CMT

MIDTERMS
Materials Testing
❖ Refers to measurement of the
characteristics and behavior of materials
to be used in specifying the suitability of
materials to various applications.
❖ Examination of materials properties
with respect to design and use of product
Categories of materials testing
1. Mechanical Testing
2. Testing for thermal properties
3. Testing for electrical properties
4. Testing for resistance to corrosion,
radiation, and biological deterioration
5. Non-destructive Testing
Mechanical testing
- aims to find out properties of
the materials such as the yield
strength or hardness, toughness
where the materials are
physically tested to destruction.
Mechanical testing

Ductility –ability to
be stretched into a
wire.
Mechanical testing
Toughness -ability to
absorb energy and
plastically deform without
fracturing.
Mechanical testing
Brittleness -break easily
or suddenly without any
plastic deformation first.
Mechanical testing
Hardness -measure of
how easily a material
can be scratched or
indented.
Mechanical testing
Plasticity -the quality
of being easily shaped
or molded
Mechanical testing
Elasticity -ability of a
material to return to
its original form.
Mechanical testing
Strength -Compressive
and tensile strength.
Testing for thermal properties
- It is a method of testing
a material’s ability to
operate safely at different
temperatures.
Testing for electrical properties

- refer to a material's
ability to conduct
electric current.
Testing for resistance to
corrosion, radiation, and
biological deterioration
- Testing for breakdown or
deterioration of materials
under exposure to a particular
type of environment.
Non-destructive test
It is a kind of testing and analysis
technique used to evaluate the
properties of materials, components,
structure or system for characteristic
differences or welding defects and
discontinuities without causing damage
to the original part.
Construction material
An item, material or supply
consumed or used in a construction
project and incorporated in the
constructed building or structure.
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS
• BRICKS AND BRICKWORKS
• FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METAL
• AGGREGATES
• BITUMENS
• CEMENT
• CONCRETE
BRICKS AND BRICKWORKS
Originally, bricks were hand-mounded
from moist clay and then sunbaked, as
is still the practice in certain arid
climates. The firing of clay bricks dates
back well over 5000 years and is now a
sophisticated and highly controlled
manufacturing process.
FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS
METAL
1. FERROUS METAL -Ex. alloy
steel, carbon steel, cast iron
and wrought iron.
2. NON-FERROUS - Ex. aluminum,
copper, lead, nickel, tin,
titanium, and zinc
FERROUS METAL
- any metal that contains iron, such as
stainless steel. They are known for their
tensile strength, which makes them
ideal for architectural and structural
uses such as the tallest skyscrapers, as
well as bridges, railways and more.
NON-FERROUS
- every metal and
alloy that does not
contain iron.
AGGREGATES
- is broad category coarse- to medium-
grained particulate material used in
construction, including sand, gravel,
crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete
and geosynthetic aggregates. Aggregates
are the most mined materials in the
world.
BITUMEN'S
-refers to a substance produced through
the distillation of crude oil. Bitumen is
known for its waterproofing and adhesive
properties and is commonly used in the
construction industry, notably for roads
and highways.
CEMENT
- refers to materials which act as
adhesives.
- is a binder, a chemical substance used
for construction that sets, hardens, and
adheres to other materials to bind them
together.
CONCRETE
- is a composite material
composed of fine and coarse
aggregate bonded together with
a fluid cement (cement paste)
that hardens cures over time.
TESTS CARRIED OUT ON DIFFERENT
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
AGGREGATES
a) Sieve Analysis
b) Water Absorption
c) Aggregate Impact Value
d) Aggregate Abrasion Value
TESTS CARRIED OUT ON DIFFERENT
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
BITUMEN
a) Determining bitumen content
b) Determining flash and fire point of bitumen
c) Determining penetration of bitumen
d) Determining softening point of bitumen
e) Determining specific gravity of bitumen
f) Determining ductility of bitumen
TESTS CARRIED OUT ON DIFFERENT
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
