Numerical
Coefficients Numerical values Coefficients values
C000 1402.392 CST -1.28E-02
CT(T) = CT1T + CT2T2 + CT3T3 CT1 5.01E+00 CTP 6.35E-03
CS(S) = CS1S + CS2S2 CT2 -5.51E-02 CT2P2 2.66E-08
CT3 2.22E-04 CTP2 -1.59E-06
CP(P) = CP1P + CP2P2 + CP3P3 CS1 1.33E+00 CTP3 5.22E-10
CSTP(S,T,P) = CTPTP + CT3PT3P + CTP2TP2 CS2 1.29E-04 CT3P -4.38E-07
CP1 0.1560592 CS2P2 -1.62E-09
+ CT2P2T2P2 + CTP3TP3 + CSTST + C CP2 2.45E-05 CST2 9.69E-05
CP3 -8.83E-09 CS2TP 4.86E-06
ST2ST + CSTPSTP + CS2TPS TP + CS2P2S P
2 2 2 2
CSTP -3.41E-04
T = temperature in degrees Celsius

S = salinity in Practical Salinity Units
P = pressure in kg/cm2
Range of validity: temperature 0 to 30 °C,
salinity 30 to 40 parts per thousand,
pressure 0 to 1000 kg/cm2,
where 100 kPa=1.019716 kg/cm2.
(Wong and Zhu, 1995).
CHEN & MILLERO
Table of Coefficients
c(S,T,P) = Cw(T,P) + A(T,P)S + B(T,P)S3/2 + D(T,P)S2
Coefficients Numerical values Coefficients Numerical values
C00 1402.388 A02 7.17E-05
C01 5.0383 A03 2.01E-06
Cw(T,P) = (C00 + C01T + C02T2 + C03T3 + C04T4 + C05T5) C02 -5.81E-02 A04 -3.21E-08
C03 3.34E-04 A10 9.47E-05
+ C04 -1.48E-06 A11 -1.26E-05
(C10 + C11T + C12T2 + C13T3 + C14T4)P + C05 3.14E-09 A12 -6.49E-08
C10 0.153563 A13 1.05E-08
C11 6.90E-04 A14 -2.01E-10
(C20 +C21T +C22T2 + C23T3 + C24T4)P2 + C12 -8.18E-06 A20 -3.91E-07
C13 1.36E-07 A21 9.11E-09
C14 -6.13E-10 A22 -1.60E-10
(C30 + C31T + C32T2)P3 C20 3.13E-05 A23 7.99E-12
C21 -1.71E-06 A30 1.10E-10
C22 2.60E-08 A31 6.65E-12
A(T,P) = (A00 + A01T + A02T2 + A03T3 + A04T4) + C23 -2.54E-10 A32 -3.39E-13
(A10 + A11T + A12T2 + A13T3 + A14T4)P + C24 1.04E-12 B00 -1.92E-02
(A20 + A21T + A22T2 + A23T3)P2 + C30 -9.77E-09 B01 -4.42E-05
C31 3.85E-10 B10 7.36E-05
(A30 + A31T + A32T2)P3 C32 -2.37E-12 B11 1.80E-07
A00 1.389 D00 1.73E-03
T = temperature in degrees Celsius A01 -1.26E-02 D10 -7.98E-06
B(T,P) = B00 + B01T + (B10 + B11T)P S = salinity in Practical Salinity Units
(parts per thousand)
P = pressure in bar
D(T,P) = D00 + D10P Range of validity: temperature 0 to 40 °C, salinity 0 to 40 parts
per thousand, pressure 0 to 1000 ba (Wong and Zhu, 1995).
SOUND VELOCITY MEASUREMENT
1. Conductivity, Temperature &

Depth (CTD) Sensor
2. Sound Velocity Profiler
3. Bar Check
BRAIN EXERCISE
BY USING WILSON , MEDWIN1 AND

MEDWIN 2 FORMULAE, DETERMINE THE
VALUE OF SOUND VELOCITY IF;
Depth (m) Salinity (ppt) Temperature (oC)
10 33.71 29.27
20 33.75 29.21
30 33.83 28.81
40 34.00 27.25
IS EVERYTHING CLEAR?
ANY QUESTION?
GLS614 HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING THANK YOU AND SEE YOU AGAIN

CHAPTER 2: UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC AND SONAR MOHD SHAHMY MOHD SAID

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CHAPTER 2:

PRESENT BY DR MUHAMMAD ABDUL HAKIM BIN MUHAMAD

US PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY

Source : 1967 Pacific Ocean Floor Map by National Geographic Maps

US GOV (NOAA) - https://youtu.be/ISKA_aTnF5A

VIDEO DURATION : 28:30

3. ECHO SOUNDING TECHNIQUE

4. SPEED OF SOUND IN WATER

Most of Hydrographic instrument operate on

Two ways to propagated sound:

Rate of Oscillation or Vibration of

A wave distance between two

Proportional to the maximum

Related to how sound is heard.

The average rate of flow of energy

Measures Sound Intensity Level (SIL)

Initially a tool for detecting icebergs (shortly

Quickly developed by navies in response to

Transducer is just something that turns energy into

If we built a good transducer, we will be able to

Transducers are typically composed of

PVDF polyvinyldene fluoride (Airmar Corp)

An active sonar generates a short pulse of If it takes 10 seconds between transmitting

This return is presented to an operator either

Pulse width : the width of the sound generated

Depend on pulse width and frequency.

• Beam size is a function of frequency

High Frequency Low Frequency

Shorter pings Good range

An acoustic “ping” is generated by a

Frequency of oscillation depends on input

Oscillation causes a series of

Isotropic waves are generated

When transmission is complete, the receivers are

Continuous minute voltages are generated,

These voltages are amplified

Then converted to digital signals by an Analogue-

SONAR 101 - https://youtu.be/OWmi723Cj0A

Types Of Active Sonar

1. Single beam echosounder

Passive sonar simply listens

History of Seabed Mapping - https://youtu.be/7h2dJR8gKyA

Technique for measuring water depths by

This technique has been used since the early

These charts have permitted ships to navigate safely

Bottom Detection and Resolution Characteristics:

– Pulse Length Selection

Speed of sound is ~1500 m/s in

The difference in speed can mostly be

The speed of sound in water

Below 1000 meters pressure

DEL GROSSO (FRESS WATER)

CHEN & MILLERO (UNESCO)

T = temperature in degrees Celsius

1. Conductivity, Temperature &

BY USING WILSON , MEDWIN1 AND

Depth (m) Salinity (ppt) Temperature (oC)

GLS614 HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING THANK YOU AND SEE YOU AGAIN

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