TURBINE ➢ Tail Water : water that is discharged to the

➢ Hydraulic turbines are devices that convert turbines

the kinetic and potential energy of water
into the rotational kinetic energy of a
electrical energy using a generator coupled
to the turbine
➢ Draft Tube : reduce the velocity of the
discharged water to minimize the loss of
kinetic energy at the outlet. (Reaction Turbine)
➢ Guide or Stay Vane : used to convert a part of
pressure energy of the fluid at its entrance to
direct the fluid on to the runner blades at the
angle appropriate to the
➢ Reaction force : a force that acts in the
opposite direction to an action force.
➢ Impulse : a certain amount of force you apply
for a certain amount of time

Terms and Definition

➢ Reservoir : A large area in which a huge
amount of water is being stored here in the
form of Potential energy.
➢ Spillway : used when a reservoir is full, to
pass floodwater safely, or discharge Classification of Turbines
excess water in a controlled way.
➢ Dam : the concrete structure that encloses According to type of energy at Inlet
the reservoir 1. Reaction Turbine - Requires Low Head and
➢ Penstock : also called Pipe. The water High Rate of Flow
stored at the dam or head pond is being a) Francis Turbine
released by the control gate, the water b) Kaplan and Propeller Turbine
starts moving to the turbine through it. 2. Impulse Turbine - Requires High Head and
➢ Control Gate : used to regulate the flow of Low Rate of Flow
water. When the control gate is fully a) Pelton Turbine
opened the speed of water flowing is
maximum
➢ Valve and Nozzle : the valve works similar
to the control gate while nozzle is used to
strike direction that is a turbine blade.
➢ Surge tank : used to reduce pressure
forces during the acceleration of the large
water masses. Used to absorb the excess
pressure rise in case of sudden valve
closure (Water Hammer)
➢ Tail Race : channel that carries water away
from the hydroelectric plant
 Criteria Pelton Turbine Francis Turbine Kaplan Turbine
Reaction + Impulse
Type Impulse Turbine Reaction Turbine
Turbine
Direction of Flow of The flow of water is
Both radial and axial The flow of water is axial
Water Through the tangential to the
flow (Mixed Flow) through the blades.
Blades runner.
High Head (250 to Medium Head (40 to Low Head (10 to 70
Head
1000m) 600m) metres)
Flow The required Flow The required Flow Rate The required Flow Rate is
Rate/Discharge Rate is Low is Medium High
Dynamic pressure head Dynamic pressure head
Static pressure head of water is converted of water is converted into
of water is converted into mechanical energy. mechanical energy.
Type of Energy
into mechanical Pressure energy is Pressure energy is
energy converted to mechanical converted to mechanical
energy. energy
Pressure at Inlet and Pressure Difference
Pressure of Water Pressure Difference from
Outlet is Constant from the inlet to the
along the blades the inlet to the outlet
and Atmospheric outlet
The output power
Power generated is The power generated is
Power Generation obtained varies from 5 to
about 400MW about 800MW
200 MW
The efficiency of a The efficiency of a The Kaplan turbine gives
Efficiency Pelton turbine is Francis turbine is about higher efficiency about
about 85% 90%. 90%

Typical Design Point Efficiencies of Pelton,

Francis and Kaplan Turbines

Impulse/Pelton Turbine Reaction Turbine Table for Selecting the Type of Turbine to be
used Based on Specific Speed
FAN
 Apply power to a gas to increase its energy BASIC DIFFERENCES ACCORDING TO
content thereby causing it to flow or move. ASME
BLOWER FANS Pressure rise equal to
 A fan used to force air under pressure which or below 1 psig.
means resistance to gas flow is imposed BLOWERS Pressure rise between
upon discharge. 1-50 psig.
EXHAUSTER COMPRESSORS Pressure rise above 50
 A fan used to withdraw air under pressure psig.
which means resistance to gas flow is
imposed upon suction
Compressor
 Is a machine used to increase the pressure
of air (or gas) by decreasing its volume.

Classifications Of Compressors
Positive Displacement
 Are those in which successive volumes of
air are confined within a closed space and
elevated to a higher pressure.
Reciprocating compressors
 piston or diaphragm has a reciprocating
motion. (High Pressure, Low Capacity)
Screw (helical or spiral lobe) compressors
 two intermeshing rotors, each in helical
configuration displace and compress the air.

Dynamic Compressors
 Rapidly rotating element accelerates the air
as it passes through the element, converting
the velocity head into pressure
Centrifugal compressors
 acceleration is obtained through the action
of one or more rotating impellers. (Low
Pressure, High Capacity)
Axial compressors
 where acceleration is obtained through the
action of a bladed rotor, shrouded at the
blade ends.