CEMENT
a) Fineness Test
b) Soundness Test
c) Consistency Test
d) Setting Time Test
TESTS CARRIED OUT ON DIFFERENT
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
CONCRETE
Test of Fresh Concrete
• Slump Test
• Compacting Factor Test
• VeBe Test
• K-Slump Test
TESTS CARRIED OUT ON DIFFERENT
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Test of Hardened Concrete
• Compression Strength Test
• Flexural Strength Test
• Rebound Hammer Test
• Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test
TESTS CARRIED OUT ON DIFFERENT
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
STEEL REINFORCEMENT
• Tensile Strength Test
• Bend Test
• Re-bend Test
• Shear Test
• Brinell Hardness Test
• Impact Test
• Torsion Test
ASTM
American Society for
Testing and Materials
AASHTO
American Association of
Highway and Transportation
Officials
SIEVE
An instrument with a mesh or
perforated bottom used to
separate coarse from fine
materials of a loose matter.
SIEVE
Clay = <0.002
Silt = 0.002 – 0.0075
Fine (Sand) = 0.075 – 0.42
Medium (Sand) = 0.42 – 2.0
Coarse = 2.0 – 4.75
Gravel = 4.75 - 75
SIEVE SHAKER
Sieve shakers are used for separation
and size determination of particles. A
particle by passing them through a series
of chambers with mesh filters and
agitating the sample toobtain complete
separation
SIEVE SHAKER
Sieve shakers are used for separation
and size determination of particles. A
particle by passing them through a series
of chambers with mesh filters and
agitating the sample to obtain complete
separation
CBR (CALIFORNIA BEARING
RATIO) TEST MACHINE
CBR test machines are used to
measure California Bearing Ratio
(CBR) test is a measure of the
strength of subgrade soil and
highway subbase and subgrade
via a penetration test.
LOS ANGELES ABRASION
MACHINE
Tests for resistance to
abrasion in crashed rock,
slag, crushed and
uncrushed gravel.
VCAT APPARATUS
A device for determining the normal
consistency and time of setting of Portland
cements that consists of a rod weighing
300 grams, having a needle in each end,
and supported in a frame with a graduated
scale to measure the distance to which the
needle penetrates the cement.
CONCRETE MIXER
A concrete mixer is a device that
homogeneously combines
cement, aggregate such as sand
or gravel, and water to form
concrete.
Types of Mixers
Batch Mixers.
Drum Mixers.
Pan-Type Mixers.
Tilting Drum Mixers.
Non-Tilting Drum Mixers.
Reversing Drum Mixers.
Continuous Mixers.
SLUMP TESTING SETS
A set of instruments used in slump test. The
concrete slump value determined in this test
is used to find the water-cement ratio in
mixes. By measuring the difference between
the mold height and the height of the
specimen, researchers can evaluate the
concrete consistency.
SLUMP TESTING SETS
Tape Measures
Tamping Rod
Slump Test Bases
Slump Cone Filling Funnel
Slump Cones
Sample Scoop
Scrub Brushes
STANDARD SLUMP CONE
Cone shaped mold that can be made
of steel or plastic and should
measure 8” (203mm) dia. at base, 4’
(102mm) dia. at top and 12”
(305mm) high.
SLUMP BASE PLATE
The slump cone will sit on the base
during the test, and it should include
bolt-on clamps to hold the cone steady
during testing. A base plate with a handle
will make it easier to remove and can
also be used as a guide to measure the
slump.
CONCRETE MOLDS
Used to form specimens for
testing compressive strength
or serve as sample containers
for set-time testing.
REBOUND HAMMER
The rebound hammer is a nondestructive
testing apparatus, whereby the rebound of
the spring driven mass is measured after its
impact with concrete surface. The output
of the rebound hammer is referred to as
rebound number and are correlated with
surface hardness of concrete.
UNIVERSAL TESTING
MACHINE (UTM)
A universal testing machine (UTM)
also known as a universal tester,
materials testing machine or
materials test frame, is used to test
the tensile strength and compressive
strength of materials.
Aggregates
aggregates are a combination
of distinct parts gathered into
a mass or a whole.
Three main uses of aggregates
•as an underlying material for
foundations and pavements,
•as riprap for erosion protection,
•and as ingredients in Portland cement
and asphalt concretes.
Coarse aggregates
aggregate particles that are
retained on a 4.75 mm sieve.
Fine aggregates
aggregate particles that
pass a 4.75 mm sieve.
Maximum aggregate size
The smallest sieve through
which 100% of the aggregates
pass.
Nominal maximum aggregate size

