See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/373990171

Chapter 1 - Introduction. 2023-2024

Presentation · September 2023

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.26922.80322

CITATIONS READS

0 206

1 author:

Jaafar A Mohammed
University of Zakho
35 PUBLICATIONS 12 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Jaafar A Mohammed on 17 September 2023.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 University of Duhok (UOD)
College of Engineering

by
Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani
Jaafar.brifkani@uod.ac
9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 1
 Presenter Biography
Dr. Brifkani is a Lecturer in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Duhok,
specializing in Geotechnical Engineering (Tunnels Structure). His activity:
Research published in international conferences and journals : 20
Number of Textbook: 7
Languages: Kurdish, Arabic, English and Czech
You can find him at this links by writing his name as Jaafar Mohammed or Ing. Jaafar Mohammed.
https://uod.ac/ac/c/coe/departments/ce/members/jaafar-abdullah-mohammed/
https://www.linkedin.com/in/dr-jaafar-abdullah-mohammed-1857373a/
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9999-2414
Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani https://publons.com/researcher/2268936/dr-jaafar-a-mohammed/
http://web.uod.ac/ac/c/coe/centers/research-center/
Lecturer
https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=24oVLqsAAAAJ&hl=en
University of Duhok https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jaafar_Mohammed3
https://oud.academia.edu/DrJaafarMohammed
https://slideplayer.com/slide/13259594/
Academic Qualifications
Jaafar.brifkani@.uod.ac
➢ PhD Degree in Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech
Republic, class 2020
➢ Master Degree in Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech
Republic, class 2009
➢ B.Sc. in Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech
Republic, class 2007
➢ B.Sc.in in Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Duhok University, Kurdistan Region Iraq class, 2000.
9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 2
 Student's Obligation
Class attendance and/or online learning

Commitment Assessment
1. Quizzes 15 %
2. Homework 5%
3. Assignments 5%
4. Attending 5%
5. Mid-Term exam. 20 %
6. Final Exam. 50 %
9/17/2023 3
Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani
 Objectives
1. Learn the basic scientific concepts and principles of site
investigation and foundation engineering.
2. To design and analysis different types of shallow and deep
foundations. Further they will be expose to understanding
of earth pressure for stability of retaining structures along
with various techniques for stability of slopes.
3. Bearing Capacity: Terzaghi’s general bearing capacity
equation, factors affecting bearing capacity. Settlements for
clays and sands and allowable settlements.

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 4

 Course Outcomes
When you complete this course you will be able to:
1. Understanding the importance of soil investigation for civil
engineering construction.
2. Student will be able to choose type of foundations; perform
calculations of bearing capacity using different theories; perform
calculation of settlement below foundations.
3. Student will be able to perform design of all types of foundation.
4. Student will be capable of analyzing the mechanics of load transfer
in piles; calculation of pile load carrying capacity; able to design pile
groups.
5. Design and analyze problems related to lateral earth pressure.
9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 5
 Specifications/ Specific reference

1. AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and

Transportation Officials).
2. FHWA ( Federal Highway Administration ).
3. LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design),
4. ASD (Allowable Stress Design),
5. LFD (Load Factor Design),
6. American Concrete Institute (ACI).

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 6

References
1. BRAJA M. DAS, 2011. Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI Seventh Edition.
2. Donald P. Coduto, William A. Kitch and Man-chu Ronald Yeung, 2016. Foundation
Design Principles and Practices, Third Edition.
3. Joseph E. Bowles, 1997. FOUNDATION ANALYSIS AND DESIGN, Fifth Edition.
4. CGS. 2006. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual, 4th edition, Canadian Geotechnical
Society.
5. Bengt H. Fellenius, 2023. Basics of Foundation Design Electronic Edition.
6. Ascalew Abebe & Ian GN Smith. Pile Foundation Design: A Student Guide.
7. Principles of Foundation Engineering 9th Ed. Das and Nagarathnam, 2019 Cengage Learning,
ISBN: 978-337-70502-8.
8. Patrick J. Hannigan, Frank Rausche, Garland E. Likins, Brent R. Robinson and Matthew L.
Becker, EI., 2016.Geotechnical Engineering Circular No. 12 – Volume I, Design and Construction
of Driven Pile Foundations. Publication No. FHWA-NHI-16-009, FHWA GEC 012 – Volume I.
9. Tharwat M. Baban, 2016. Shallow Foundations Discussions and Problem Solving. ISBN:
9781119056119.
10. Leonardo Zeevaert, 1983. FOUNDATION ENGINEERING FOR DIFFICULT SUBSOIL
CONDITIONS, Second Edition.
11. P.C. VARGHESE, 2012. Foundation Engineering, ISBN-978-81-203-2652-1,
12. Ahmed S. Al-Agha, 2015. Basics of Foundation Engineering with Solved Problems.
9/17/2023 7
Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani
 The Five “W’s”
• Who?

