Textile Physics

YE-209
Frictional Properties
 Frictional Properties
Friction
It is the resistance that one surface or object encounters when
moving over another.
 Frictional Properties
Types of friction
1.Static Friction: The friction between two or more solid
objects that are not moving relative to each other. The
coefficient of static friction, typically denoted by as µs, is
usually higher than the coefficient of kinetic friction.
2.Kinetic Friction: Kinetic friction occurs when two objects
are moving relative to each other and rub together. The
coefficient of kinetic friction, typically denoted by as µk, is
usually less than the coefficient of static friction.
 Frictional Properties
Merits of friction in textile
1)Friction is the force that holds together the fibers in a spun yarn and
the interlacing threads in a fabric. Friction holds the fibers in a sliver and
hence the sliver does not break due to its’ own weight.
2)If the friction is too low, the yarn strength will fall, and the dimensional
stability of cloth will be reduced. Here high friction is an advantage,
enabling a greater proportion of the strength of the individual fibers to be
utilized.
3)Uniform tension can be maintained during winding & warping because
of friction.
4)Friction helps in drafting and drawing.
5)Friction helps to make yarn by twisting during spinning.
6)Friction increases luster and smoothness of the yarn and the fabric.
7)Friction makes more clean material.
8)There are some aspects influenced by the frictional characteristics of
the fibers: the handle and wear resistance of fabrics; the behavior of
fibers during drafting; and, especially in wool, the process of felting.
Frictional Properties

Mahmudul Hasan
Lecturer (Textile), DWMTEC
 Frictional Properties
Demerits of friction in textile
1)High friction in yarn processing increases the breakage and over
straining may cause the permanent damage. High static friction
causes high breakage of yarn during weaving.
2) If the frictional force is high, the handle properties of fabric will be
low.
3) In stitching, high friction of needle with fabric causes it red hot.
Threads can not slide over one another. These lead to high thread
breakage at the seam line.
4) Friction causes nep formation, Friction increases yarn hairiness.
5)Friction worn out parts of machine.
6) Friction generates temperature and therefore static electricity is
developed which attracts dust, dirt etc. and the materials become
dirty.
 Frictional Properties
Frictional properties
During processing, friction is developed between textile materials. Due to that
friction, the properties shown by the textile materials is called frictional
properties.

Influence/effect of frictional properties

Fibre stage
 The behaviour of fibre during drafting.
 Frictional force holds together the fibre in yarn.
Yarn stage
 Twist needs more for staple fibre. As a result, cohesion force increased in
yarn. For inserting high twist in yarn, frictional force needs to be increased.
 If the frictional force is too high, yarn strength will be low.
 Friction increases the lusture and smoothness of yarn.
 Friction makes more clean yarn.
 Friction occurs nep formation.
 Frictional Properties
 Fabric stage
 Fabric feelings varied for difference between static and kinetic
friction.
 Fabric will be slippery if µs < µk
µs = Co-efficient of static friction.
µk = Co-efficient of kinetic friction.
 If the frictional force is high, the handle properties of fabric will
be low.
 High static friction causes high breakage of yarn in spinning,
weaving, knitting.
 Frictional Properties
 Factors affecting frictional intensity/force
 Composition of the material
 Yarn count
 Yarn twist
 Spinning method
 State of the surface
 Pressure between the surfaces
 Temperature
 Relative humidity
 Load
 Area of contact
 Speed of sliding
 Water absorption of fiber
 Oil content & viscosity
 Frictional Properties
How to minimize the frictional intensity
 By processing with Lubricant & Softener
Lubricant materials as emulsion is used before jute
spinning.
Sizing is done during weaving preparation process.
 By chemical treatment
By using acid or alkali. Wool scale sharpness will be reduced
by chemical treatment.
 By finishing
I) Mechanical finishing: Ironing or calendaring.
II) Chemical finishing : By using resin, reduce surface
Irregularity and remove crease.
 Frictional Properties
Laws of friction
 Laws of static friction
 The magnitude of forces of friction is exactly equal to the force which
tends the body to move.
 The magnitude of limiting frictional bears a constant ratio to the
normal friction between two surfaces.
; F = limiting friction, N = Normal reaction
 The force of friction is independent of area
of contact between two surfaces.
 Force dependent on the roughness of surface.
Laws of kinetic friction
 The frictional forces always act in direction opposite to that in which
the body is moving.
 The magnitude of kinetic friction bears a constant ratio to the normal
friction between two surfaces.
 Frictional force remains constant but decreases slightly with the
increase of speed.
 Frictional Properties
Amonton’s law of friction
•These laws state that the frictional force is independent of the area of
contact between the two surfaces.
•Frictional force is proportional to the normal force between them.
• kinetic friction is independent of the speed of sliding; this is sometimes
called the third law of friction.
 Frictional Properties
Measurement of co-efficient of friction
 Capstan methods are two types:
 Static capstan method.
 Dynamic capstan method.
 Frictional Properties
Dynamic capstan method
In this method, yarn is running continuously over the guide. The
tension may also be measured with tension meters. In the typical
form of apparatus, shown in figure. They would be given with
resistance, capacitance or inductance pick-ups.
So, From Amonton’s law,
T2
 e 
T1
T 
 log  2   
 T1 
1 T 
   .l og  2 
  T1 
1 T 
   .l og  2  ;[ = =1800 ]
  T1 
From above equation we can measure the co-
efficient of friction.
Frictional Properties

T1 and T2 = The tensions in fibre

 Frictional Properties
Effect of Lubricant on frictional force
Lubricants reduce the frictional force between two surfaces at a certain
level. In case of metals, lubricants may reduce the value of µ from 1.0 to
0.05 but in case of fibres, it has comparatively little effect and will usually
reduce the value between 0.2 to 0.7.
A good lubricant acts by forming monolayer on the surface and
preventing the adhesion of the two surfaces at a point of contact.
A scoured cotton on steel give µ = 0.7 but raw cotton. (5% oil and waxes)
give µ = 0.25 and lubricated scoured cotton on steel gives the value of
0.14-0.35.
If the amount of lubricant is too high,
then the friction increases. When acetate
yarn passes over a guide then the frictional
force increases with the increases of oil
content yarn.
Again the viscosity of lubricant has effect
on friction.
Frictional force viscosity of the lubricant
Mahmudul Hasan
Lecturer (Textile), DWMTEC
Frictional Properties
Frictional Properties
Frictional Properties
Frictional Properties