HISTORY OF FRICTION 1950

Phillip Bowden & David Tabor

Leonardo Da Vinci
 conducted the first systematic study of
friction
 has detailed study of notes and sketches
that shows how he applied the knowledge
for more than 20 years
 his systematic study of friction underpins the
modern science of “tribology”
 True area of contact is a very small
percentage of the apparent area
 As the normal force increases, more
asperities come into contact and the
average area of each asperity contact
grows.
TYPES OF FRICTION

Tribology Static Friction

 comes from the Greek word “tribos” which
means rubbing
 science and technology of interacting
surfaces in relative motion.
 focuses on friction, wear and lubrication of
interacting surfaces
Additional Infos about History
500,000 BC
 Early humans learn that by rubbing sticks
together with great force they could create
fire
3500 BC
 People learned that rolling motion required
less effort than sliding
 force that keeps an object at rest
 friction present between two or more
objects that are not moving with respect to
each other
Kinetic Friction
 force that acts between moving surfaces
 friction present between two or more
objects that are in motion with respect to
each other
Rolling Friction
 takes place when an object rolls on the
surface
takes place due to the deformation of surfaces

FRICTION Sliding Friction

 takes place when two surfaces are rubbed
 force that hinders or resists the relative against each other
motion of two contacting bodies.  takes place due to interlocking between
 originates from complex molecular and microscopic surfaces
mechanical interactions between
contacting surfaces. APPLICATIONS OF FRICTION
 commonly represented by the coefficient of
friction μ Manufacturing and Engineering
 Improves the efficiency of machines by
Laws of Friction reducing the amount of energy wasted due
 developed around 1495 - 1950 to heat production
 Increase the efficiency of the engine,
1495 reduce fuel consumption, and reduce
 Leonardo Da Vinci formulated the two emissions
basic laws of friction:
 Friction is independent of contact area. Create Heat and Energy
 Friction is proportional to load.  Used to create electricity, such as in
generator
1699  used to create heat for industrial processes,
Guillaume Amontons such as in the production of plastic and
 rediscovered the two basic laws rubber
 friction was primarily the result of work done
to lift one surface over the roughness of the Reduce Wear and Tear of Machines
other  Helps reduce the amount of maintenance
required and extend the life of the engine
Sir Isaac Newton  Used to reduce the wear and tear on
 moving friction was not dependent on fabrics and machines
speed or velocity
Automotive Engineering
 Used to improve the efficiency of engines,
reduce fuel consumption, and reduce
emissions
 Reduce the amount of energy lost due to
heat production
Aerospace Industry
 Improves the efficiency of airplanes and
reduce fuel consumption
 Reduce the wear and tear of aircraft, which
can help extend their lifespan
Sliding Speed
 In dry friction, an increase in sliding speed
results in an increase in coefficient of friction.
As the coefficient of friction increases, it will
also increase the wear. More wear on high
speeds however, at extremely high speeds,
the process is reversed, and the wear will
decrease again.
 In wet friction, the change in coefficient of
friction is opposite of that of dry friction. As
the speed increases, the coefficient of
friction decreases to a certain extent.