• What?

• Where?

• When?

• Why?
9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 8
 Introduction
Foundation engineering is a branch of geotechnical engineering which applies
soil mechanics, structural engineering, and project serviceability requirements
for design and construction of foundations for building, offshore, and other in-
land structures. The main targets in the design and construction of any
engineering projects are Cost, time and quality. Foundation is an important part
of any building, dam, bridge, tower, etc. The design of foundations requires: the
load that will be transmitted from super-structure to the foundation, information
of the geotechnical and geological conditions in order to understand the type of
soil that is presented under the foundation e.g. soil nature, soil layers and
groundwater depth, the behavior and stress of soil. Additionally, the standards of
the building codes are of importance.
Foundations are designed based on Service Load Design (SLD) or Load and
Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) using the procedures outlined in the AASHTO
references. On the other hand, American Concrete Institute (ACI).
9/17/2023 9
Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani
 Introduction: cont.
Most problems that appear in foundation during implementation and after
construction are related to design details, investigation report, soil and concrete
problems and water level. The process of design and construction of foundation
include: calculate the total loads from the superstructure, the geotechnical
assessment including field investigations and laboratory tests to aid soil
classification and to evaluate the engineering properties for the subsurface soil,
etc. The main problems of Iraqi soil are high gypsum content, salinity and
shallow water table depth.
Foundation engineering deals with the major two types of problems:
Evaluation of the ability of soil or bearing capacity of soil.
Decision of the suitable type of footing, size of footing and at what depth it
should be placed.

1
9/17/2023
Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 0
 Introduction: cont.
One of the most important functions of the foundations is to bear all the loads
coming down from the structure (support a compressive vertical load), as well as
its resistance to the stresses caused by the ground. Therefore, it is important to
realize that foundations that are loaded beyond their structural capacity will fail.
Foundations must be designed so that the structure is not exposed to the risk of
failure in shearing and excessive leveling.
Foundations are classified as shallow, deep, or hybrid. The most economical
foundation type depends on types of subsurface soils and groundwater
conditions, design loads, design precision, serviceability requirements, and
construction stages. Shallow foundations consist of spread footings or mats.
Deep foundations include driven piles, micro-piles, and drilled shafts. Hybrid
foundations are a combination of shallow and deep foundations.

1
9/17/2023
Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 1
 Foundation Plan
The foundation plan is a plan
view drawing, in section,
showing the location and size of
footings, piers, columns,
foundation walls, and supporting
beams. A foundation plan is a
sketch of the baseline of the full
structure. It represents the view
of the structure that looks as if it
was planned on a horizontal
plane. It is used to show the
design and how constructors
anticipate building it.
9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 12
Problems Related to Foundation Design

1. Bearing capacity failure of foundation (e.g. Shear strength of soil).

2. Excessive total or differential settlements of foundation.
3. Instability of foundation, Embankment and Slopes.
4. Damage to surrounding structures due to excavation and dewatering.
5. Collapse of excavation as a result of excessive water.

Factors affecting depth of Foundation

1- Environmental effects. Should be deep enough to exclude the possibility of erosion and
undermining of the soil by water or wind, and to minimize the possibility of damage by
construction operations.
2- Types of soil and depth of layers in case of layered soil.
3- Load applied from structure to the foundation.
4- Physical properties of soil and Ground Water Table condition.
9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 13
 Site Exploration Overview

1. Review of Background Information.

2. Field Reconnaissance.
3. Field Exploration (Drilling, Sampling, In-situ Testing).
4. Laboratory Testing.
5. Geotechnical Analysis.
6. Final Report of Exploration.
The purpose of the field exploration is to obtain the following :
1. Knowledge of the general topography of the site (soil and rock strata and
groundwater conditions) as it affects foundation design and construction.
2. Results of laboratory tests on soil and rock samples appropriate to the specialist
foundation design or construction problems.

