PORT CITY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

SOUTH KHULSHI, CHATTOGRAM

Course Title: Textile Testing and quality control-2

Course Code: Tex-315

Assignment no: 01,02

ASSIGNMENT ON

Thermal Conductivity of a textile material.

AND
Colorfastness of a woven cotton fabric due to rubbing.

Date of Submission: 20-05-2020

Submitted By Submitted To
Ashik Mshmud Jahid Khan
ID : BTE 01305861 Lecturer,
BATCH : 15-A-Day Department of Textile
Department of BTE Engineering
PCIU, Chattogram. PCIU, Chattogram.
 Thermal Conductivity of a textile material.

Thermal Properties:

The behavior shown by a textile material when it is subjected to heat is known

as thermal property. Followings are the thermal properties of a textile
material-

  Thermal conductivity
  Glass transition temperature
  Melting temperature
  Thermal expansion
  Heat of wetting or heat of absorption
  Heat setting

Thermal conductivity:

Thermal conductivity is the rate of transfer of heat in calorie along the body of
a textile material by conduction. Higher conductivity of a material indicates
that the heat will pass through the material very easily.

Woolen dresses are comfortable to wear during winter season due to its lower
conductivity and cotton dresses are comfortable to wear in summer season
because of its higher conductivity.

Typical values of thermal conductivity for some fibres:

Fibre                                      Thermal conductivity (mWm-1K-1)
Cotton                                   71
Wool                                         54
Silk                                                              50
(Above thermal conductivity of fibres with a bulk density of 0.5 gm/cm 3)
PVC                                                              160
Cellulose acetate                    230
Nylon                                       250
Polyester                                 140
Polyethylene                           340
Polypropylene                                     120
Thermal conductivity:

1. Thermal conductivity is intrinsic of the materials which relates to ability

to conduct heat. Heat transfer by conduction involves transfer of energy
with in materials without motions of a materials as a whole. Conduction
takes when a place temperature gradians exist in a solid medium.
conduction that flow occurs in the direction of decreasing temperature
because higher temperature equates of higher molecule energy more
molecular movement transfer form the more energetic to less energetic
molecule when neighbouring molecule collide.
2. Thermal conductivity defined as quantity of heat transmitted through a
unit thickness in a direction normal to a surface of unit area. Due to unit
temperature gradient under steady state conduction and when the heat
transfer is dependent only on the temperature gradient. In ruations
from this becomes the following
3. Thermal conductivity =heat*distance/(area*temperature gradient)

Dependency of conductivity:

1. Temperature, pressure, density of polymer orientations of chain segment crystal

structure degree of crystallinity and many other factors may significantly affect
thermal conductivity of polymers.

2. Generally, with increase in temperature thermal conductivity for amorphous

polymers increase gradually in the glassy region and decreases slowly or
remains constant in the rubbery region.

3. For crystallinity polymers, thermal conductivity decreases steadily with the

increase in the temperature below the melting point . At temperature above the
melting point it behaves in a similar way as amorphous polymers.

Measurement:
Kawabata has measured the longitudinal conductivity of fibres, using the

apparatus shown in figure About 10 000 fibres are clamped at 20 mm width with
3 mm between the clamps. Since the heat flow is very small, about 20 mW,
great care has to be taken to avoid errors.
The conductivity KL is given by:
Kl= qL/A∆T

where q = heat flow rate, L = specimen length, A = total area of fibre cross- sections
and ∆T = temperature difference between ends.

In order to determine the anisotropy of thermal conductivity, Kawabata

used a composite film of aligned fibres with an epoxy matrix at a fibre

volume fraction of about 80%. An area of film, 50 × 50 mm2 and between

0.5 and 1 mm in thickness, was clamped between plates as shown in Fig.(b).
The transverse conductivity KT was calculated from a series mixture law, though
this is not strictly valid for an assembly of cylinders in matrix. Owing to the high
volume content, the error may be small.
Kt= qVf/( A∆T/L)-(q(1-Vr)/Kr

where VF = fibre volume fraction and KR = thermal conductivity of resin.

shows the measured thermal conductivities. The high values for carbon fibres
reflect the continuous ring structure and for aramids the close sequence of
benzene rings. The values for the different aramid and carbon fibres shows the
importance of molecular arrangement and orientation, which would also account
for the differences between filament and staple. The conductivities of these fibres
increase by about 25% between 20 and 200 °C.
 Importants:
1. Thermal conductivity of the manmade fibers is an important thermal properties in
regards to manufacturing . processing and applications.

2. In manufacturing subsequent colling and annealing may also be controlled by

heat transport properties of polymer . which eventually give the molecule
orients of the physical properties of fibers.

3. One example of the crystallinity polymers for which the structure and
morphological features may be significantly changed with the speed of cooling.

Assignment No: 02

Colorfastness of a woven cotton fabric due to rubbing.

A fastness is a place, such as a castle, which is considered safe because it is

difficult to reach or easy to defend against attack. This test is designed to
determine the degree of color which may be transferred from the surface of a
colored fabric to a specify test cloth for rubbing (which could be dry and Wet).

There are two test methods for rubbing fastness.

1. ISO-105-X12 
2. AATCC-08

In ISO-105-X12 the wet pickup of the rubbing cloth is 100% .While in

AATCC-08 the wet Pickup of the rubbing cloth is 65%.We check rubbing by
Dry and Wet methods. In wet rubbing we wet the rubbing cloth according to
test method and give rating by comparing the staining with the gray scale.

Similarly for dry rubbing we check the rubbing with dry rubbing cloth and
compare the staining with gray scale for ratings. Color Fastness to rubbing is a
main test which is always required for every colored fabric either it is Printed or
dyed.
If the color fastness to rubbing is good then its other properties like Washing
fastness and durability etc improves automatically because the rubbing is a
method to check the fixation of the color on the fabric. So if the fixation is good
its washing properties will be good.

Rubbing Fastness depends on:

 Nature of the Color 
 Depth of the Shade 

Construction of the fabric nature of the color each color either it is pigment,
Reactive ,Disperse or direct has its own fastness properties to rubbing. There are
some colors like black, red ,burgundy ,Navy blue which have poor color
fastness properties because of their chemical structure.

Like Black color is a carbon base color and the particle size of carbon is large
than the other colors that's why its rubbing properties are poor. Similarly red
and blue are in the same case. So to improve the color fastness we add more
binder to improve the fastness properties of these colors. It doesn't mean that we
cannot achieve the best results with these colors. The required results can
achieve but production cost will be increase. On the other hand the construction
of the fabric also effects the fastness properties.

Fig: Rubbing fastness test

If the rubbing fastness on 100.80/40.40 is 3 on the gray scale it will be 2-3 on

52.52/22.22 with the same printing parameters. So always keep in mind these
effects during finalize the required parameters with your customer.
Always Check:
 Quality construction 
 Color 
 Depth of the Color 
 End Use of the product

Results which we can achieve in Normal Conditions are:

Dark Shade        Medium shades Light Shades
Dry 3-4 4 4-5

Wet2-2.5 3                                3.5-4