SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY

KEY CONCEPTS FOR BOARD - JEE (MAIN) - NEET

1. Matter may be defined as anything which has mass and occupies space. eg. water, air, milk,
salt, sand, (b) ANIONS : oxygen etc.
VALANCY – 1
solid, liquid and gas. At macroscopic level matter Hydroxide OH¯
can be classified as mixture or pure substance as :
Nitrate NO3¯
Matter
Nitrite NO2¯
Permanganate MnO4¯
Mixture Pure Substance
Bisulphite HSO3¯
Bisulphate HSO4¯
HeterogeneousHomogeneousElement Compound
Bicarbonate
mixture HCO3¯
(Hydrogen carbonate)
Matter may be classified into three states namely
Dihydrogen phosphate H2PO4¯
Perchlorate ClO4¯
2. (a) CATIONS :VALANCY – 1
Chlorate ClO3¯
Ammonium NH4+ Chlorite ClO2–
Sodium Na+ Hypochlorite ClO¯
Iodate IO3¯
Potassium K+ Periodate IO4¯
Rubidium Rb+ Meta aluminate AlO2¯
Meta borate BO2¯
Cesium Cs+
Cyanide CN – [ C•• N ]••
+
Silver Ag –
VALANCY – 2
+
Isocyanide NC – [–N••  C
Copper (Cuprous) Cu2+ ••]
Magnesium Mg
Gold (Aurous) Au+ CNO
Calcium Ca2+ Cyanate – [–••O•• •• –

CN]••
Stroncium Sr2+
••
Barium Ba2+ Isocyanate [O=C=N –]
••
Zinc Zn2+ Thiocyanate SCN–
Formate HCOO–
Cadmium Cd2+ Perhydroxyl ion HOO–
Nickel Ni2+ Hypophosphites H2PO2–
Benzoate C6H5COO–
Copper (Cupric) Cu2+ Salicylates C6H4(OH)COO–
Acetate CH3COO–
Mercury (Mercuric) Hg2+
Metaphosphate PO3–
Lead (Plumbus) Pb2+

Tin (Stannous) Sn2+

1
Iron (Ferrous) Fe2+
 VALANCY – 2 Sr. Hexacyano
Nameferrate
Formula of of simpleSymbols
(II) or with
compounds 4–
no.3Ferrocyanide Valancy[Fe(CN)Formula
6]
Compound
Carbonate CO32– 2 1
1. Calcium chloride Ca Cl CaCl2
. Laws of chemical combination
Sulphate VALANCY – 3 SO42– 4 Mg2(SO4)2 ~
(i)
Magnesium
2. .
Sulphite
Hexacyano ferrate (III) or SO32– MgSO4
[Fe(CN)6]3– Mg2 SO42
Ferricynide sulphate (Simple
Sulphide S2–
Phosphate PO43– Ratio)
Thiosulphate S2O32– 3. Stannic Sulphide Sn4S2 SnS2
Borate (orthoborate) BO33–
Potassium
Tetrathionate S4O62– 4. K1ClO14 KClO4
Arsenate AsO43– perchlorate
Oxalate C2O42– 5. Sodium Zincate Na1 ZnO22 Na2ZnO2
Arsenite AsO33–
Silicate SiO32– Magnesium
Nitride N3– 6. Mg2HCO13 Mg(HCO3)2
bicarbonate
Hydrogen phosphate HPO42–
Phosphide P3– Sodium carbonate
Manganate MnO42– 7. Na1CO32 Na2CO3

Chromate CrO42– Law Ammonium

8. NH14C2O24 (NH4)2C2O4
of Oxalate
Dichromate Cr2O72– Sodium
9. Na1S2O32 Na2S2O3
Zincate ZnO22– thiosulphate
Potassium
Stannate SnO32– 10. permanganate K1MnO14 KMnO4

Hexaflurosilicate 11. Sodium Iodate Na1IO13 NaIO3

SiF62–
(or silicofluorides) Sodium periodate
12. Na1IO14 NaIO4
Tartrates C4H4O62–

Phosphite HPO32– conservation of mass - [Lavoisier, 1744]

Chromate CrO42– Matter is neither created nor destroyed in the course of chemical
reaction although it may change from one form to other
Pyroborate B4O72–
(ii) Law of definite
Dithionite S2O42– proportion
[Proust, 1799]
Peroxodisulphate S2O82–
The composition of a compound always remains constant
Silicate SiO32– (i.e. the ratio of weights of different elements in a
compound) no matter by whatever method, it is
Succinate C4H4O42– prepared or obtained
from different sources.
(iii) VALANCY – 4 Law of multiple proportion [John Dalton, 1804]
Pyrophosphate P2O74– Ac proporti
cor ons
ding to this law, when two elements A and B [Ritche,
combine to form more than one chemical 1792-94]
compound then different weights of A, which
combine with a fixed weight of B, are in a If two elements A and B combine separately with third
proportion of simple whole number. element C to form two different compounds
and if A and B also combine together to form a
(iv) Law of compound then they do so in a ratio of their
reciproc masses equal or multiple or submultiples of
al