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 14

 Generalized Design Steps

1. Characterize soil (site investigation)

2. Calculate loads (contact pressure and check stability)
3. Determine footing location and depth
4. Evaluate soil bearing capacity
5. Determine footing size and shape
6. Estimate settlements
7. Design and analysis footing structure

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 15

Types of Foundation
Foundations may be grouped into two categories:
1. Shallow foundations
2. Deep foundations
Shallow Foundations:
These types of foundations are so called because they are placed at a shallow depth (relative
to their dimensions) beneath the soil surface. Their depth may range from the top of soil
surface to about 3 times the breadth (about 6 meters. On the other hands, when the founding
depth (𝐷𝑓 ) is less than the width of the footing and less than 3m.). They include spread
footings as circular or square or rectangular in plan which support columns, and strip footings
which support walls and other similar structures. In addition to, combined and mat
foundations and soil retaining structures .

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 16

Types of Foundation: Con.
Deep Foundations:
The most common of these types of foundations are piles and
drilled shafts. They are called deep because they are
embedded very deep (relative to their dimensions) into the
soil. Their depths may run over several tens of meters. They
are usually used when the top soil layers have low bearing
capacities (the soil located immediately below the structure is
weak, therefore the load of the structure must be transmitted to
a greater depth). Deep foundations are founded too deeply
below the finished ground surface for their base bearing
capacity to be affected by surface conditions.

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 17

Types of Foundation – Shallow Foundation
Strip foundation
Strip foundations (or strip
footings) are a type of
shallow foundation that are
used to provide a continuous
and level strip of support to
a linear structure, such as a
wall or closely-spaced rows
of columns built centrally
above them. Often termed a
continuous footing this
foundation has a length
significantly greater than its
width.

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 18

Types of Foundation – Shallow Foundation: cont.
Pad footing
Pad foundations, also known as isolated footings, are structural elements that
distribute the load from a column or wall to the underlying soil. These
foundations are typically used when the loads from the structure are relatively
light or when the soil bearing capacity is adequate to support individual footings.
Unlike continuous footings that support multiple columns, pad footings are
isolated and support individual load-bearing elements.

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 19

Types of Foundation – Shallow Foundation: cont.
Raft foundation
A raft foundation is also called a mat foundation and can supporting a high rise block
by reinforced concrete . The principal aim of a raft foundation is to spread the load of
the building across the entire available surface area under the building. This reduces
the stress on the ground below, providing a solid foundation that can accommodate
ground movement whilst still maintaining structural integrity.

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 20

Types of Foundation – Shallow Foundation: cont.
The shallow foundation has a width B and a length L. The depth of embedment below the
ground surface is equal to Df. This depth must be adequate to avoid:
1. Lateral expulsion of soil beneath the foundation.
2. Seasonal volume changes such as freezing or the zone of active organic materials.
3. The depth be sufficient enough that the foundation should be safe against overturning,
sliding, rotational failure, and overall soil shear failure and excessive settlement.

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani Tharwat M. Baban, 2016. 21

