‫‪Protection‬‬

‫‪in Electrical System‬‬

‫اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻡﺒﺪأ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻮﻗﺎیﺔ‬ ‫أهﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬
 ‫ﻡﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﻮﻗﺎیﺔ‬

‫‪n‬‬
‫‪tio‬‬
‫ﻟﻐﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ec‬‬
‫‪ot‬‬
‫‪Pr‬‬

‫وﺿﻊ اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت اﻟﻜﻔﻴﻠﺔ ﺏﻤﻨﻊ وﻗﻮع أﻡﺮ ﺧﻄﻴﺮ ﻡﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺣﺪوﺛﻪ‪.‬‬

‫اﺻﻄﻼﺣًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ وﻥﻘﻞ وﺗﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ‪:‬‬
‫وﺿﻊ اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت اﻟﻼزﻡﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻡﻦ أﺛﺮ هﺬا اﻷﻡﺮ اﻟﺨﻄﺮ‪،‬‬
‫واﻟﺤﺪ ﻡﻦ اﻥﺘﺸﺎرﻩ‪ ،‬وﺣﺼﺮﻩ ﻓﻲ داﺋﺮة ﺿﻴﻘﺔ ﻗﺪر اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﺎع‪.‬‬

‫هﺬﻩ اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت ﺕﺴﻤﻰ دواﺋﺮ وأﺟﻬﺰة )أﻥﻈﻤﺔ( اﻟﻮﻗﺎیﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺏﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻡﺒﺪأ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺏﺎﺋﻲ ﻷﻥﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻮﻗﺎیﺔ یﻜﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻓﺘﺮاض وﻗﻮع اﻷﻋﻄﺎل‬
 ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪tio‬‬
‫‪ec‬‬ ‫أهﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﻗﺎیﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺏﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫‪ot‬‬
‫‪Pr‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺿﻤﺎن ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺏﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -2‬اﻟﺤﺪ ﻡﻦ ﻥﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺏﺎﺋﻲ‬

 ‫ﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺮ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻜﻬ‬
‫م اﻟ‬
‫ﻈﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻨ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ل‬ ‫ﻄﺎ‬
‫ﻷﻋ‬
‫ا‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪5‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫ﻡﻜﻮﻥﺎت داﺋﺮة اﻟﻮﻗﺎیﺔ‬
R
Y
B
Trip Coil

Main Protective Relay

Auxiliary
Timer Trip Relay
IPCT
CT
AC Contact
IPVT
VT

Alarm System

+
+

- -
‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‬
50V DC Supply bus wire 110V DC Supply bus wire
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻴﺔ‬
 ‫ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎت اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺏﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻤ‬
‫ﻞﻡ‬
‫ﺮﺣ‬ ‫ﺕﺤﺴﺲ اﻟﻌﻄﻞ‬
‫ﻞ اﻟ‬
‫ﺤﻤ‬
‫ﺎیﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺏﻌﺪ زﻡﻦ ﺕﺄﺧﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻈﻴ ًﺎ‬

‫ﻡﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻡﺮﺣﻞ زﻡﻨﻲ‬ ‫إرﺱﺎل اﻹﺵﺎرة‬ ‫ﻡﺒﺎﺵﺮة‬

‫ﻋﺰل اﻟﻌﻄﻞ ﻡﻦ ﻥﻘﻄﺔ أو أآﺜﺮ‬

 Speed ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬

‫ﺧ‬
‫ﺼ ﺎﺋ‬
‫ﺺ‬
:‫إن ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻞ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻡﺮ‬
‫ﺣﻞ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻘﺮارﻳﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬
‫اﻟ‬
‫ﺤﻤ‬
‫ﺎی ﺔ‬

‫ﻋﺪم اﻥﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﻌﻄﻞ إﻟﻰ أﺝﺰاء ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬

‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻷﺿﺮار‬

0s
Operating time Operating time of closing time of
Of Relay auxiliary Relay Circuit breaker
time
[s]
Total operating time of protection circuit
 ‫ﺧ‬
‫‪Simplicity‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺐ‬

‫ﺼ ﺎﺋ‬
‫ﺺ‬
‫ﻡﺮ‬
‫ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻨﻲ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﺝﻬﺎز اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻬﻞ اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺐ‬
‫اﻟ‬
‫ﺤﻤ‬

‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺿﺒﻄﻪ واﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ‬

‫ﺎی ﺔ‬

‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺻﻴﺎﻥﺘﻪ‬

‫‪Reliability‬‬ ‫اﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎدیﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻨﻲ أن ﺝﻬﺎز اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﺝﺪﻳﺮًا ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻔﺸﻞ إذا وﻗﻊ اﻟﻌﻄﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ إرﺳﺎﺋﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ذو ﺝﺎهﺰﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫وأن ﺗﺨﻠﻮ داﺋﺮة اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻥﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل‬

