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Ahmed Abdelbary
Alexandria University
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The abrasion resistance of interlock paving units using EAFS aggregate View project
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Definition:
Tribology is an interfacial
phenomenon that is
affected by physical and
mechanical properties of
the two interacting surfaces
as well as operational
conditions.
Tribology Triangle
Green tribology.
Tribology in micro and nano-contacts.
Operating at extreme environments.
Space tribology.
Extending life of human joints.
Friction and wear in snow and stone avalanches.
Development of additive technologies and coatings.
Others.
Measurement methods:
Contact Noncontact Comparison
(W/p) is the total area of contact, (F/p)2 is the increase caused by the friction force.
When two asperities run into each other plastic deformations of softer
asperities have to take place by the application of force.
Stick-Slip Theory
Stick-slip phenomenon is an oscillating friction between two surfaces
which arises due to a fluctuation in sliding velocity.
1
Samyn- Model 𝜇𝐹 𝜐2
𝑇 ∗ = 𝑇𝑆 + 4.2 ∗ 10−4 𝑁
𝑏 𝑙
Abrasive Wear
Ploughing takes place
during sliding resulting in
removal of surface material.
Tow-body abrasion 𝑾𝒙
𝑽 = 𝒌𝒂𝒃𝒓
Three-body abrasion 𝑯
Corrosive Wear
Corrosive wear occurs in situations
in which the environment
surrounding a rubbing surface
chemically interact with it. Or simply
it is the case of wear in which sliding
takes place in a corrosive media.
Erosive Wear
Is a loss of a solid surface due to mechanical
interaction between the surface and a fluid.
Abrasive erosion, slurry erosion, cavitation
erosion, fluid erosion, and spark erosion are
the common types of erosive wear.
Wear Rate: defined as the volume (or mass) of material removed per
unit sliding distance or per unit time.
Wear Factor (K): defined as the
wear volume per unit applied
normal load (F) and per unit sliding
distance (x)
𝑽
𝑲=
𝑭∙𝒙
A typical wear curve
A. Abdelbary (2020) Extreme Tribology, CRC Press, USA
4. Wear
Measurement of Wear
Sliding Wear Test
pin-on-disc
pin-on-plate test
Gaseous lubricants
Air (up to 650 oC), CO (up to 650 oC), He and N (up to 1000 oC and more),
Hydrogen (higher cooling capacity, but flammable), Methane.
Lubrication regimes
Stribeck curve represents the dependence
of the friction coefficient on Hersey
number, bearing number, or bearing ratio.
𝜂𝑢
Hersey number =
𝑝
Elastohydrodynamic lubrication
A special case of hydrodynamic lubrication
occurs in rolling and line contact. The high
load causes the surfaces to elastically
deform during the hydrodynamic action.
lambda ratio (λ) : indicates the condition of
lubricant film and reflects the severity of
asperity contact between mating surfaces.
(3>λ>1) the regime is mixed EHL
(1>λ) the regime is BL
Boundary lubrication
Occurs under high load and low speed
conditions which results in decreasing in
the fluid viscosity. Occurs also during
equipment startup or shutdown.
The boundary films are formed by physical
adsorption, chemical adsorption, and
chemical reaction.
Gas-lubricated bearings
They are hydrodynamic bearings that use a thin film of pressurized gas, usually
air, to provide a low friction load-bearing interface between friction surfaces.
Grease lubrication
Grease is a stabilized mixture of a liquid lubricant and a thickening agent and
may include additives to improve or impart particular properties.
Composed of mineral (petroleum) and synthetic base oils thickened with metal
soaps and other additives.
Additives Introduce to achieve an exceptional level of performance.
Ex. Anti-oxidants, Anti-wear, Extreme pressure, Corrosion inhibitors, Tackifier.