Types of Foundation – Shallow Foundation: cont.
Theoretically, when B/L is equal to zero (that is, L = ∞ ), a plane strain case will exist in the
soil mass supporting the foundation. For most practical cases when B/L (1/5 to 1/6), the
plane strain theories will yield fairly good results.
Strength Requirements
Foundations are required to be strong enough that
catastrophic failures not be allowed to take place. There are
two types of strength requirements: the geotechnical and the (Terzaghi)
structural strength requirements. Geotechnical strength
requirements are those that directly related to the supporting
soil or rock strata. In footing foundations geotechnical
strength is expressed as bearing capacity considering shear
in the supporting material; the failure due to shear is usually
referred to as bearing capacity failure. In the design of
foundations there must be a sufficient factor of safety
against such failures.
by Farouk Majeed Muhauwiss 22
9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani
Types of Foundation – Shallow Foundation: cont.
Strength Requirements
Geotechnical strength analysis is usually performed using working (unfactored) loads, that is
using allowable stress design (ASD) methods. However, using the load and resistance factor
design (LRFD) methods are not uncommon. Structural strength requirements are those that
directly related to the structural foundation components. The foundation elements are
designed to avoid structural failures, similar to the other structural analyses. The strength
analyses are made using either LRFD or ASD methods, depending on the type of structure
and its foundation, the structural material, and the governing design code. It is important to
realize that foundations which are loaded beyond there structural capacity will, in principle,
fail catastrophically.

A bearing capacity failure beneath a spread

footing foundation. The soil has failed in
shear, causing the foundation to collapse.

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani Tharwat M. Baban, 2016. 23

Types of Foundation – Deep Foundation

Pier foundation
A pier foundation is a collection of large
diameter cylindrical columns to support the
superstructure and transfer large super-
imposed loads to the hard strata below. Its
purpose is to support a large load, such as that
from a bridge. A pier operates in the same
manner as a pile but it is essentially a short
column whereas a pile is relatively longer and
more slender.

Pile foundation
Piles are used to transfer structural loads to
either the foundation soil or the bedrock
underlying the site. They are usually designed
to work in groups, with the column loads they
support transferred into them via a capping
slab.
9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar Abdullah Brifkani 24
Types of Foundation – Deep Foundation: cont.

Deep foundation:- A foundation whose depth below the surface

is greater than its least dimension. Piles and piers fall into this
category.
Depth/Width > 1
D/B ≥ 4 (other resources)

Deep foundations
distribute the load
vertically rather than
horizontally.

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 25

 Types of Foundation: cont.

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 26

 Soil boring locations
in La Colina Vineyard
(July 2003 sampling )

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 27

 Layout of project site House planning an example
9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 28
 An example Apartment planning

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 29

 Excavation
➢ The process of removing soil or rock from its original location in preparation
for construction
➢ Depth of excavation depends on
❖ Foundation type (deep or shallow)
❖ Soil type
➢ Types of excavations
❖ Supported
❖ Unsupported

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 30

Reinforcement the foundations

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 31

Construction Site Preparation Building Foundation Construction Site Preparation Building Foundation

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 32

 Construction Site Preparation Building Foundation
9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 33
 Types of Foundation

Geometry of a typical shallow

foundation
Isolated spread footing Continuous strip footing

Spread footing with

cantilever stem-wall
at bridge abutment
Abutment/wing-wall footing
9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 34
 Types of Foundation: cont.

Footing for a semi-gravity

cantilever retaining wall

Spill-through abutment
on combination strip
footing Combined
9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani footing 35
 Types of Foundation: cont.
Shallow Foundations

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 36

 Types of Foundation: cont.

Combined - Strap Footing

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 37

Types of Foundation: cont.
Mat/Raft Foundations

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 38

Types of Foundation: cont.
Pile Foundations

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 39

Types of Foundation: cont.

Pile Foundations

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 40

Types of Foundation: cont.

Pile Driving

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 41

Types of Foundation: cont.
Pile Foundations

Sheet piles marked for driving

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 42
Types of Foundation: cont. Pile Foundations

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 43

Types of Foundation: cont.
Pile Foundations

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 44

Types of Foundation: cont.

http://dreamplanbuilder.com/foundation-types.html
9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 45
Types of Foundation: cont.

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 46

Types of Foundation: cont.

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 47

Types of Foundation: cont.

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 48

Types of Foundation: cont.

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 49

Types of Foundation: cont.

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 50

Types of Foundation: cont.

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 51

Types of Foundation: cont.
Duhok - Mazi Mall

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 52

Types of Foundation: cont.

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 53

Types of Foundation: cont.

54 54
9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani
Types of Foundation: cont.

Some Project of Civil Engineering

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 55

Types of Foundation: cont.

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 56

 Break
We will continue in the next lecture

9/17/2023 Dr. Jaafar A. Brifkani 57

View publication stats