‫وﺕﻜﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻡﻘﺪرة ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺤﻤﺎیﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﻡﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ُیﺰوَد ﺏﻬﺎ‬
 ‫‪Sensitivity‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺱﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺧ‬
‫ﺼ ﺎﺋ‬
‫ﺺﻡ‬
‫وﺗﻌﻨﻲ أن ﻳﻘﻮم اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻞ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أآﻴﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ إذا وﻗﻊ اﻟﻌﻄﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ إرﺳﺎﺋﻪ‬
‫ﺮﺣ‬
‫أن ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ أﺳﻮأ اﻟﻈﺮوف‬
‫ﻞ اﻟ‬
‫ﺤﻤ‬

‫أن ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ إﻻ ﻟﻸﻋﻄﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ إرﺳﺎﺋﻪ‬

‫ﺎیﺔ‬

‫‪Ks = If min / Io‬‬ ‫‪Ks > 1.4‬‬

‫آﻴﻒ ﺕﺘﻮﺹﻞ ﻟﻠﺤﺴﺎﺱﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏﺔ؟‬

‫‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﺮة اﻟﺠﻴﺪة‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﺠﻌﻞ ﺝﻬﺎز اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺤﺴﺲ إﻻ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﻷﺝﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﺝﻬﺰة ﺗﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ وﻣﺤﺪدة‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﺘﺰوﻳﺪ أﺝﻬﺰة اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ آﻤﻴﺎت ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺥﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻻ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪Selectivity‬‬ ‫اﻻﻥﺘﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺧ‬
‫ﺼ ﺎﺋ‬
‫وﺗﻌﻨﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺺ‬
‫ﻡﺮ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺪرة ﺝﻬﺎز اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ إﻥﺘﻘﺎء ﻣﻜﺎن ﺣﺪوث اﻟﻌﻄﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ‬
‫‪ -‬اﺥﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻘﺎﻃﻊ أو اﻟﻘﻮاﻃﻊ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺰل ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻄﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟ‬
‫ﺤﻤ‬

‫‪-‬اﻟﻤﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ وﻇﺮوف اﻟﻌﻄﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺎی ﺔ‬

‫‪-‬اﻟﻤﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ إذا آﺎن اﻟﻌﻄﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺘﻪ أم ﻻ‪.‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪CB3‬‬ ‫‪CB4‬‬
‫‪G1‬‬ ‫‪X X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪CB1‬‬ ‫‪CB2‬‬
‫‪F1‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬

‫‪F2‬‬
‫‪G2‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬
 ‫‪Economics‬‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬

‫ﺧ‬
‫ﺼ ﺎﺋ‬
‫ﺺ‬
‫إن ﺕﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺟﻬﺎز ﺣﻤﺎیﺔ ﻟﻴﺤﻤﻲ ﻡﻦ آﻞ ﻇﺮف ﻡﻦ ﻇﺮوف‬
‫ﻡﺮ‬
‫ﺣﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺏﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‪ ،‬أﻡﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻡﺠﺪ إﻗﺘﺼﺎدی ًﺎ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟ‬
‫ﺤﻤ‬
‫ﺎی ﺔ‬

‫إن اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺱﺐ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺎیﺔ ﺕﺤﻜﻤﻪ اﻷﻡﻮر اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻵﻟﺔ أو اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻤﺮاد ﺣﻤﺎیﺘﻪ‬
‫‪ -‬أهﻤﻴﺔ اﻵﻟﺔ أو اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻤﺮاد ﺣﻤﺎیﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺏﺎﺋﻲ‬

‫‪ -‬أﺛﺮ اﻥﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺏﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻵﻟﺔ أو اﻟﺠﻬﺎز ﻡﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺤﻤﺎیﺔ‬

 ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺏﻴﻦ‪:‬‬
‫وﻥﻈﺎم اﻟﻮﻗﺎیﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻮﻗﺎیﺔ‬
‫وﻡﺸﺮوع اﻟﻮﻗﺎیﺔ‬
‫هﻮ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻥﻈﺎم اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ واﺣﺪ‬
‫أو أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت واﻟﻤﻼﻣﺴﺎت ووﺣﺪات اﻟﻀﺒﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻥﻮﻋﻪ أو ﻣﺒﺪأ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ أو ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﺮآﻴﺒﻪ‬
‫)ﺣﺜﻲ أو رﻗﻤﻲ(‬

‫هﻮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺝﻬﺎز وﻗﺎﻳﺔ واﺣﺪ أو ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ أﺝﻬﺰة‬

‫ﺗﺘﻌﺎون ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺄدﻳﺔ واﺝﺐ وﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻋﺎدة ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺒﺪأ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ أو‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻈﺮف ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺘﻴﺎر‪ ،‬أو اﻷﻋﻄﺎل اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‪. ....‬‬