2
 ratio of their masses which combine with a (iii) 1 gm-atom of any element contain NA
definite mass of C. number of atoms.
(v) The law (iv) The atomic mass unit (amu or u) is
of defined as the (1/12)th of the mass of
Gaseous single carbon atom of mass number 12.
volume : Thus, 1 amu or u = 1.667 × 10 –24 gm =
[Gay 1.667 × 10–27 kg.
Lussac Molecular weight and formula weight
1808] 7
According to this law, when gases combine, they do so .
in volume which bear a simple ratio to each
(i) Molecular weight is defined as the
other and also to the product formed provided
weight of a molecule of a substance
all volumes are measured under similar
compared to the (1/12)th of the mass of a
conditions.
carbon atom (mass number = 12).
Concept of mole
(ii) In ionic compounds, as for example,
5 NaCl, CaCl2, etc. there are no existence
. of molecules. For ionic compounds,
(i) Definition : One mole is amount of a instead of "molecular weight" we use a
substance that contains as many particles new term known as "formula weight".
or entities as there are atoms in exactly "Formula weight" is defined as the
12 gram of the carbon (12C – isotope). total weights of atoms present in the
formula of the compound.
(ii) 1 mole  collection of 6.022 × 1023 The average atomic mass and average
particles or entities. 8 .molecular mass
(iii) 1 mole atoms  1 gram-atom  gram
atomic mass (i) Average atomic mass : Let us consider,
(iv) 1 mole molecules  1 gram-molecule  an element X, is available in the earth as
gram molecular mass isotopes of nXa1 , n Xa2 ,……,nXan , the
(v) 1 mole ions  1 gram-ion  gram ionic percentage abundance of the given
mass isotopes in earth are x1 , x2, ........, xn
Atomic weight and respectively.
6 .atomic mass unit (amu)
 the average atomic mass of
(i) The atomic weight (or atomic mass) of X  1x1  a2x2 ...... anxn a
an element may be defined as the 100
average relative weight (or mass) of an
(ii) Average molecular mass : Let us consider, in a
atom of the element with respect to the
(1/12)th mass of an atom of container, n1 moles of substance X1 (mol. wt M1)
carbon (mass number 12)
present n2 moles of substance X2 (mol. wt M2)
Thus, atomic weight =
Weight of an atom of the element present
12
Weight of an atom of C(mass no.12) ........................................................................
(ii) If we express atomic weight in grams, it nn moles of substance Xn (mol. wt Mn) present hence,
becomes gram atomic weight (symbol the total number of moles of substance present
gm-atom). in the container = n1 + n2 + ....... + nn

3
 Total mass of the substance present in the container = 273.15 K (or 0ºC) temperature and 1 bar pressure. In
n1M1 + n2M2 + ……… + nnMn
old books STP refers 273.15 K and 1 atm
jn

n M j j pressure. Volume of 1 mole ideal gas at STP is

considered as 22.4 L.
Mavg 
j1jn 10 conversion of volume of gases into
.
n j mass
j1 (i) For Ideal Gases : PV = nRT (where n
indicates number of moles of gas and R is
universal gas constant)

Use of mole, GAM and GMM w

(ii) As we know, n = , where w is the
9 mass of
. M
(i) GAM = 1 gram-atom gaseous substance).
= 1 mole-atoms w PVM
(GAM  gram atomic mass) PV  RT or w
(ii) GMM = 1 gram-molecule M RT
= 1 mole molecules Therefore if we know, pressure, volume, temperature
(GMM  gram molecular mass) and molecular weight of gas, we can calculate
its mass.
(iii) Molar mass : Mass of one mole of
particles or entities of a substance is (iii) Value of R = 8.314 J/mol-K
known as molar mass of a substance. = 0.0821 atm-L/mol-K
= 2
Given mass w
cal/mol-K (approx)
(iv) No. of moles = = = 1/12 bar-L/mol-K
Molar mass M
(iv) Density of gas may be calculated as w
(When mass of substance is given)
PM
Given no. of particles N
(v) No. of moles =  d =  V RT
NA NA 11 Empirical formula and molecular
(When no. of particles of substance are . formula
given) Here NA = Avogadro's No. = 6.022 ×
1023
(i) Empirical formula (simplest
(vi) At STP : Number of moles (for ideal formula) : The empirical formula of a
gas) compound reflects the simple ratio of
Volumeof gas (in litres) atoms present in the formula units of the
= compound.
22.711 (ii) Molecular formula : The molecular
formula is the actual number of atoms of
According to IUPAC recommendations STP refers
the constituent elements that comprise a
molecule of the substance.

Molecular formula = (Empirical formula)n

Here n = 1, 2, 3.......

