INTERPOLATION
 Interpolation is a method of deriving a simple
function from the given discrete data set
such that the function passes through the
provided data points.
 This helps to determine the data point in
between the given data ones.
 This method is always needed to compute
the value of a function for an intermediate
value of the independent function.
 In short, interpolation is the process of
determining the unknown values that lie
between the known data points.
INTERPOLATION FORMULA
Linear Interpolation
�− � �−�
 � −�1 = � −�1
2 1 2 1
�−�1
 � = �1 + � (�2 − �1 )
2 −�1
NEWTON’S DIVIDED-DIFFERENCE
INTERPOLATING POLYNOMIAL
 Interpolation is an estimation of a value
within two known values in a sequence of
values.
 Newton’s divided difference interpolation
formula is an interpolation technique used
when the interval difference is not same for
all sequence of values.
 Suppose f(x0), f(x1), f(x2)... f(xn) be the (n + 1)
values of the function y = f(x) corresponding
to the arguments x = X0, X1, X2...Xn where
the interval differences are not the same,
then the first divided difference is given by:
�(�1 ) − �(�0 )
�[�0 , �1 ] =
�1 − �0
The second divided difference is given by:
�(� � )−�(� � )
�[�0 , �1 , �2 ] = 1 �2 −� 0 1 , and so on...
2 0
 General form
fn-1 = b1+b2(x-x1) +….+bn(x-x1)(x-x2)(x-xn-1)
LAGRANGE INTERPOLATION
 finds a polynomial that takes on a certain
values at an arbitrary point.
 It is an nth-degree polynomial expression of
the function f(x).
 The interpolation method is used to find the
new data points within the range of a
discrete set of known data points.
 a way of finding the value of any function at
any given point when the function is not
given.
 Suppose we have a function y=f(x) in which
substituting the values of x gives different
values of y. And we are given two points (x1,
y₁) and (x2, y2) on the curve then the value of
y at x = a (constant) is calculated using
Lagrange Interpolation Formula.
�(�)
(� − �1 )(� − �2 ). . . (� − �� )
= (� )
(�0 − �1 )(�0 − �2 ). . . (�0 − �� ) 0
(� − �0 )(� − �2 ). . . (� − �� )
+ (� ) + . . .
(�1 − �0 )(�1 − �2 ). . . (�1 − �� ) 1
(� − �0 )(� − �1 ). . . (� − ��−1 )
+ (� )
(�� − �0 )(�� − �1 ). . . (�� − ��−1 ) �
 Lagrange 1st Order Interpolation Formula
(� − �1 ) (� − �0 )
�(�) = (�0 ) + (� )
(�0 − �1 ) (�1 − �0 ) 1
 Lagrange 2nd Order Interpolation Formula
(� − �1 )(� − �2 )
�(�) = (� )
(�0 − �1 )(�0 − �2 ) 0
(� − �0 )(� − �2)
+ (� )
(�1 − �0 )(�1 − �2 ) 1
(� − �0 )(� − �1 )
+ (� )
(�� − �0 )(�� − �1 ) 2
INVERSE INTERPOLATION
 Using Interpolation Methods, we found the
value of the entry y for an intermediate value
of the argument x, from a given table values
of x and y.
 Sometimes we must find the value of x for a
given values of y not in the table. This
reverse process is known as Inverse
Interpolation.
 The Inverse Interpolation is defined as the
process of finding the value of the argument
corresponding to a given value of the
function lying between two tabulated
functional values.
�(�)
(� − �1 )(� − �2 ). . . (� − �� )
= (� )
(�0 − �1 )(�0 − �2). . . (�0 − �� ) 0
(� − �0 )(� − �2 ). . . (� − �� )
+ (� ) + . . .
(�1 − �0 )(�1 − �2). . . (�1 − �� ) 1
(� − �0 )(� − �1 ). . . (� − ��−1 )
+ (� )
(�� − �0 )(�� − �1 ). . . (�� − ��−1 ) �
NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION
 the process of finding the numerical value of
a derivative of a function at a given point.
Finite Difference
 using Taylor Series Expansion, the formula
for the three Finite Difference can be get
 Forward Difference
 Backward Difference
 Central Difference
NUMERICAL INTEGRATION
 also called numerical quadrature, is a
technique used in analysis to approximate
 the definite integral of a function over a
specified interval.
 Numerical integration becomes necessary
when standard mathematical methods
cannot evaluate the integral.

Trapezoidal Rule
 Is a rule that evaluates the area under the
curves by dividing the total area into smaller
trapezoids rather than using rectangles.
 This integration works by approximating the
region under the graph of a function as a
trapezoid, and it calculates the area.
 Trapezoidal Rule Formula:
△�
�� = [�(�0 + 2�(�1 ) + 2�(�2 ) + . . .
2
+ 2�(��−1 ) + �(�� )]
�−�
Where △ � = �

Simpson’s rule
 Is one of the numerical methods which is
used to evaluate the definite integral.
 Under Simpson’s Rule:
 1/3 Simpson’s Rule
 A more accurate way to approximate
the definite integral is by using the
1/3 Simpson’s Rule. Here, the three
consecutive points are connected by
a parabolic arc
� �
2 2−1
�
ℎ
�(�)�� ≈ [�0 + 4 �2�−� + 2 �2� + �� ]
� 3
�=1 �=1
 n for this method should be even
 3/8 Simpson’s Rule
�
−1
�−1 3
�
3ℎ
�(�)�� ≈ [� + 3 �� − �3� + �� ]
� 8 0
�=1 �=1

Integration of Unequal Segments

�
�0+ �1 �1+ �2 �2+ �3
�(�)�� ≈ ℎ1(
2
) + ℎ2 (
2
) + ℎ3 (
2
) + ….
�
� �
+ ℎ�( �−1+ � )
2