‫هﻮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ أﻥﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﺎدة ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪة اﻟﻤﺮاد ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮوع ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪ‪ ،‬وﻣﺸﺮوع ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻮل‪ ،‬أو اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ ،‬وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ‬
 ‫‪Protective relays‬‬ ‫ﻡﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﺤﻤﺎیﺔ‬

‫ﺕﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻡﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﺤﻤﺎیﺔ‬

‫ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺐ ‪ - :‬ﻡﺮﺣﻼت ﺣﺜﻴﺔ )آﻬﺮوﻡﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻡﺮﺣﻼت رﻗﻤﻴﺔ )إﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮوﻥﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺕﺘﺤﺴﺴﻬﺎ ‪ - :‬ﻡﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﺘﻴﺎر ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻡﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ه‬ ‫و‬
‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪ -‬ﻡﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﺘﺮدد‪.‬‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻨ‬‫ﺼ‬
‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻒ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻡﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫آﺜ‬
‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﺵ‬
‫‪ ..... -‬وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ‬ ‫ﻋًﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻡﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﺘﻴﺎر ‪Current Relays‬‬
‫ﻡﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﻮﻗﺎیﺔ ﻡﻦ ارﺕﻔﺎع اﻟﺘﻴﺎر‬
‫)‪Over Current Relays (OCR‬‬

‫ﻡﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Deferential Relays‬‬

‫ﻡﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﺘﻴﺎر ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺎیﺔ ﻡﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪم اﻻﺕﺰان‬

‫‪Unbalance Relays‬‬
 ‫‪Current Relays‬‬ ‫ﻡﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﺘﻴﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼت اﻻﺏﺘﺪاﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -‬ﻻ ﺕﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ أیﺔ أﺟﻬﺰة إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪DC P/S ،CT’s ، VT’s ،‬‬
‫‪ -‬آﻮﻥﻬﺎ ﺕﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ آﺎﻡﻞ ﺕﻴﺎر اﻟﺪارة ﻓﺈن ﺿﺒﻄﻬﺎ ﺏﺴﻴﻂ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬أي ﺿﺒﻂ أو ﺹﻴﺎﻥﺔ‪ ،‬ﺕﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺘﻐﺬیﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺪارة اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -‬ذات ﺣﺠﻢ آﺒﻴﺮ ﻥﺴﺒﻴ ًﺎ ودﻗﺔ ﻡﺘﺪﻥﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺕﺤﺘﺎج ﻟﻤﻌﺪات ﻓﺤﺺ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺕﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﻡﺤﺎذاة دﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺏﻴﻦ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺕﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻟﻘﺎﻃﻊ وذراع اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻞ‪.‬‬

‫اﺱﺘﺨﺪاﻡﺎﺕﻬﺎ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺟﺪاً‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺣﻴﺚ یﺼﻌﺐ ﺕﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻡﻨﺒﻊ ﻡﺴﺎﻋﺪ وﻻ ﺿﺮورة ﻟﻠﺪﻗﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
 ‫‪Current Relays‬‬ ‫ﻡﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﺘﻴﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﺜﺎﻥﻮیﺔ‬

‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬

‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬
 ‫اﻷﺵﻜﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺕﻨﺘﺞ ﺏﻬﺎ ﻡﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﺘﻴﺎر‬
I d
I b
b
f
c
a c a φ1
a
φ2
d
b

d
φ1
b φ1
I f
e
φ2 a b
a c
φ2

f φ2 e
+
φ1
 ‫ﻡﺒﺪأ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻡﺮﺣﻞ اﻟﺘﻴﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻤﻼﻡﺴﺎت‬

‫ذراع اﻟﻤﻴﺰان‬

‫زﻡﺒﺮك‬ ‫=‬
‫‪Stopper‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‬
 ‫ﺕﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻡﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﺘﻴﺎر ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺰﻡﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Sec.‬‬ ‫‪Sec.‬‬

‫اﻋﺘﻤﺎدیﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ اﻋﺘﻤﺎدیﺔ‬

‫‪X In‬‬ ‫‪Sec.‬‬

‫‪Sec.‬‬ ‫‪X In‬‬

‫ﻡﺮآﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻈﻴﺔ‬
‫‪X In‬‬
‫‪X In‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﻠﺤﻈﻴﺔ یﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ زﻡﻦ اﻟﺘﺄﺧﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺱﺐ ﺏﺎﺱﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫ﻡﺆﻗﺖ زﻡﻨﻲ‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫‪T‬‬

‫‪B‬‬
‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬
‫‪T‬‬

‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫ﻡﺒﺪأ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻞ اﻟﺤﺮاري ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺎیﺔ ﻡﻦ زیﺎدة اﻟﺘﻴﺎر‬
‫‪T‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪L‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫‪ :‬اﻋﺘﻤﺎدي ﺕﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴ ًﺎ‬ ‫ﻡﻴﺰﺕﻪ‬

