Chapter -11:Regulatory requirements

Safety Requirements

Workman’s Compensation Board

Fire Regulations

Environment Protection

Building Codes and Bye-laws

9 out 0f 10 accidents can be predicted.

Over 11000 deaths and about 2 millions disabling

injuries occurred in 1985.
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 Regulatory Requirement
❖ A rule that a government entity imposes on an organization.
❖ Rules that must be followed.
❖ Divided into two categories:
• General laws/regulations affecting construction
▪ Labor and welfare laws
▪ Financial and taxes
▪ Commercial and contracts
• Specific laws
▪ Utility rules
▪ Specification codes
▪ Environment and pollution
▪ Construction and building rules.
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 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
ACCIDENTS:
❖An Undesirable or unfortunate happening that occurs
unintentionally and usually results in harm, injury, damage,
loss, casualty etc.
❖An incidental and unplanned event that could have been
prevented had circumstances leading up to the accident been
recognized, and acted upon, prior to its occurrence.
❖Can range from property damage to personal injury.
❖Most scientists who study unintentional injury avoid using the
term "accident" and focus on factors that increase risk of
severe injury and that reduce injury incidence and severity

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 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS:
➢ Requirements that are defined for the purpose of risk
reduction.
➢ Many safety standards use the concept of a safety
requirement to ensure that the system carries out the
functions needed to make it acceptably safe.
➢ An adequate risk assessment have to be carried out for
the safety requirements.
➢ Is related with the frequency of various failure modes of
component of a system, possible layers of protection
needed to prevent failure from turning into an accident
or process involved in the development of a system.
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 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS:
➢ As construction industry is labor oriented where injury
rate is found to be significant resulting expensive cost of
accidents as well as even to loss of life also, efficient and
cost effective safety requirements are needed at any
industry or construction site.

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 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
Causes of accident:
➢Physical causes:
• Relating to machine, tools, materials, uniform,
environment, unsuitable time table.
➢Physiological causes:
• Poor eye sight, over work, poor health, old age,
intoxication, physical handicappers.
➢Psychological causes
• Mental tension and worry, emotional attitude,
nervousness, over confidence, fear.

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 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
Reasons for safety requirements:
➢ Humanitarian reason
• The suffering and agony undergone by the injured worker
and his family members is difficult to quantify in economic
terms.
• Accidents should be prevented more on human
considerations.
➢ Economic reason
• Accidents have their own costs, which include direct and
indirect costs
▪ Direct cost includes:
✓ Medical expenses
✓ Compensation
✓ Cost incurred in replacement of equipment and damaged material
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et.
 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
Reasons for safety requirements:
▪ Indirect cost includes:
✓ Slowdown in progress in work
✓ Productive time cost by injured worker and fellow workers
✓ Decrease in productivity due to moral decrease after accident
✓ Overtime payment to coverup the loss of time.
✓ Loss of confidence by client, worker etc
✓ Loss of administrative work due to accident etc.
➢ Organizational image and goodwill
• Good safety measure record boosts the morals of the
workers resulting in higher productivity and better loyalty of
the workers to the organization .
• Good safety measures will also enhance the public image
and goodwill of the organization.
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 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
Reasons for safety requirements:
➢ Laws and regulations
• The employer has to adhere to the laws and regulations
laid down by the government for the safety of the
employees.
• The violation of these laws and regulation will attract
punishment to the employer.