Textile Manufacturing Hardness

 Helps in drafting and drawing process  Hardness is often used in the field of wear
 Modifies the luster and appearance of a resistance as the criteria for judging alloys,
cloth castings, and overlays.
 The harder the material, the greater its wear
resistance is.
WORKING EQUATIONS FOR FRICTION
Modulus of Elasticity
Static Friction:  Elastic modulus is the material’s resistance
Fs = μs * N to non-permanent, or elastic deformation.
 The higher the material’s elastic modulus,
Kinetic Friction: the higher the resistance of the material to
Fk = μk * N wear. As materials with high elasticity tend
to resist stress and strain more.
Rolling Friction:
Fr = μr * N Load
 At higher load, the wear rate of the material
Sliding Friction: increases considerably. It is due to increase
Fsl = μsl * N and contact pressure resulting in increase in
abrasive wear.
 The increase in load causes the coefficient
of friction to increase, also increasing the
WEAR wear rate and loss of material.
 Is a process of removal of materials from
solid surfaces resulting from mechanical
action exerted by another solid. It occurs TYPES OF WEAR TYPES OF WEAR
when two solid objects are in sliding or
rolling motion with each other. Abrasive Wear
 This action is also called mechanical  Occurs when a harder material is rubbing
abrasion. It always results in a material loss against a softer material
due to friction that constantly removes
material from the surface of the object. Erosive Wear
 The impingement of solid particles, or small
drops of liquid or gas on a solid surface
FACTORS AFFECTING WEAR cause a wear that is known as erosion of
Temperature materials and component
 Increase in temperature results in most
objects to be softer and more ductile Frictional Wear / Adhesive Wear
making it susceptible for wear and abrasion.  Two bodies sliding over or pressed into each
 High temperature also affects the other which promote the material transfer
tribological properties of metals, such as from one to another
coefficient of friction, lubrication, and
surface adhesion. Fatigue Wear
 Type of wear in which the surface of a
material is weakened by cyclic loading.
Fretting Wear
 Occurs between two contacting surfaces in
constant cyclical rubbing of small
amplitude
Corrosive and oxidation wear
 Occur as a combined effect of chemical
and mechanical action.
WEARS ON DIFFERENT MATERIALS
Wear in Metals and Alloys
 Clean metallic surfaces are susceptible to
friction and wear, leading to a high wear
rate.
 Soft metals like Pb and Sn have high wear
rates due to large contact areas even
under low loads.
 Hexagonal metals (Co, Mg) and non-
hexagonal metals (Mo, Cr) exhibit lower
wear rates, making them useful as alloying
metals in steels.
 Wear rate of metallic materials is affected
by various factors beyond their physical and
chemical properties.
 The operating conditions such as
temperature, applied load and sliding
velocity have a significant effect on the
wear rates of the metals.
Effect of Temperature
 Asperity-to-asperity contact at metallic
interface.
 Temperature rise forms protective oxide films.
 Oxide film reduces wear rate.
 Oxidation forms a protective layer at
ambient temperature.
 High temperature breaks down the oxide
layer, increasing wear rate.
Effect of Applied Load and Sliding Velocity
 Increased loads cause mechanical
damage, leading to wear.
 Higher loads and velocity change interface
temperature.
 Altered temperature forms an oxide layer,
reducing wear rate.
 Further increased temperature leads to
severe mechanical damage.
Wear in Ceramics
 Ceramics have high mechanical strength,
corrosion resistance, and oxidize at high
temperatures.
 These properties result in low area contacts,
reducing friction and wear at surfaces.
 Fracture toughness is a crucial ceramics
parameter influencing wear rate.
 Increased mechanical deformation
enhances fracture toughness, leading to
higher wear rate at interfaces.
 There are operating conditions such as
applied load, sliding velocity, and
environment which affect the wear rate of
the ceramics
Effect of Chemical Environment
 Ceramics' interactions with atmospheric
liquids or gases lead to chemistry changes
at interfaces.
 Surface modifications occur, causing
chemical fracture and influencing material
wear rate.
Effects of Sliding Velocity and Contact Pressure:
 Operating conditions like sliding velocity
and contact pressure impact wear at the
interface.
 Mild wear results from changing conditions,
producing fine, chemically distinct wear
debris.
 Brittle fracture-induced wear mechanisms
lead to high wear rates and rough surfaces.
 Low pressure and velocity result in minimal
wear; high pressure and velocity cause
severe wear.
Wear in Polymers
Polymers vs. Metals and Ceramics
 Polymers exhibit lower friction coefficients
and moderate wear rates compared to
metals and ceramics.
 They belong to the family of self-lubricating
solids.
Wear Mechanisms in Polymers
 The main wear mechanisms in polymers
include adhesion, abrasion, and fatigue.
 These mechanisms occur when polymers
slide against harder material surfaces.
Wear Rate and Conditions
 The wear rate is stable during the run-in
period.
 Over time, wear rates increase with higher
sliding speeds and changing operational
conditions.
 The interface temperature of polymers and
other solid lubricants depends on normal
pressure and sliding velocity (PV).
 Polymers can melt beyond their PV limit,
even at ambient temperatures.
2 Important Polymers
1. Plastic
 Plastics have higher PV (pressure-velocity) can prevent unnecessary wear and
limits compared to elastomers, especially damage.
under conditions with low lubrication.
 Plastic composites' wear rates are
influenced by fiber orientation, where sliding
against the orientation increases wear rates
and vice-versa.