‫ﺱﻴﺌﺘﻪ ‪ :‬ﻻ یﻤﻜﻦ إﻋﺎدﺕﻪ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ إﻻ ﺏﻌﺪ اﻥﺨﻔﺎض درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬

 ‫ﻡﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ‪Deferential Relays‬‬

‫‪I1 L‬‬ ‫‪K‬‬

‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻤﺮاد‬ ‫‪I2 K‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬

‫‪l i k‬‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎیﺘﻪ‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ki l‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪i1‬‬ ‫‪i2‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫‪id=i1- i2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪Sig.‬‬

‫یﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻡﺒﺪأ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ )اﻟﻔﺮق( ﺏﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﻴﺎرات‬

‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﺔ واﻟﺨﺎرﺟﺔ ﻡﻦ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻤﺮاد ﺣﻤﺎیﺘﻪ‬
 ‫ﻡﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ‪Deferential Relays‬‬
‫‪K‬‬
‫‪I1‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻤﺮاد‬ ‫‪I2‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎیﺘﻪ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪i1 k‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫‪i2‬‬

‫‪+‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﻋﻄﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪I1 = I2 , i1 = i2 & id = i1 – i2‬‬
‫‪i1‬‬ ‫‪i2‬‬

‫‪id=i1- i2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪Sig.‬‬

‫‪If i1 = i2‬‬ ‫‪then‬‬ ‫‪id = 0‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻄﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪I1 ≠ I2‬‬ ‫‪, i1 ≠ i2 & id = i1 – i2 ≠0‬‬
 ‫ﻡﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ‪Deferential Relays‬‬
‫‪K‬‬
‫‪I1‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻤﺮاد‬ ‫‪I2‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎیﺘﻪ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻮهﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ یﺒﺪو أن اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻞ )‪(3‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪i1 k‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫‪i2‬‬

‫وآﺄﻥﺔ ﻡﺮﺣﻞ ﻟﺤﻈﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪i1‬‬ ‫‪i2‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫‪id=i1- i2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪Sig.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺏﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﻴﺎریﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻥﻮیﻴﻦ یﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪ ،‬وﺏﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن‬
‫اﻟﺘﻴﺎر ﺧﻼﻟﻪ یﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥﻪ یﺘﻢ ﺿﺒﻄﻪ ﻋﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻡﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺏﺤﻴﺚ یﺒﺪأ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻡﺮور‬
‫ﺕﻴﺎر ﺕﺘﺠﺎوز ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ) ‪ (40% - 10%‬ﻡﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻴﺎر اﻹﺱﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻲ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺏﺪ ًﻻ ﻡﻦ ﻡﺮﺣﻞ اﻟﺘﻴﺎر یﻮﺿﻊ ﻡﺮﺣﻞ اﺕﺰان‬
‫أو ﻡﺮﺣﻞ ﻥﺴﺒﻲ آﺎﻟﻤﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫‪i1‬‬ ‫‪i2‬‬
‫‪+‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪i2‬‬
‫‪id = i1- i2‬‬
‫)‪is=1/2 (i1+ i2‬‬
‫‪i1‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
 iop
i2op = i2op min + K2s i2s

idl
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬

A
Iop min
α
is

Ks = tg α Ks ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺜﺒﺎت‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ وﺝﻮد ﻋﻄﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺎرات‬
‫اﻟﺘﻴﺎرات آﻤﺎ هﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫‪I1‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪I2‬‬

‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫‪i1‬‬ ‫‪i2‬‬
‫‪+‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪i2‬‬
‫‪2i = i1- i2‬‬
‫)‪0= (i1+ i2‬‬
‫‪i1‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
 ‫ﻡﺮﺣﻼت اﻻﺕﺰان اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺏﺎﺋﻲ‬
i1 i2
‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻲ‬
I1 1 I2
TS

2 Td

3 4

Principal of electrical Balance Relay

 iop

iop min

In is
iop
a b

idl
α B

In xIn is
 ‫ﻡﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﺤﻤﺎیﺔ ﻡﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪم اﻻﺕﺰان‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻴﺎرات اﻟﺘﺴﺮب اﻷرﺿﻲ‪ ،‬وﻋﺪم ﺗﻤﺎﺙﻞ اﻷﺣﻤﺎل‬