4
12 Some Important Reactions Carbonates of 2nd group elements also give
. precipitate.
(i) Decomposition Reaction : (iv) Neutralisation Reactions :
Reaction between acids (contain replaceable H + ion)
CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g) and bases (containing replaceable OH¯ ion) is
known as neutralisation reaction
MgCO3(s)  MgO(s) + CO2(g)
Examples :
SrCO3(s)  SrO(s) + CO2(g) NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O

2NaHCO3  Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 2 KOH + H2SO4  K2SO4 + 2H2O

2KHCO 1 Eudiometry
3  K2CO3 + H2O + CO2 3
.
2 HI  H2 + I2
(i) Different solutions used for absorbing gases:
2 NH3   N2 + 3H2

Sr. No. Gas(es) Solution (or solvent)
1. CO2, SO2, Cl2 KOH or NaOH
Carbonates of Ist group elements i.e. Na, K, Rb, Cs (aq. solution)
do not decompose on heating.
2. O2…….. Alkaline Pyrogallol
(ii) Displacement Reactions :
3. CO……. Ammonical Cu2Cl2
Zn(s) + CuSO4  ZnSO4 + Cu 4. O3…….. Mineral turpentine oil
Fe + CuSO4  FeSO4 + Cu 5. NH3 & HCl…. Water
6. Water (vapour) Silica gel or
Pb + CuCl2  PbCl2 + Cu anhydrous CaCl2
Zn + H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2
On cooling if volume of gaseous mixture decreases
(iii) Double Displacement Reactions : then this is because of condensation of H2O(V).
NaCl + AgNO3  AgCl 1 Concentration terms
+ NaNO3 4
white precipitate .
NaBr + AgNO3  AgBr  + NaNO3 (i) Density ()

Yellow = Mass of the substance

NaI + AgNO3  AgI  + NaNO3 In c.g.s. volume of the substance and MKS units,
Yellow density is expressed in gm/cm3 or gm/ml and
kg/m3 respectively.
Na2SO4 + BaCl2  BaSO4  + 2NaCl
(ii) Relative density
white
Similarly sulphides as HgS (Black), PbS (Black), Density of any substance
=
Bi2S3 (Black), CuS (Black), CdS (Yellow), As2S3
Density of reference substance
(Yellow), Sb2S3 (orange), SnS (Brown), (iii) Specific
SnS2(Yellow) give precipitate. gravity

5
 Density of any substance
= (x) Formality
=
Density of H2O at 4ºC Number of moles of formula units of solute
(iv) Weight by
weight percentage (% w/w) or percentage by
volume of solution (in litres )
weight
(xi) Molality =
weight of solute
=
100 No. of moles of solute
weight of solution (xii) Molarity =
(v) Weight by volume
percentage (%w/v) or percentage by volume Volume of solution (in
Number of moles of solute
Molarity = 10 litres )
weight of solute  x d
= mass of solvent in kg ;
100
M1
volume of solution
(vi) volume by volume w
percentage (%v/v) or percentage by strength
Here x = % of solute
volume of solute w d=
=
100 density of solution in gm/mL
volume of solution M1 = molar mass of solute (xiii)
(vii)mole Mole fraction :
percentage (% mol/mol) or percentage by
mole nsolute
Xsolute =
(Moles of solute )
=
100 nsolute  nsolvent
Moles of solute  Moles of solvent
nsolvent
Do
Xsolvent =
remember, for the calculation of strength
(% w/w, %w/v etc) the solute must be completely nsolute  nsolvent
dissolved into the solution, otherwise, the given
Xsolute + Xsolvent = 1
terminologies will be invalid.
1 Relation between concentration terms
If, anything is not specified, % strength generally
means % by mass. 5
(viii) Parts per million (PPM) .
1000X1
No. of parts of solute 6
= (i) m=
10 (1X1)M2
Total no. of parts of all compounds in solution
1000M
PPM is generally expressed as w/w (mass to mass)
(ii) m =
PPM can also be expressed as w/v (mass to volume) 1000d MM1

or V/V (volume to volume) 1000dX1

(ix) gram per litre (gm/lit): It is the amount of solute (iii) M  X1M1 (1X1)M2
in gm dissolved in 1 litre (1000 ml) of solution.

6
 1 Vapour density
6
Here m = .
molality Density of vapour at same temp. & pressure
M = molarity
=
d = density of solution Density of H2 gas at same temp. and pressure Vapour
in gm/mL X1 = mole
fraction of solute
density = × molecular mass
M1 = molar mass of solute
M2 = molar mass of solvent
1 % Yield of reaction
 w 
(iv) PPM = %  w concentrat ion  × 10
4 7
.

amount of a definite product
(v) Gram per litre = M × M1
actually produced in a reaction
= × 100
Maximum possible amount of the
 w 
(vi) Gram per litre = 10 × % v  same product which can be produced
1 Oleum (H2SO4 + SO3)
8
(vii) % w % w  v  Wd
.

All these above relations 16 (i – vii) are applicable % of free SO3 =

Here x = strength of oleum sample in percentage.
only to binary solutions. (x is always greater than 100)

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