2. Elastomers
 Elastomers have lower PV limits than plastics.
 Elastomer composites show similar wear
rates to plastic composites.
 Wear and friction characteristics of
elastomers can be adjusted by
incorporating additives like silica and
graphite to enhance wear properties.

MITIGATION AND PREVENTION

Use of Wear-Resistant Materials

 Using wear-resistant materials is a common
and simple approach to prevent wear.

Alteration of Material Properties

 Changing the material properties of
surfaces that come into contact can
prevent wear; this includes methods like
hardening or chemical modification.

Lubrication
 Lubricants create a protective barrier
between surfaces, minimizing direct
contact and reducing frictional forces.

Maintenance
 Regular maintenance and inspection of
machinery and components can help
identify wear issues early and prevent
further damage. This includes tightening
loose parts and replacing worn
components.

Balancing Loads
 Distributing loads evenly across components
can help prevent localized wear. This may
involve using multiple bearings, guides, or
supports.

Temperature Control
 High temperatures can accelerate wear.
Proper temperature control, through
cooling or insulation, can help mitigate this
effect.

Proper Handling and Usage

 Educating operators and users about
proper handling and usage of equipment
 MINERAL OILS which means they are relatively thick
and resistant to flow
What is Mineral Oils?  it changes with temperature. they
 Mineral oils are vital lubricants derived from become less viscous (thinner) at higher
crude oil and they offer advantages and temperatures; and more viscous (thicker)
disadvantages at lower temperatures.
 expressed as VI
Benefits
 Cost-effective: inexpensive ENGINE OIL
 Abundant Source: Crude oil, available
everywhere  Synthetic motor oil has gone through a
 Reliable Performance chemically engineered process. Synthetic
Disadvantages oil molecules are more uniform in shape
 Limited Temperature Range with fewer impurities and better properties
 Environmental Concerns than conventional oil
 Compatibility Issues
Synthetic Blend Motor Oil (from Germany)
Sources of Mineral Oil
 Originate from the “Fossil Fuel Theory” Man-made
 It involves 4 stages  known as semi-synthetic or synthetic blend
 Organic matter Accumulation engine oil.
 Burial and Compression  provide a balance between the economy
 Hydrocarbon Formation offered by conventional oil and the superior
 Methane Production performacne of full synthetic oil

Types of Mineral Oils High Mileage Motor Oil (75,000 miles)