‫‪T‬‬
‫>‪I0‬‬

‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪3i0=iR+iS+iT‬‬

‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬

‫‪IR‬‬ ‫‪IS IT‬‬

 Voltage Relays ‫ﻡﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ‬

U OVR

+ UVR
Sig
 ‫ﻤ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺕﻜﻤﻦ أهﻤﻴﺔ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼت ﻓﻲ إﻋﻄﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻡﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺮ‬
‫ت‬‫ﻼ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺠ‬ ‫اﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ أﺟﻬﺰة وأﻥﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻮﻗﺎیﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺕﺤﺴﻦ ﻡﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﺔ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫اﻥﺘﻘﺎﺋﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺎﺱﻴﺘﻬﺎ وﺕﺮﻓﻊ اﻋﺘﻤﺎدیﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺕﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ زاویﺔ اﻥﺤﺮاف اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺮاد ﻡﺮاﻗﺒﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫وآﻮن زاویﺔ اﻻﻥﺤﺮاف ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ًﺎ ﻡﺎ ﺕﻜﻮن ﺏﻴﻦ اﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻴﺎر‬
‫ﻓﺘﺪﻋﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼت أیﻀ ًﺎ ﺏﻤﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﻘﺪرة‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻬﻲ ﺕﻌﻤﻞ إذًا ﻋﻨﺪﻡﺎ ﺕﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﺕﺠﺎهﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

 ‫ﻡﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﻘﺪرة )اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼت اﻻﺕﺠﺎهﻴﺔ(‬

‫‪Supply‬‬ ‫‪0.6 s‬‬ ‫‪0.4 s 0.2 s‬‬

‫‪0.8 s‬‬ ‫‪If‬‬ ‫‪If‬‬

‫‪0.6 s‬‬ ‫‪0.4 s 0.2 s‬‬
‫‪If‬‬
‫‪If‬‬ ‫‪If‬‬
‫ﻡﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﻘﺪرة )اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼت اﻻﺕﺠﺎهﻴﺔ(‬
‫‪φu‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫‪φi‬‬ ‫‪ur‬‬
‫‪ir‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬
‫‪iu‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼت اﻻﺕﺠﺎهﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺕﺮآﻴﺒﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻥﻴﻜﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ًﺎ ﻡﺎ یﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻡﻦ‬
‫‪φu‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻮ ﻡﺘﺤﺮك یﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺏﻌﺰم یﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‪.‬‬
‫‪φi‬‬ ‫‪ur‬‬
‫‪ir‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬
‫‪iu‬‬ ‫‪Mr = K Ur ir Cos(ϕr + α) - Mm‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ – Mr :‬اﻟﻌﺰم اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺙﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻀﻮ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮك‬
‫‪ – ϕr‬اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻴﺎر‪.‬‬
‫‪ – α‬اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﺪاﺥﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – K‬ﺙﺎﺑﺖ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮآﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – Mm‬اﻟﻌﺰم اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻥﻴﻜﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوم ) اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎك‪ ،‬اﻟﺰﻣﺒﺮك‪ .... ،‬وﻏﻴﺮﻩ‪.‬‬

‫)‪Mr = 0 or >0 or <0 Depends on (ϕr + α‬‬

‫‪To be Operate‬‬ ‫‪K Ur ir Cos(ϕr + α) ≥ Mm‬‬
 ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ اﻟ‬Total Operating Power : U i = S [VA]
‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ r r r
‫ت‬‫ﻼ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ Sop = Mm / K Cos(ϕr + α)
‫ه‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺠ‬
‫ﻴﺔ‬
If ϕr + α = 0 then Sop = Sop min

ϕr + α = ϕ
To be operate with max. sensitivity Should &
ϕ - Angle between Ir & Ur During Fault time Mm = min

Above conditions obtained by Changing α using reconnections

 ‫ﻤ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ If : ϕr = ϕ + β
‫ﺮ‬
‫ ﺣ‬β - New angle obtained by reconnections on the Relay terminals
‫ت‬‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻻﺕ‬‫ا‬ Reconnections can be made by connecting the current circuit on
‫ه‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺠ‬
‫ﻴﺔ‬ One phase wile the voltage circuit on the other phase, also by mixing
phase & line voltages & currents together.

Ur
Ir Ir
ϕ ϕ
30
Ur 0
0 Ir
ϕ 90
Ur
β=0 β=90
0

β>0 , Lagging β<0 , Leading

β=30
 ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼت اﻻﺕﺠﺎهﻴﺔ‬

‫ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ‬α ‫ﺑﺎﺥﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ وﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﺪاﺥﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ وﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼت‬،‫ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ‬ϕ ‫أآﺒﺮ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ أي زاوﻳﺔ ﻋﻄﻞ‬
:‫ﺑﺎﻷﻥﻮاع اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

Cos ϕ relay ϕ + β = 0° (W) For active power control

Sin ϕ relay ϕ + β = 90° (VAR) For reactive power control

Reverse Power relay ϕ + β = 180°

ϕ + β = 30° - 180° (VA)

Depending on it’s construction these relays can be divided into :
- Induction relays,
- Electro dynamic Relays,
- Electrical Balance Relays.
 ‫‪Induction relays‬‬
‫ﻗﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻥﺴﺒﻴﺎً‪ ،‬وﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﻋﺪادات اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ذات اﻟﻘﺮص‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ ‪ :‬ﺑﻄﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺰم اﻟﻘﺼﻮر اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ‪ ،‬وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻠﺰم ﺗﺄﺥﻴﺮ زﻣﻨﻲ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼت اﻷﺳﺮع ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﺘﺤﺮك أﺳﻄﻮاﻥﻲ ﺑﺪل اﻟﻘﺮص‪.‬‬
‫‪φu‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺐ ﻡﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪد زوﺟﻲ ﻡﻦ اﻷﻗﻄﺎب‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫‪φi‬‬ ‫‪ur‬‬ ‫ﻡﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ir‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫ﻡﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺘﻴﺎر‬

