FRICTION

► Introduction
► Friction is the force that resists the movement of a surface over another surface

during sliding. When the textile materials are processed, then friction is developed
between the fibers. The properties which are shown by a textile material during
friction is known as frictional property. These properties are shown during
processing. Too high friction and too low friction is not good for yarn. Therefore it
is an important property when yarn manufacturing and processing.
Dependence of Friction

Frictional properties depend on:

► Composition of the material
► State of the surface of the material
► Pressure between the surfaces
► Temperature
► Relative humidity %
► Area of contact
► Water absorption of fiber
Types of Friction

Generally friction is of two types.

► static friction and
► Kinetic friction.
Types of Friction

Static friction:
► When and object does not slide along a surface on which it rests
even though a force is exerted to make it slide, then the friction
between the contact surfaces is called static friction.
 
► For example, if we push a large box but it does not slide, we say that
a static frictional force resists our efforts. This frictional force is static
because the box remains at rest or static even though we push it.
Types of Friction
Types of Friction

Kinetic Friction or Sliding Friction

The friction that is generated when a body moves over another

body, the two bodies being in contact with each other, is called
kinetic or sliding friction. Kinetic friction is less than limiting friction.
Types of Friction
Laws of Friction

►Laws of friction:
Friction follows some rules. These are called the laws of static friction. These are
stated below:
i. Static/kinetic friction acts opposite to the motion of an object
ii. The magnitude of static/kinetic friction force is self-consistent i.e., in order to
stop. The motion amount of force needed is exactly equal to the static friction.
iii. Limiting static/kinetic friction is always proportional to the normal reaction force.
iv. The magnitude of friction depends on the type and nature of contact surface.
Co-efficient of Friction
Co-efficient of Friction

► A coefficient of friction is a value that shows the

relationship between two objects and the normal reaction
between the objects that are involved. It is a value that is
sometimes used in physics to find an object's normal force
or frictional force when other methods are unavailable.
Co-efficient of Friction
Co-efficient of Friction

►  
Frictional Properties of Textile
Materials

Frictional properties influences:

In fiber stage
► The behavior of fiber
during drafting.
► The frictional force
holds together the
fiber in yarn, i.e,
frictional force helps
to spun the fiber to
yarn.
Frictional Properties of Textile
Materials

In yarn stage
► If the frictional force is too
low, yarn strength will be
low.
► Friction increases the luster
and smoothness of yarn.
► Friction makes more clean
yarn.
► Friction increases hairiness.
► Friction occurs nep
formation.
Frictional Properties of Textile
Materials
►In fabric stage

1. Fabric feelings varied for difference between static and kinetic friction.

2. Fabric will be slippery if µs >µk is high. Fabric will be harsh if µs >µk is

low.

3. If the frictional force is high the handle properties of fabric quality will be
low.

4. High static friction causes high breakage of yarn in weaving.

Frictional Properties of Textile
Materials
►Importance of friction in Textile Industry:

1. Friction holds the fiber in a sliver and hence material does not break due to self-weight.

2. Friction helps in drafting and drawing process.

3. Uniform tension can be maintained in winding and warping because of friction.

4. Friction helps in twisting during spinning.

5. Friction modifies the luster and appearance of a cloth.

Frictional Properties of Textile
Materials
6. Friction makes more clean yarn.

7. Friction of fabrics against skin is an important aspect of comfort

8. If the friction is too low, the yarn strength will be reduced.

9. If the friction is too low, the dimensional stability of cloth will be

reduced.
Frictional Properties of Textile
Materials
►Demerits of friction on textile material:

∙ Friction causes nap formation.

∙ High static friction causes high breakage of yarn during weaving.

∙ If the frictional force is high, the handle properties of fabric will be low.

∙ Friction generates temperature and therefore static electricity is developed

which attracts dust, dirt etc. and the materials become dirty.

∙ Sometimes due to over friction materials may be elongated.

Frictional Properties of Textile
Materials
∙ Friction increases yarn hairiness.

∙ Friction worn out parts of machine.

∙ Fiber friction can lead to damage of fiber surface.

∙ High friction causes low handle properties of fabric.
∙ Friction at guides and pulleys can lead to serious problems during yarn
passing.
∙ In high speed machine-sewing frictional heating can result in damage, both to
the needle and to the fabric.
Frictional Properties of Textile
Materials
Frictional Properties of Textile
Materials
► Some typical values of µs and µk
Friction between
fiber on fiber µs µk

Rayon on rayon 0.35 0.26

Nylon on nylon 0.47 0.40

Polyester on polyester 0.15 0.12

Cotton on cotton 0.51 0.26

with scale 0.13 0.11

against scale 0.61 0.38

Wool on wool
Frictional Properties of Textile
Materials
►Minimization of frictional intensity of textile materials

The following steps may be taken to reduce the frictional intensity in textile materials-

❖ Sizing is done on warp yarn before weaving to reduce friction between adjacent yarns; as a result,
ends breakage rate during weaving becomes minimized.
❖ Emulsion, oil, lubricants etc. are applied specially on jute in batching section to reduce the stiffness
of fiber and thus fiber damage is reduced in processing. Thus, lubrication reduces the effect of
friction.
❖ Chemical treatment is applied on wool fiber to reduce scale sharpness and thus frictional intensity
of fiber is minimized.
Frictional Properties of Textile
Materials
❖ By calendaring it is possible to minimize the frictional intensity of
cloth.
❖ Sometimes resin finish or anti-crease finish can be applied on cloth
to reduce the frictional intensity.
❖ Softener can also be applied on textile material to reduce its
frictional intensity.
GOOD DAY