 Not all minerals are the same; they can be  formulated for late model vehicles or newer
based on: with over 120,000 km
 Chemical form
1. Paraffinic Conventional Motor Oil
 composed of straight-chain  formulated in a range of viscosity grades
hydrocarbons and quality levels.
 excellent oxidation stability, purity  it is recommended for drivers with simple
and low reactivity engine designs
2. Naphthenic
 contains cyclic hydrocarbons Emulsion
 offers good solvency and improved  a mixture of two or more immiscible liquids
low-temp. Fluidity one being oil based and the other a water
 preferred in applications like based or aqueous.
hydraulic  Oil is immiscible in water.
3. Aromatic
 dominated by ring-shaped Synthetic Blend Motor Oil
aromatic hydrocarbons  Also known as Semi Synthetic or Synthetic
 good material solvency and Blend engine oil, these motor oils provide a
enhanced thermal stability balance between the economy offered by
 used in rubber conventional oil and the superior
 Sulfur content (0.1 - 1%) performance of full synthetic oil.
 depends on the source of the crude oil
and the refining process. Small amounts High Mileage Motor Oil
of sulfur in the oil are desirable to give  High-mileage motor oil is specially
good lubrication and oxidation and formulated for late model vehicles or newer
properties vehicles with over 120,000 kilometers. High
 Viscosity mileage motor oil, with its unique additives
 depends on factors such as the specific and formulation, helps to reduce oil burn-off,
type of mineral oil, temperature, and and helps prevent oil leaks that may occur
any additives or treatments it may have in older engines.
undergone.
 However, mineral oils typically exhibit a
relatively moderate to high viscosity,
Conventional Motor Oil
 Conventional motor oils can be formulated
in a range of viscosity grades and quality
levels. Conventional motor oil is
recommended for drivers with simple
engine designs and regular (as opposed to
severe) driving styles.
Manufacturing Of Synthetic Oils
 made by combining two or more parts and,
in particular, is man- made rather than
naturally occurring. Synthetic materials are
made artificially by combining two or more
components together; this usually involves
causing a chemical reaction between two
or more compounds, as in the creation of
most polymers (a group that includes all
plastics and rubbers). In this case, the
compounds being combined are
monomers, which join together to form
polymers.
Application Of Emulsifier
 Usually used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals,
and personal hygiene.
 Microemulsions are used to deliver vaccines
to kill various microbes.
 It is used in chemical synthesis.
 It is used in firefighting.
 Nano emulsions such as soybean oil are
used to kill microbes.
 Mayonnaise is an oil in water emulsion with
egg yolk or sodium stearoyl lactylate.
Emulsion And Aqueous Lubricant
 Emulsion is a mixture of two or more
immiscible liquids one being oil based and
other water based or aqueous. They are
described as immiscible liquids because
they cannot easily be mixed together
without separating from it. Which in this
case, the best example for this is, wherein oil
is immiscible with/in water. Immiscible liquid
cannot be mixed with another liquid without
separating from it: Oil is immiscible with/in
water.
Grease GREASE
 Grease is a mixture of thickeners and
lubricating oils that offers semi- permanent
lubrication. They are frequently used in
rolling contact bearings and gears as low-
maintenance lubricants, particularly in hard-
to-reach worn contacts. Except at low
sliding speeds, their lubricating performance
is, however, inferior to that of mineral oils.
Despite operating at high temperatures,
grease must maintain a semi- solid bulk,
increasing the risk of failure. It is useless as a
cooling agent because it cannot dissipate
heat by convection. The loss of grease's
semi-solid form determines the substance's
shelf life.
Manufacturing Of Grease
 Alkali and fatty acids are added to a
certain amount of oil to create grease.
 After heating the mixture, soap is created
from the fatty acids and alkali.
 Following the reaction, the water required
for the creation of the soap is eliminated,
and the soap crystallizes.
 In the latter stages of production, the
grease is mechanically worked to
homogenize the composition and enable
the blending of additives and leftover oil.
 In the latter stages of production, the
grease is mechanically worked to
homogenize the composition and enable
the blending of additives and leftover oil.
Composition
 Grease always has a base mineral or
synthetic oil, additives, and thickener as its
three main active components. Metal soaps
and clays are employed as thickeners. The
mineral oil often has the greatest impact on
grease performance, however additives
and thickeners occasionally can make a
difference. The kind and quantity of
thickener (usually 5-20%) have a significant
impact on the characteristics of the grease.
It is very common to utilize additives that are
comparable to those found in lubricating
oils. There may also be the addition of fillers
such as metal oxides, carbon black,