‫‪iu‬‬
‫ذراع ﻟﻮﺹﻞ وﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﻼﻡﺴﺎت‬

‫ﻋﻀﻮ دوار ﻡﻦ اﻷﻟﻮﻡﻨﻴﻮم‬

 ‫‪Induction relays‬‬
‫‪M = K φu φi SinΨ‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺰم اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ هﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﺰم اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻀﻮ اﻟﺪوار‪Mr = K Ur ir Cos (ϕr + αind ) - Mm :‬‬

‫‪αind = 90 - α1 + α2‬‬ ‫)‪ ( αind‬اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﺪاﺥﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪ (α1‬اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻴﺎر ﻓﻲ ﻣﻠﻒ اﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (α2‬اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﻴﺎر) ‪ ( ir‬واﻟﻔﻴﺾ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‪.‬‬

‫)‪αind = arctg (X/R‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﺙﺎت أو ﻣﻜﺜﻔﺎت أو ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺎت‬
 ‫‪Induction relays‬‬
‫‪Mr = K Ur ir Cos (ϕr + αind ) - Mm‬‬

‫‪ϕr = ϕ + β‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ‪ ϕr‬ﺑـ ‪:‬‬

‫وﻋﻦ ‪ αind‬ﺑـ ‪αind = 90 - α1 + α2 :‬‬

‫‪Mr = K Ur ir Cos (ϕ + β + 90 - α1 + α2 ) - Mm‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺥﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻼت اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﻨﺪهﺎ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ أآﺒﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬

‫ﺗﻤﺘﺎز هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼت ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﺗﺮآﻴﺒﻬﺎ‬

‫وﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ اﻷآﻴﺪ‬
‫وزﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ )‪(10 - 20 ms‬‬
‫‪Electro dynamic relays‬‬
‫هﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻼت ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﺒﺪأ )اﻟﻮاﻃﻤﻴﺘﺮ( ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﻣﺮور ﺗﻴﺎر )‪ (ir‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻠﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻠﻔﻮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺌﺢ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻥﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺰوﻟﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻒ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮك ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ )‪ ،(Ur‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻌﺰم اﻟﻤﺤﺮك ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻀﻮ اﻟﺪوار ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪Mr = K Ur ir Cos (ϕ + α) - Mm‬‬
‫اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﺪاﺥﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (α‬ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼت ﺗﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪α= - α1 + α2‬‬
‫– زاوﻳﺔ اﻹزاﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻠﻒ اﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻴﺎر‪.‬‬‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪α1 :‬‬
‫‪ – α2‬اﻹزاﺣﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﻴﺎر ﻓﻲ ﻣﻠﻒ اﻟﺘﻴﺎر واﻟﻔﻴﺾ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺘﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – α1‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮهﺎ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻷوﻣﻴﺔ أو اﻟﺤﺜﻴﺔ أو اﻟﺴﻌﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ – α2‬ﺑﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻀﻮ اﻟﺪوار اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﺮ ﺥﻼﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﻔﻴﺾ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼت ﻥﺎدرًا ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪهﺎ وﻋﺪم دﻗﺘﻬﺎ‬

Electrical Balance Relays
.‫ﺕﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻡﺒﺪأ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻥﺔ ﺏﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع واﻟﻔﺮق ﺏﻴﻦ ﻡﺘﺠﻬﻲ اﻟﺘﻴﺎر واﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ‬
: ‫اﻟﻌﺰم اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬

Mr = K | k1u + i | - | k1 u – i | - Mm

Constants k1 & k = f (unit system)

Direction of Mr = f (ϕ between i & u)

a/m relation valid only in case of α = 0,

other wise should take iu instead of u

iu current flow in voltage coil.