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 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
Safety regulations:
➢ Necessary to frame a set of rules to promote safety of
employees and to prevent the direct or indirect cost of
accident.
➢ Safety rules should be strictly followed and administrated as a
part of safety program.
➢ While framing safety rules, the following points should be
taken in consideration.
➢Safety rules should be such that it does not cause annoyance to an
employee.
➢Safety rules must keep pace with changing environments and
industrial situations.
➢Safety rules should be clearly defined without ambiguity.
➢Safety rules should be such that it should be acceptable to the
employees without resistance. 17
 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
Safety measures:
➢ Safety is greatly influence by decision taken during the
planning, design and implementation of construction project.
➢ Some designs or construction plans are inherently difficult and
dangerous to implement, whereas others may considerably
reduce the possibility of accidents.
➢ Choice of proper technology, machines and material can also
reduce the chances of accidents to a great extent.
➢ The realization of large costs involved in construction injuries
provides a motivation for safety.
➢ Required in area of excavation, scaffolding, ladders, and
formworks, hot bitumen work, demolition work, drilling and
blasting.
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 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
Safety measures:
➢ Following safety measures are required at construction area:
• Barriers around deep excavation
• Safety belt while working at heights on scaffolding, ladders and
formworks.
• Safety goggles, safety shoe and uniform while working with hot bitumen,
demolition works or drilling and blasting works etc.
➢ Safety control devices:
• Informative sign and signals
• Caution sign and signals
• Danger sign and signals etc.
➢ Safety code of practice:
• Occupational safety and health association OSHA, USA
• Health and safety at work act 1974, UK
• ILO convention and recommendation 1981
• Labor act 2048, NEPAL 19
 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
General safety rules:
➢ Seven basic general industry safety rules:
• Keep work area clean
• Use proper tool
• Always wear proper PPE
• Never work on live equipment
• Make sure chemicals are properly labeled and stored
• Communicate hazards to other personnel
• Stop work when needed to address hazards.

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 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
General safety rules:
➢ General safety rules which may serve as a guideline to worker, supervisor and
owner are as follow:
• Smoking should be strictly prohibited particularly near chemical or
inflammable materials.
• PPE must be used depending upon the type of works involved.
• Power should be switched off before repairing the equipment
• High voltage equipment and machines should be fenced.
• Wire mesh and safety guards must be provided on all rotating parts such
as pulleys, gear boxes etc.
• Pressure vessels and their components parts must be periodically tested
and defective parts should be promptly replaced.
• Inflammable materials should be stored separately and away from general
stores.
• Material handling equipment should have unobstructed path for their
movement.
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 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
General safety rules:
➢ General safety rules which may serve as a guideline to worker, supervisor and
owner are as follow:
• Mischievous acts should never tolerated and defaulter should be
punished.
• Electrical connections and insulators should be checked at regular
intervals.
• Defective tools such as hammers, spanners, should not be used.
• Only authorized employees should operate the equipment.
• Loose dress must never be used while working on a machine.
• Prompt first aid attention must be paid to any injured person.
• Fire extinguishers should be kept in proper condition and at key places.

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 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
Construction and safety considerations
• Construction projects involve thousands of different types of materials,
chemicals, equipment and machines and also the project involves
working on difficult working conditions and situations.
• Construction sites are often dangerous because of following reasons:
– They are carried out at dangerous places
– Use of dangerous materials like blasting materials and other chemicals
– Use of dangerous methods like underwater drilling and blasting
– Use of heavy machines, which often become the cause of accident.

• It is very important to save human life. It is therefore necessary to train

the workers as well as operators in the construction industry.
• Adequate safety considerations will help people free from danger and
risk at the construction sites.
• If safety management is done effectively, at least 90 % of accidents
can be predicted and hence it can be minimized also.

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 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
THE SAFETY IS NEEDED FOR:
• Minimizing rate of accidents in construction
industry
• Eliminating fatal accidents at construction sites
• Raising confidence by which raising efficiency of
the workers
• Improving overall quality of the work
• Ultimately reducing project costs.