molybdenum disulphide,
polytetrafluoroethylene, etc.
Applications
 Lubrication
 Cooling
 Cleaning
 Corrosion Protection
 Fuel Efficiency
LUBRICANTS
 Lubricants are substances or compounds
used to reduce friction and minimize wear
between moving parts in machinery,
engines, or engines, or mechanical systems.
They serve as a protective barrier between
surfaces in contact, allowing them to slide
or move smoothly against each other.
Physical Properties Of Lubricants
 OIL VISCOSITY
 The parameter that plays a fundamental
role in lubrication is oil viscosity. Different oils
exhibit different viscosities. In addition, oil
viscosity changes with temperature, shear
rate and pressure and the thickness of the
generated oil film is usually proportional to it.
 Consequently the power losses are higher
and more heat is generated resulting in a
substantial increase in the temperature of
the contacting surfaces, which may lead to
the failure of the component. For
engineering applications the oil viscosity is
usually chosen to give optimum
performance at the required temperature.
Knowing the temperature at which the oil is
expected to operate is critical as oil
viscosity is extremely temperature
dependent.
Types Of Viscosity
 Dynamic Viscosity
 is a measure of internal resistance.
Dynamic (absolute) viscosity is the
tangential force per unit area required
to move one horizontal plane with
respect to an other plane
 The shearing stress between the layers
of a non turbulent fluid moving in
straight parallel lines can be defined for
a Newtonian fluid as
 Kinematic Viscosity
 Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of - absolute
(or dynamic) viscosity to density
 a quantity in which no force is involved.
Kinematic viscosity can be obtained by
dividing the absolute viscosity of a fluid with
the fluid mass density like
 expressed in cm^2/stoke
Viscosity is influenced by
 Temperature
 Water
 Contaminants
 Pressure and Shearing
Lubricant Density and Specific Gravity
 Lubricant density is important in engineering
calculations and sometimes offers a simple
way of identifying lubricants. Density or
specific gravity is often used to characterize
crude oils. It gives a rough idea of the
amount of gasoline and kerosene present in
the crude. The oil density, however, is often
confused with specific gravity.
Specific Gravity
 Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
mass of a given volume of oil at
temperature 'ti' to the mass of an equal
volume of pure water at temperature 't2'.
For petroleum products the specific gravity
is usually quoted using the same
temperature of 60 °F(15.6°C)
 In the petroleum industry an API (American
Petroleum Institute) unit is used which is a
derivative of the conventional specific
gravity. The API scale is expressed in
degrees which in some cases are more
convenient to use than specific gravity
readings.
API GRAVITY FORMULA
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF LUBRICANTS
Specific Heat
 Specific heat varies linearly with
temperature and increases with increasing
polarity or hydrogen bonding of the
molecules. The specific heat of an oil is
usually half that of water.For mineral and
synthetic hydrocarbon based lubricants,
specific heat is in the range from about
1800 [J/kgK] at 0°C to about 3300 [J/kgK] at
400°C
Thermal Conductivity
 Thermal conductivity also varies linearly with
temperature and is affected by polarity and
hydrogen bonding of the molecules
Thermal Conductivity Formula
Thermal Diffusivity
 Thermal diffusivity is the parameter
describing the temperature propagation
into the solids
Applications
 Automotive Engines
 Industrial Machinery
 Aerospace
 Household Appliance
 Medical Equipment
 Food Processing
 BEARINGS
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
 BEARINGS are "parts that assist objects'
rotation". They support the shaft that rotates
inside the machinery.
 Moving parts in machinery involves relative
sliding or rolling motion.
 Examples of relative motion are linear sliding
motion, such as in machine tools, and
rotation motion, such as in motor vehicle
wheels.
HISTORY OF BEARINGS
The Beginning of the Bearing
 Ancient Egyptian Times - roller bearings
 The first conception of bearings can be
dated back to around 2,600 BC during the
Ancient Egyptian era. The Ancient Egyptians
were among the pioneers in employing
early versions of roller bearings to transport
massive stone blocks for pyramid
construction.
Da Vinci and Galileo in the creation of Bearings
 (16TH AND 17TH CENTURY) -ball bearings
 During the 16th century, Leonardo da Vinci
initiated the creation of blueprint drawings
and plans for an early helicopter, which
incorporated an early rendition of the
modern ball bearing.
 In the 17th century, Galileo was
documented as the first person to describe
a caged bearing. Although he did not
physically construct the bearing, he
provided a clear explanation of the design
principles, offering subsequent engineers a
foundation to build.
 The Bearing is brought to life (18TH CENTURY)
- reduce friction
 It was in the 18th century that bearings
became more than just a design concept,
as engineers began to put the principles