‫‪Electrical Balance Relays‬‬ ‫ﻡﺒﺪأ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻡﺮﺣﻞ اﻻﺕﺰان اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺏﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫إن ﻣﻘﺎرﻥﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع وﻃﺮح اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎت أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن آﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴًﺎ آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ii‬‬

‫‪U‬‬
‫‪iu‬‬
‫‪iu + ii‬‬ ‫‪iu - ii‬‬
‫‪ir‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
ii

U
iu
iu + ii iu - ii
ir
R
 ‫ﻡﺒﺪأ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻡﺮﺣﻞ اﻻﺕﺰان اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺏﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫‪ii‬‬

‫‪U‬‬

‫‪iu‬‬

‫‪iu + ii‬‬ ‫‪iu - ii‬‬

‫‪ir‬‬
‫| ‪ir = | iu + ii | - | iu - ii‬‬
‫‪R‬‬

‫)‪IDC ∝ (iu - ii‬‬

‫)‪IDC ∝ (iu + ii‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺕﺴﺘﺨﺪم داﺋﺮة إﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮوﻥﻴﺔ ﺏﺪ ًﻻ ﻡﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻞ ‪R‬‬

 ‫اﻻﻥﺤﺮاف ﺏﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﻴﺎرات‬
< iu + ii
| iu + ii | - | iu - ii | If the P. Direc. Be changed
The polarity of ir changed
iu
Lagging iu by ϕ

iu - ii

ϕ ii
<
iu - ii iu

Power Direction as
| iu + ii | - | iu - ii |
same as Bus Direction
iu + ii
Power Direction in the
180° ii opposite Bus Direction
 ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼت اﻻﺕﺠﺎهﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺹﺮ اﻷﺱﺎﺱﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺕﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼت اﻻﺕﺠﺎهﻴﺔ هﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺰاویﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (α‬وﺕﺄﺧﺬ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ )‪(0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 80°, 90°, 180°‬‬
‫وﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎز ﻋﻨﺪهﺎ أﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -‬اﻟﺰاویﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺕﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮیﻖ اﻟﺘﻮﺹﻴﻞ )‪ (β‬وهﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ )‪(0° or 90°‬‬

‫وهﻲ اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﺘﻴﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز واﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻮﻟﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻴًﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻞ‬

‫وهﻮ اﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﺏﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻴ ًﺎ واﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ یﻘﻴﺴﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻞ‬ ‫‪ -‬اﻟﺨﻄﺄ اﻟﺰاوي‬
‫وهﻲ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺼﻐﺮى ﻹﺣﺪى اﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻞ وﺕﺆدي‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺱﻴﺔ‬
‫إﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺬي ﺕﻜﻮن ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻥﺴﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫وهﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎدة )‪ (1 or 5 A‬أو )‪(100 Or 100√3 V‬‬ ‫‪ -‬اﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺕﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻞ‬
 ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼت اﻻﺕﺠﺎهﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬ (P - j Q) ‫ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﺥﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬

jQ Theoretical Characteristic
Never Operate jQ

Always Operate

O
pe
ra
te
Not
Operate

α
P P

α=45o

α=0o
Error Boundary when U=K1% Un K1<100%

Error Boundary when U=100% Un Error Boundary when U=K2% Un K2< K1

 Distance Relays ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬

Uf Uf
Uop Uop

F
1 2 3 4 5 6
G G
A B C D
 ‫ﻡﺒﺪأ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﻲ‬

‫‪-‬‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪T‬‬

‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
 ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫)‪t (s‬‬

‫‪t4‬‬
‫‪t3‬‬
‫)‪L (Km‬‬
‫‪t2‬‬
‫‪t1‬‬
‫‪L’1‬‬ ‫‪L’2‬‬ ‫‪L’3‬‬
 ‫‪Distance Relays‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Operating Conditions‬‬ ‫‪Zbus < Zset‬‬
‫>> ‪Utr >> & Ltr‬‬
‫⇓‬
‫>> ‪Protective Distance‬‬

‫‪Ptr >> ⇒ Znor. Cond. or ZO/L ≤ Zop‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺕﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻡﺒﺪأ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎوﻡﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻢ ﺕﻌﺪ ﻗﺎدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻔﺮیﻖ ﺏﻴﻦ ﻗﺼﺮ اﻟﺪارة ﻓﻲ ﻥﻬﺎیﺔ ﻡﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻹرﺱﺎء واﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ أو ﻇﺮوف اﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻟﺰاﺋﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪Distance Relays‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫‪jX‬‬
‫ﻟﺬا أﺹﺒﺢ ﻡﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺤﻤﺎیﺔ‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫’‪B‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﻴﺔ أن‬
‫یﻌﻤﻞ ﻻ ﺏﻤﺠﺮد‬
‫إﺣﺴﺎﺱﻪ ﺏﻨﻘﺼﺎن‬
‫‪ZS‬‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻡﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺏﻞ‬
‫‪Zn‬‬ ‫ویﺠﺐ أن‬
‫یﺘﺤﺴﺲ زاویﺔ‬
‫‪ϕS‬‬
‫ﻡﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻤﺎﻥﻌﺔ‬
‫‪ϕ‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ یﻘﻴﺲ‪.‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫’‪A‬‬
 Distance Relays ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻥﻈﺮًا ﻻﺥﺘﻼف اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻔﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻴﺎر ﻓﻬﻨﺎك إﻣﻜﺎﻥﻴﺔ ﻻﺥﺘﻼف‬
:‫ وﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ أﺝﻬﺰة اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬،‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻡﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ یﻘﻴﺴﻬﺎ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬ ‫اﺱﻢ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬
Us/Is = Zs Impedance
Us/Is Cosϕs = Zs Cosϕs = Rs Resistance
Us/Is Sinϕs = Zs Sinϕs = Xs Reactance
Is/Us= 1/Zs = Ys Admittance
Is/Us Cosϕs =Ys Cosϕs = G Conductance
Is/Us Sinϕs =Ys Sinϕs = B Suseptance
‫‪Distance Relays‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫‪jX‬‬ ‫أﺑﺴﻂ أﻥﻮاع هﺬﻩ‬
‫اﻷﺝﻬﺰة هﻮ‬
‫) ‪Impedance‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫‪Bus‬‬ ‫‪ (Relays‬ﻷﻥﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻟﻄﻴﺔ وﺗﻴﺎر‪ ،‬وﻻ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪Zop‬‬ ‫‪Zop = const.‬‬
‫‪R‬‬