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 WORKERS COMPENSATION BOARD
➢ This act is for providing social security to the workers.
➢ Compensation is to be paid to the worker in case of accidents
sustained during the course of employment and the amount is
decided upon seriousness.
➢ This act is applicable to all persons employed in construction,
maintenance, repairs, demolition works,.
➢ In this act, financial relied is given in the following cases:
• Death
• Permanent total disablement
• Permanent partial disablement
• Temporary disablement
➢ No compensation is payable under following cases:
• If the disability does not last for more than 7 days
• The injury not resulting in death, is caused due to negligence of the
worker.
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 WORKERS COMPENSATION BOARD
Types of compensation
• Direct compensation
• Indirect compensation

Direct compensation
• Pay : salaries and wages
• Incentives [ for high performance ] : over time,
commission, bonus, profit sharing

Indirect compensation
• Benefits : paid vacation, holidays and leave
• Protection : pension, bonus, insurance payment,
provident fund.
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 Total
compensation

Intrinsic Extrinsic
rewards rewards
(Job factors) (monetary)

Indirect Direct
compensation compensation

Protection Pay for time Employee Performance

Basic wages based pay
program not worked services
 WORKERS COMPENSATION BOARD
Determination of compensation
• Legal frame work : minimum wages, overtime
rates, hours of work, benefits to the employers
must be provided.
• Union pressure : trade union bargain against
compensation, attitude towards compensation
• Equity consideration: fair in terms of equity
compared to other organizations and job types.
• Job evaluation : relative worth of a job
• Competition : market rates and shortage of
labour
• Productivity : pay is linked with performance 29
 WORKERS COMPENSATION BOARD
Government regulations of compensation
• Legal framework
• Institutional framework

Legal framework
• Labour laws: regulate the wages of workers and deals with union and labour
relations
• Minimum wages : minimum monthly, hourly, daily rate are fixed by
government
• Overtime payment : for all hours workers above specified weekly hours
• Equal pay : gender based discrimination is illegal
• Provident fund, gratuity, pension :
• Bonus : bonus from profit is also specified by law, 10 % as the limit of bonus
payment.
• Rewards to company directors are usually limited to 5 % of income.

Institutional framework (regulatory institutions)

• Wages boards: they fix minimum wages
• Department of labour : responsible for implementation of legal framemwork
related to compensation. 30
 WORKERS COMPENSATION BOARD
Workmen’s compensation Act (1923)
• The act provides for payment of compensation to
workmen for injury by accidents sustained during
the course of employment.

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 FIRE REGULATIONS AND INSURANCE
• Fire hazards
– Fire in construction projects are not uncommon type of accidents
– The use of very highly combustible materials and substances like,
petrol, kerosene, wood, plastics, polythene, paints etc
– Even a small spark near the open liquid causes fire
– Hence, if proper care is not taken to protect them from fire, they
may cause large fire accidents.

• Prevention :
– Awareness and education
– Preparedness
– Trained manpower
– Fire extinguisher
– Fire hydrant
– Fire detector – heat and smoke
– Fire brigades
– Fire escape staircase
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 FIRE REGULATIONS AND INSURANCE
• Precautions :
– Petroleum products to be kept away from settlement
area
– These products should be handled by trained
manpower
– Timbers should be stored at appropriate place but
sufficiently apart from petroleum products.
– Fire safety charts should be displaced around the
work place and in the store area.
– Necessary fire protection equipments should be
made available to the workers.
– Fire fighting equipments should be installed at the
locations as planned by the safety officer.
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 FIRE REGULATIONS AND INSURANCE
Insurance
• Insurance in construction work for :
– Workmen’s compensation insurance – for workers
and staff as per labour law
– Work insurance – for whole works and equipments
– Third party insurance – for other people and
adjoining property.

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ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND
PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT
– Earlier, it was considered that environment and
development can not go together
– Later, it was realized that environment and
development are not antithesis to each other and
they can go together.
– It is a sustainable development which requires
environmental consideration while taking any
developmental activities.