into action.
 In 1794, Phillip Vaughan advanced this
design by obtaining a patent for the first ball
race. In his patent, he detailed a method
wherein iron balls could be positioned
between the wheel and axle of a train
carriage to diminish friction during its
movement. To ensure the balls remained in
position, they were securely sealed in place
with a stopper.
 The Timken Company - PATENT TURNED TO
BUSINESS
 In 1898, Henry Timken secured a patent for
the tapered roller bearing, and
subsequently, in 1899, he founded the
renowned Timken company, which is now a
well-known bearing manufacturer.
 This tapered roller bearing was installed
within the wheel hubs of horse-drawn
carriages, greatly enhancing the
smoothness, speed, and longevity of their
operation, marking a significant
advancement in carriage technology.
Bearing Selection Guide
 Understand the Application Requirements
 Lubrication method and type of lubricant
required for the bearing
 Appropriate type of bearing for your
application
 Check Tolerance and Fit
 Materials and Coatings
 Budget Constraints
 Consultation with Experts
 Test and Monitor
 Consider Alternatives
CLASSIFICATION
Classification of Bearings OF BEARINGS
Based On The Direction Of Load
 A bearing can be classified as a radial
bearing, thrust bearing, or radial-thrust
bearing depending on whether the bearing
load is in the radial or axial direction,
respectively, of the shaft.
 All the forces on the shaft must be
supported by the bearings, and the force
on the bearing is referred to as a bearing
load. The load on the shaft can be divided
into radial and axial (thrust) components.
Radial bearing - bicycles
Based On Their Geometry
 Bearings can also be classified according to
their geometry related to the relative
motion of elements in machinery. Examples
are:
 Journal Bearing
 Plane-slider Bearing
 Spherical Bearing
Based On The Nature Of Contact
 Sliding Contact Bearing
 Rolling Contact Bearing
Sliding Contact Bearing
 Sliding contact bearings are also known as
sleeve bearings, journal bearings or plain
bearings. These are types of bearings in
which the space between the bearing
housing and the shaft is filled with a
 lubricating fluid. The shaft stays afloat on this
lubricant and slides over it.
 The sliding contact bearings, according to
the thickness of layer of the lubricant
between the bearing and the journal, may
also be classified as :
 Thick Film Bearings
 The thick film bearings are those in
which the working surfaces are
completely separated from each other
by the lubricant.
 A. Hydrodynamic Lubricated
Bearings (Journal Bearing).
 Typically a low-clearance assembly
that relies on a film of oil (and
occasionally air) that develops
space while the spindle is rotating.
 Journal Bearing - When the angle of
contact of the bearing with the
journal is 360
 Partial Journal Bearing - When the
angle of contact of the bearing
with the journal is 120
 Fitted Journal Bearing - When a
partial journal bearing has no
clearance having the diameters of
the journal and bearing are equal
 B. HYDROSTATIC LUBRICATED
BEARINGS
 Hydrostatic bearings are a
particular type of bearings that work
on the principle of separating sliding
surfaces using pressurized fluid such
as air, oil or any other type of
lubricant. Hydrostatic bearings use
an external pump or other means to
deliver a continuous and controlled
flow of fluid into the bearing
 Thin Film Bearings
 They are characterized by the use of a
very thin layer of lubricating material,
typically in the form of a film or coating,
between the bearing surfaces. Such
types of bearings are also called
boundary lubricated bearings.
 Zero Film Bearing
 The zero film bearings are those which
operate without any lubricant present.
Rolling Contact Bearing/ Antifriction Bearing
 Rolling contact or antifriction bearings are
used to support the applied load by actual
metal-to-metal contact over a relatively
small area. The rolling contact bearing is a
type of bearing where the rolling element is
used to reduce friction
Application of Sliding Contact Bearing
 Automotive Industry
 Industrial Machinery
 Aerospace Industry
 Marine Industry
 Power Generation
Inner Ring And Raceway
 The inner raceway is a smaller ring over the
shaft. It is positioned inside the outer
raceway
 On roller bearings, the raceway is flat or
tapered with a flange that holds the rollers
in place.
 On ball bearings, a groove is cut into its
outer circumference.
Rolling Elements
 Bearings can rotate freely due to the balls
or rollers fixed between the inner and outer
races.
Bearing Cage
 A bearing cage holds the balls or rollers in
place in between the inner and outer
raceway. This ensures that the balls/rollers
can rotate freely, but they retain their
spacing
Outer Raceway
 Bearings consist of an outer raceway and
an inner raceway (ring) that houses the balls
or rollers inside.
 On roller bearings, the outer raceway is flat,
spherical, or tapered with a flange that
holds the rollers in place.
 On ball bearings, a groove is cut along the
inner circumference of the raceway so that
the balls will be held in place.
Ball Bearing
 A ball bearing consists of balls that make a
