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SEVERITY OF INFECTION:
The amount of the organism inoculated,
The virulance factors and
The immunity of the host
Risk factors
Pneumonia can affect anyone. But the two age groups at highest risk are:
1. Children who are 2 years old or younger
2. People who are age 65 or older
RISK FACTOR IN ADULT
Being hospitalized: greater risk in a hospital intensive care unit, especially if on a ventilator.
Chronic disease: more likely with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or
heart disease.
Smoking. Smoking damages your body's natural defenses against the bacteria and viruses that
cause pneumonia.
Weakened or suppressed immune system. People who have HIV/AIDS, who've had an organ
transplant, or who receive chemotherapy or long-term steroids are at risk.
Alcohol : Daily alcohol consmption
Corticosteroid therapy for Past 3 months
Old age: Age >65 is at higher risk
RISK FACTOR IN CHILDREN
Classifications:
CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION:
1. Community-acquired: defined as pneumonia that is acquired outside the hospital.
The most commonly identified pathogens are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae,
atypical bacteria
2. Hospital-acquired: occurs during a hospital stay. This type of pneumonia can be very
severe. Sometimes, it can be fatal.
3. Aspiration pneumonia: occurs when food or liquid is breathed into the airways or lungs,
instead of being swallowed.
Shortness of breath
Rapid, shallow breathing
Other Clinical Manifestation:
The signs and symptoms of pneumonia may include:
Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse when you breathe deeply or cough
Loss of appetite, low energy, and fatigue
Nausea and vomiting, especially in small children
Confusion, especially in older people
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
GENERAL EXAM: • Inspection:
• High fever, — Usually normal
— Ortopnea
• Tachicardia, — Respiratory disstress
• Tachypnea, • Palpation
— increased Vibration thoracic (lober pneumonia)
• Hypotension, — Decreased hemithoracal movement
• Confusion, • Percution
• Drowsiness, — Normal sonority
• Altered mental status — Dullness (Matite)
• Oscultation
• Cyanosis — End inspiratory fine crackles
— Local diminished breath sounds
— Bronchial voice
Laboratory investigation
Complete Blood Count:
Arterial Blood Gasses.
Blood Culture.
Pleural fluid culture
Sputum Tests.
Gram Staining (A Gram stain is a test that checks for bacteria at the site of a suspected
infection such as the throat, lungs, genitals, or in skin wounds. Gram stains may also be used
to check for bacteria in certain body fluids, such as blood or urine.
AFB (acid-fast bacillus) a type of bacteria that causes tuberculosis and certain other infections.
Giemsa or methenamine silver stain
KOH (potassium hydroxide) mount (Presence of Fungus)
RADIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION:
X-ray: SUGGESTIVE FEATURE OF BACTERIAL LRI
SUGGESTIVE FEATURE OF VIRAL LRI
OTHERS INVESTIGATION:
Pulse Oximetry:
CT Scan.
Bronchoscopy
Thoracoscopy
Percutaneous aspiration/biopsy
Open lung biopsy
GENERAL MANAGEMENT
AT HOME
FEVER: Treat with aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen
or naproxen), or acetaminophen. DO NOT give aspirin to children.
Drink plenty of fluids to help loosen secretions and bring up phlegm.
Do not take cough medicines : Coughing is one way your body works to get rid of an
infection, UNLESS cough is preventing you from getting the rest you need.
Drink warm beverages: take steamy baths and use a humidifier to help open your airways
and ease your breathing.
Stay away from smoke: Let your lungs heal. This includes smoking, secondhand smoke and
wood smoke. This would be a good time to think about quitting for good.
Get lots of rest:You may need to stay in bed for a while. Get as much help as you can with
meal preparation and household works until you are feeling stronger.
AT HOSPITAL: OPD /ER
SEVERITY ASSESSMENT
In child In old age
20 mg/dL
>30 breaths
<90/60
CURB 65
C onfusion – Altered mental status
U remia – Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level greater than 20 mg/dL
R espiratory rate –30 breaths or more per minute
B lood pressure – Systolic pressure less than 90 mm Hg or diastolic pressure less than 60
mm Hg
Age older than 65 years
Score evaluation and treatment :
Score of 0-1 – Outpatient treatment
Score of 2 – Admission to hospital(No ICU)
Score of 3 or higher – Admission to intensive care unit (ICU)
Outpatient Treatment:
Outpatients Treatment(empirical): For
MILD Pneumonia and CURB 65 Score of 1
Previously healthy and no antibiotics in past 3 months : Treat for 7days
AMOXICILLIN – 1 gm TDS Plus MACROLIDE (clarithromycin 500
mg BID) OR
Respiratory FLUOROQUINOLONES [moxifloxacin ,levofloxacin ] OR
DOXYCYCLINE 200 Mg STAT then 100 Mg BID
Inpatients, ICU
• IV β -lactam (ceftriaxone – 1 gm BID ) plus
• IV Azithromycin OR
• IV fluoroquinolone
Pseudomonas
IV β-lactam [piperacillin/tazobactam OR cefepime )plus
IV flouroquinolons [levofloxacin -750 mg IV OD ]
EMPHYEMA:
IV- CLINDAMYCIN 600 Mg TID Plus
CEFTRIAXONE 1 gm OD OR
CEFEPIME 2 Gm BID
IV CEFTRIAXONE 1 gm OD plus
METRONIDAZOLE 500 Mg QID/1 Gm BID OR
PIPERACILLINE-TAZOBACTUM 4.5 Gm QID
Complications:
Bacteria in the bloodstream (bacteremia). Bacteria that enter the bloodstream from your
lungs can spread the infection to other organs, potentially causing organ failure.
Difficulty breathing. If your pneumonia is severe or you have chronic underlying lung diseases,
you may have trouble breathing in enough oxygen.You may need to be hospitalized and use a
ventilator while your lung heals.
Fluid accumulation around the lungs (pleural effusion). Pneumonia may cause fluid to
build up in the thin space between layers of tissue that line the lungs and chest cavity (pleura). If
the fluid becomes infected, you may need to have it drained through a chest tube or removed with
surgery.
Lung abscess. An abscess occurs if pus forms in a cavity in the lung. An abscess is usually treated
with antibiotics. Sometimes, surgery or drainage with a long needle or tube placed into the
abscess is needed to remove the pus.
Pleurisy.
Septic arthritis.
Endocarditis.