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 BUILDING CODES AND QUALITY
Building codes CONTROL
• It defines basic parameters of design and implementation
• It provides guidelines for design

National building code of Nepal

Introduction
• Earthquake of 1990 BS ( 8.5 Richter scale) : 207,000 buildings were affected
• Earthquake of 2045 BS ( 6.7 Richter scale) : 600 deaths and 20,000 buildings collapsed
including many hospitals and school buildings
• Nepal is earthquake prone area.
• After 2045 BS earthquake in eastern Nepal and its impact drew attention and conscious to
the NG, Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, the need for changes and improvement in
current building construction practices in Nepal.
• Then, National Building Code Development Project was formulated on 1992 – 93 by
Ministry of Physical Planning and Works along with Department of Urban Development
and Building Construction with technical assistance from UNDP and UHCHS (Habitat)
• The four different level of design parameters and construction that are being addressed in
the code are as follows:
– International State of Art
– Professionally engineered buildings
– Mandatory Rules of Thumb
– Guidelines 36
 BUILDING CODES AND QUALITY
CONTROL
a) International state of art
• Buildings are designed and implemented based
on international state of art, i.e. following codes
of developed countries. Under this, following
code is included:
– NBC 000 : requirement of state of art design an
introduction.

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 BUILDING CODES AND QUALITY
CONTROL
b) Professionally designed buildings
• These are the standard code requirements that all professionally qualified engineers
will recognize and follow when designing buildings in Nepal.
• The code is applicable for plinth area more than 1000 sq. ft, more than three storey or
span more than 4.5 m. The code mainly consists of :
– NBC 101 : Materials specifications
– NBC 102 : Unit weight of material
– NBC 103 : Occupancy Load (imposed load)
– NBC 104 : Wind load
– NBC 105 : Seismic design of buildings in Nepal
– NBC 106 : Snow load
– NBC 107 : Fire safety
– NBC 108 : Site consideration for seismic hazards
– NBC 109 : Masonry – un reinforcement
– NBC 110 : Plain and reinforcement concrete
– NBC 111 : Steel
– NBC 112 : Timber
– NBC 113 : Aluminum
– NBC 114 : Construction safety
– NBC 206 : Architectural Design requirement
– NBC 207 : Electrical Design requirements for public buildings
– NBC 208 : Sanitary and plumbing design requirements

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 BUILDING CODES AND QUALITY
CONTROL
c) Mandatory rules of thumb
• For classes of building not exceeding plinth area
of 1000 sq. ft, 3 stories and 4.5 m span. The code
consists of:
– NBC 201: Mandatory rules of thumb, reinforced
concrete building with masonry infill.
– NBC 202: Mandatory rules of thumb, load bearing
masonry
– NBC205: Mandatory rules of thumb, reinforced
concrete building without masonry infill
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 BUILDING CODES AND QUALITY
d) Guidelines
CONTROL
• For remote, rural buildings (low strength
masonry / earthen buildings )
– This document comprises following codes:
• NBC 203 : Guidelines for earthquake resistance building
construction (low strength masonry)
• NBC 204 : Guidelines for earthquake resistance building
construction (earthen buildings)

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 BUILDING CODES AND QUALITY
CONTROL
Municipal building bye laws of Nepal
• Planning tools in urban planning
• Based on town development act and regulations and
the approved land use plans of a city or town.
• Prepared by town development committees under
the provision made in town development act 2045
BS

Objectives :
• To ensure public health and safety
• To ensure planned urban development
• To achieve the predicted built environment
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 BUILDING CODES AND QUALITY
CONTROL
Elements of building bye laws are:
• Right of way (ROW)
• Setbacks (front and back)
• Floor area ratio (FAR)
• Ground coverage ratio (GCR)
• Height of the building
• Clearance from high tension lines
• Clearance from important monumental site and buildings (Royal palace,
heritage site etc)
• Architectural guide lines for monumental zones.

Elements of planning bye laws are :

• Land use
• Permissible and non permissible land use
• Plot size, area and width and depth ration
• Width of the land
• Length of cul-de sac (dead end street)
• Area of open space and public facilities
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 BUILDING CODES AND QUALITY
CONTROL
Enforcing of building byelaws:
• During the design of a building
• During construction
• During the issuance of completion certificate
• While using the building

Common types of violations:

• More stories added than permitted
• Encroachment of the ROW, illegal projections on the road
• Less setback than permitted
• Changes in elevations
• More ground coverage than permitted 43