contact point with ring raceways. As the
load on the bearing increases, it causes the
contact area of the bearing to become
elliptical.
 Deep-Groove Ball Bearings
 Angular Contact Ball Bearings
 Self-Aligning Ball Bearings
 Thrust Ball Bearings
Types Of Ball Bearing
 Deep-Groove Ball Bearings
 The most commonly used bearings
 In addition to radial forces, they absorb
axial forces in both directions
 Their low torque also makes them suitable
for high speeds
 Angular Contact Bearings
Characterized by a contact angle
Suitable for combined loads
 Self Aligning Ball Bearings
 Include a double row of balls guided by a
cage and double row inner ring raceway.
 Special feature of a continuous spherical
outer ring raceway allowing the inner
ring/ball complement to swivel within the
outer ring.
 This type of bearing is recommended when
alignment of the shaft and the housing
 Thrust Ball Bearing
 Thrust Ball Bearings consist of two bearing
discs with raceways for the balls.
 Thrust ball bearings were developed solely
for absorbing axial forces in one direction,
meaning they can locate the shaft axially in
one direction
Rolling Bearing
 Roller Bearings are characterized by line
contact. Line contact offers higher load
rating than ball bearings of the same size;
however the speed ability is lower than a
ball bearing due to the increased friction of
a contact line.
Types Of Roller Bearing
 Spherical Roller Bearing
 Spherical Roller Bearings are very robust and
work on the same principle as Self-aligning
bearings
 Spherical roller bearings are suitable for
absorbing high radial loads and moderate
axial load
 Cylindrical Roller Bearing Roller Bearing
 Cylindrical Roller Bearings use line contact
between the rolling elements and the
raceways
 Have a very high radial load rating.
 Tapered Roller Bearing
 Have tapered raceways in the inner and
outer rings with conical rollers arranged
between them
 Due to the contact angle, tapered roller
bearings can absorb high radial and axial
forces in one direction.
 Needle Roller Bearing
 Are a special type of cylindrical roller
bearing which contain long, thin rolling
elements, known as needle rollers
 The ratio of diameter to length is between
1:3 and 1:10.
TYPES OF BEARINGS/CLASSIFICATION
Ball
 mechanical assemblies that consist of rolling
spherical elements that are captured
between circular inner and outer races.
They provide a means of supporting rotating
shafts and minimizing friction between shafts
and stationary machine members, used
primarily in machinery that has shafts
requiring support for low friction rotation.
Roller
 also known as rolling-element bearings,
similar to ball bearings in that they are
designed to carry a load while minimizing
friction. However, roller bearings transmit
loads using cylinder rolling elements, rather
than balls, to maintain the separation
between moving parts of the bearing.
Ball thrust
 a type of rolling- element bearing designed
to handle axial (thrust) loads, which are
forces acting parallel to the shaft's axis of
rotation, thrust ball bearings consist of a
series of small balls arranged in a cage and
engineered to handle loads that are
applied in a straight line along the shaft.
Roller thrust
 a type of rolling- element bearing designed
to handle axial (thrust) loads, thrust roller
bearings use cylindrical and are designed
to distribute axial loads over a larger
contact area, making them well-suited for
applications where high axial load capacity
is required.
Tapered roller bearings
 feature a cup and cone assembly,
consisting of inner ring. rollers, and cage. It is
used in many industrial applications. It is
ideal for guides that have to undergo
extreme loads. It is also found in
applications where radial loads are
important and rotational speeds are high.
Specialized
 specialized bearing type refers to a specific
type of bearing designed for particular
applications or industries that require unique
features or characteristics. Bearings are
mechanical components that reduce
friction between moving parts and facilitate
smooth rotational or linear motion.
Magnetic
 A magnetic bearing is a type of specialized
bearing that uses magnetic forces to
support and position a rotating shaft or
component without physical contact
between the bearing and the shaft
Magnetic bearings are designed to provide
precise control over the position and
movement of the rotating element.
Giant Roller
 A giant roller bearing is a specialized type of
roller bearing designed to handle
exceptionally large and heavy loads. These
bearings are typically much larger in size
compared to standard roller bearings and
are used in applications where massive
forces and loads must be supported. They
are commonly found in industries such as
construction, mining, heavy machinery, and
offshore drilling.

Radial Load
 any load acting at perpendicular to the
bearing axis

Axial Load or Thrust load

 the force acting along the axis

Journal
 is where the bearing is installed on the shaft

Surface Velocity Limit

 the maximum amount of surface velocity

Surface Pressure limit

 the maximum amount of surface pressure

Pressure-Velocity limit
 combination of pressure and velocity