The largest sieve that retains

any of the aggregate, but
generally not more than 10%
Aggregate Sources
Natural sources for aggregates include
gravel pits, river run deposits, and rock
quarries. Generally, gravel comes from
pits and river deposits, whereas crushed
stones are the result of processing rocks
from quarries
Aggregate Sources
Manufactured aggregates can use slag waste from iron
and steel mills and expanded shale and clays to
produce lightweight aggregates. Heavyweight concrete,
used for radiation shields, can use steel slag and
bearings for the aggregate. Styrofoam beads can be
used as an aggregate in lightweight concrete used for
insulation. Natural lightweight aggregates include
pumice, scoria, volcanic cinders, tuff, and diatomite
Geological Classification
Igneous rocks by hardening or
crystallizing molten material,
magma. The magma cools either at
the Earth’s surface, when it is
exposed to air or water, or within
the crust of the earth.
Geological Classification

Sedimentary rocks coalesce from

deposits of disintegrated existing
rocks or inorganic remains of
marine animals.
Geological Classification
Metamorphic rocks form from igneous or
sedimentary rocks that are drawn back
into the Earth’s crust and exposed to heat
and pressure, reforming the grain
structure. Metamorphic rocks generally
have a crystalline structure, with grain
sizes ranging from fine to coarse.
Geological Classification
Metamorphic rocks form from igneous or
sedimentary rocks that are drawn back
into the Earth’s crust and exposed to heat
and pressure, reforming the grain
structure. Metamorphic rocks generally
have a crystalline structure, with grain
sizes ranging from fine to coarse.
Particle Shape and Surface Texture
The shape and surface texture of the
individual aggregate particles
determine how the material will
pack into a dense configuration and
determines the mobility of the
stones within a mix.
Texture of Coarse Aggregates
The roughness of the aggregate surface
plays an important role in the way the
aggregate compacts and bonds with the
binder material. Aggregates with a rough
texture are more difficult to compact into
a dense configuration than smooth
aggregates.
Particle Shape and Texture of Fine
Aggregates
The angularity and texture of
fine aggregates have a very
strong influence on the stability
of asphalt concrete mixes.
Soundness and Durability

The ability of aggregate to

withstand weathering is defined
as soundness or durability.
Soundness test (ASTM C88)
simulates weathering by soaking the
aggregates in either a sodium sulfate or a
magnesium sulfate solution. These
sulfates cause crystals to grow in the
aggregates, simulating the effect of
freezing.
Toughness, Hardness, and
Abrasion Resistance
The ability of aggregates to resist the
damaging effect of loads is related to the
hardness of the aggregate particles and is
described as the toughness or abrasion
resistance.
Los Angeles abrasion test (ASTM
C131, C535)
evaluates the aggregates’ toughness and
abrasion resistance. In this test,
aggregates blended to a fixed size
distribution are placed in a large steel
drum with standard sized steel balls that
act as an abrasive charge
Absorption
Although aggregates are inert, they can capture
water and asphalt binder in surface voids. The
amount of water the aggregates absorb is
important in the design of Portland cement
concrete, since moisture captured in the
aggregate voids is not available to react with the
cement or to improve the workability of the
plastic concrete
Absorption