‫‪D‬‬
 Distance Relays ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬
jX ‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﻲ‬

Bus Zo = Zop min

Zo = Zop Cos(ϕs - α)
D Zop α - Internal Angle
Zo
ϕs α
R

D
 Distance Relays ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬
α=0
jX Bus Zo = Zop Cosϕs = const
Rop
D

R0 R

D
α = 90 Zo = Zop Sin ϕs = const

jX
Bus

D
Xop Zop

D
 ‫‪MHO Relays‬‬
‫إن اﻷﺝﻬﺰة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﺪأ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻠﻴﺔ وﺝﺪت ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت واﺳﻌﺔ‬
‫إذ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺝﻌﻞ اﻟﻌﺰم اﻟﻤﺤﺮك ﻟﻘﺮص اﻟﺠﻬﺎز ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪jX‬‬ ‫))‪1/(Zop Cos (ϕs - α‬‬
‫‪Bus‬‬

‫‪Zop‬‬

‫‪α=45°‬‬
‫‪ϕS‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬
‫‪α‬‬
 MHO Relays
α=0°
jX
Bus

ϕS
R
 MHO Relays α=90°
jX
Bus

ϕS

R
‫‪MHO Relays‬‬
‫وﺑﻬﺪف ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺥﺼﺎﺋﺺ أﺝﻬﺰة اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ وﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ إﻥﺘﺎج ﻣﺮﺣﻼت ﺑﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺵﻜﺎل اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪jX‬‬
‫‪Zop‬‬

‫‪jX‬‬

‫‪ϕS‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫‪ZS‬‬

‫‪Zop‬‬

‫‪R‬‬
 ‫أﺛﺮ ﻡﻘﺎوﻡﺔ اﻟﻘﻮس اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺏﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻓﻲ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺤﻤﺎیﺔ‬

‫ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﻮاﺹﻔﺎت اﻹﻥﺠﻠﻴﺰیﺔ‪ ،‬ﺕﻘﺪر ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻡﻘﺎوﻡﺔ اﻟﻘﻮس اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺏﺎﺋﻲ ﺏـ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Ra = 28700/(I1.4) Ω/m‬‬

‫ﺏﺎﻷﺧﺬ ﺏﻌﻴﻦ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﺏﻴﻦ ﻥﻮاﻗﻞ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻨﻘﻞ وﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺕﻴﺎر اﻟﻘﺼﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈن ﻡﻘﺎوﻡﺔ اﻟﻘﻮس ﺕﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺪود ‪(0.5 - 5) Ω‬‬

‫وﻋﻨﺪ وﺹﻞ ﻃﻮر ﻡﻊ اﻷرض ﻓﺘﺼﻞ ﻓﻲ أﺱﻮأ اﻟﻈﺮوف إﻟﻰ ‪(5 – 50) Ω‬‬
‫وهﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻡﺔ ذات ﻃﺎﺏﻊ أوﻡﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺕﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻘﺼﺮ آﻤﻘﺎوﻡﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫إﻟﻰ ﻡﻘﺎوﻡﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ وﺏﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ یﻜﻮن ﺕﻘﺪیﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺧﺎﻃﺌ ًﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ویﺨﺘﻠﻒ أﺛﺮهﺎ ﺏﺎﺧﺘﻼف اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺘﻲ یﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪهﺎ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻞ‬

‫‪For Impedance Relays‬‬ ‫)‪For MHO Relays (R‬‬

‫‪jX‬‬ ‫‪jX‬‬
‫‪Ra‬‬ ‫‪Ra‬‬
‫‪ZS‬‬
‫‪ZS‬‬
‫‪Zm‬‬
‫‪Zm‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
 For MHO Relays (X)

jX
Ra

ZS

Zm

R
 Impedance Relays
jX

Ra
ZS
Zm

R
 Resistance Relays
jX

ZS Ra
Zm

R
 Inductance Relays
jX

Ra
ZS
Zm