Bone dry means that the aggregate

contains no moisture; this requires
drying the aggregate in an oven to a
constant mass.
Absorption

In an air dry, condition, the

aggregate may have some
moisture, but the saturation
state is not quantified.
Absorption

In a saturated surface–dry (SSD)

condition, the aggregate’s voids are
filled with moisture, but the main
surface area of the aggregate
particles is dry.
Absorption

Moist aggregates have moisture

content more than the SSD
condition.
Specific Weight
-Also known as Unit Weight.
-The bulk density or unit weight of an
aggregate is the mass or weight of the
aggregate required to fill a container of a
specified unit volume. The volume referred
to here is that occupied by both aggregates
and the voids between aggregates particles
Gradation

Gradation describes the particle size

distribution of the aggregate. The particle
size distribution is an important attribute
of the aggregates. Large aggregates are
economically advantageous in Portland
cement and asphalt concrete, as
Gradation
Gradation describes the particle size
distribution of the aggregate. The particle
size distribution is an important attribute of
the aggregates. Large aggregates are
economically advantageous in Portland
cement and asphalt concrete, as they have
less surface area and, therefore, require less
binder
Sieve Analysis (ASTM C136, E11)

Gradation is evaluated by passing the

aggregates through a series of sieves. The
sieve retains particles larger than the
opening, while smaller ones pass
through.
Handling Aggregates

Aggregates must be handled and stockpiled

in such a way as to minimize segregation,
degradation, and contamination. If
aggregates roll down the slope of the
stockpile, the different sizes will segregate,
with large stones at the bottom and small
ones at the top
Density and Uniformity of
Aggregates
•Degree of compaction
•Grading of aggregates
•Shape of aggregate particles
Portland Cement
made from silica (sand), alumina
(aluminum oxide), lime, iron oxide
and magnesia (magnesium oxide)
Portland Cement
cement refers to materials
which act as adhesives.
Portland Cement
Portland cement was patented
by Joseph Aspdin in 1824 and
was named after the limestone
cliffs on the Isle of Portland in
England
Portland Cement Production
starts with two basic raw
ingredients:
•a calcareous material and
•an argillaceous material.
Calcareous material
is a calcium oxide,
•such as limestone,
•chalk,
•or oyster shells.
Fineness of Portland Cement
the finer the cement particles, the
larger the surface area and the faster
the hydration
Properties of Hydrated Cement
Properties of the hydrated cement
are evaluated with either cement
paste (water and cement) or mortar
(paste and sand).
Water–Cement Ratio
In 1918, Abrams found that the ratio of
the weight of water to the weight of
cement, water– cement ratio, influences
all the desirable qualities of concrete.
Other Cement Types
White Portland cement
Blended hydraulic cements
Type IS (Portland blast furnace slag cement)
Type IP (Portland-pozzolan cement)
Hydraulic cements
Type GU (General use)
Type HE (High early strength)
Type MS (Moderate sulfate resistance)
Type HS (High sulfate resistance)
Type MH (Moderate heat of hydration)
Type LH (Low heat of hydration)
Other Cement Types
Masonry and mortar cements
Plastic cements
Finely-ground cements (ultrafine cements)
Expansive cements
Specialty cements
Mixing Water
Any potable water is suitable for making concrete.
However, some non-potable water may also be
suitable. Sometimes, concrete suppliers will use
unprocessed surface or well water if it can be
obtained at a lower cost than processed water.
However, impurities in the mixing water can
affect concrete set time, strength, and long-term
durability.
Portland Cement Setting Time
affected by a number of items including:
• cement fineness,
• water-cement ratio,
• chemical content (especially gypsum content)
and
• admixtures.
Portland Cement Setting Time
1. Initial set. Occurs when the paste begins to
stiffen considerably.
2. Final set. Occurs when the cement has
hardened to the point at which it can sustain
some load.