A. Abdelbary (2020) Extreme Tribology, CRC Press, USA
5. Lubricants and lubrication
Grease Test IP ASTM
Churning IP 266 -
Consistency, Cone Penetration IP 50 D217, D1403, D7342
Copper Corrosion IP 112 D4048
Corrosion Preventative Properties IP 220 D1743
Drop Point IP 31, IP 131, IP 396 D566, D2265
Dynamic Rust (Emcor) - D6138
Evaporation Loss IP 183 D972
Extreme Pressure - D2596
Fretting Wear Protection - D4170
High Temp Life Performance - D3527
Leakage Tendencies - D4290
Load Carry Capacity - D2509
Low Temperature Torque IP 186 -
Oil Separations IP 121 D1742, D6184
Oxidation Stability IP 142 D942
Roll Stability - D1831, D8022
Rolling Bearing Performance IP 168 -
Water Spray - D4049
Water Washout IP 215 D1264
Wear, 4-Ball IP 239 D2266, D4170
A. Abdelbary (2020) Extreme Tribology, CRC Press, USA
6. Tribology of Polymer and their Composites
Wear of Polymers
Adhesion Deformation
𝐹𝑎 = 𝜏𝑠 ∙ 𝐴𝑟1 𝐹𝑑 = 𝜎𝑦 ∙ 𝐴𝑟2
𝑭 = 𝑭𝒂 + 𝑭𝒅
s shear stress required to produce sliding between the rubbing surfaces
y polymer yield pressure
Ar1 the real contact area of the junction
Ar2 the area of the grooved track
Friction coef. vs. sliding speed for some industrial polymers. Wear factor for Polyethylene sliding on dry stainless steel.
𝒏
𝑭 = 𝝁𝑳𝒏 𝑾𝑭 ∝ 𝑳𝟑
Surface Wettability
The contact angle (ϑ) characterizes
the surfaces of different materials.
The increase in the polymer WR in
water lubricated condition can be
related to good wettability of the
metallic surface.
A. Abdelbary (2020) Extreme Tribology, CRC Press, USA
6. Tribology of Polymer and their Composites
Sliding mechanics of polymers
Transfer Film Formation When a polymer slides over a dry metallic
counterface, some parts of the polymer are
transferred onto the counterface forming a
transfer film.
Polymer Polymer
Counterface Counterface
Debonding
Fibre pull-out
Fibre bridging
Distinguishes lubrication regimes for engine components, based upon the ratio
of lubricant film thickness to the asperity heights on the counterface surfaces.
Coatings for rings are widely used to enhance their wear resistance.
- Chromium plating - Thermally sprayed with molybdenum
- Metal composites - Metal-ceramic composites
- Ceramic composites
F. Lai et al., Tribology International, vol. 128, pp. 75-88, 2018/12/01/ 2018. HHSV
A. Abdelbary (2020) Extreme Tribology, CRC Press, USA
7. Tribology of Automotive Components
Crank shaft bearing
The minimum oil film
thickness between the shaft
and the journal bearing, ho ,
is an important parameter in
determining the phase of
lubrication.
G. Pantazopoulos et al., Tribology in Industry, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 72-80, 2015.
Cyclic loading
Cyclic loading results in subsurface
cracking in the highly strained regions.
There is a correlation between number of
cycles and wear.
Increasing the frequency produces an
increase in wear factor.
Y. B. Huang et al., Wear, vol. 400-401, pp. 62-73, doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2017.12.020.
A. Abdelbary, Wear of Polymers and Composites, Woodhead Publishing, 2014.
A. Abdelbary (2020) Extreme Tribology, CRC Press, USA
8. Friction and Wear in Extreme Conditions
Micro/Nano scale friction and wear
Adhesion force can be up to a million times
greater than the force of gravity.
SEM image of wear debris in the ~10 μm
receiver hole for a failed drive gear of a Si-MEMS
device.
Micro objects adhere to their neighbors or
surfaces and this is an obstacle to the
miniaturization of components.
Reduction in adhesion and friction can be
realized by applying principles of surface
chemistry.
Low-surface-energy coatings are promising for
minimizing adhesion and static-charge
accumulation.
Surface texturing
Is a surface modification
approach for enhancing
tribological performance
of mechanical components
with artificial topography.
W. Wu et al., PLOS ONE, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 1-20, 2016, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152100.
I. M. El Fahham, "Friction and Wear of High Speed Polymer-Metal Contact," Ph. D., University De Montreal, 1996.
L. Peña-Parás et al., Tribology International, vol. 131, pp. 488-495, dio: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2018.10.039.
Smart Coatings: CNs, clays, UV screening particles, titanium, cerium and zinc
oxides, and antimicrobial particles.
Fluorinated carbon nano-onions.
Multinanolayered composite coatings: MoS2/WS2/C and MoS2/WS2.
Functionally graded multilayered inorganic coatings: TiCx/C and TiCx.
Multilayered composite: WC/C, MoS2/C, WS2/C, and TiC/C.
Multiphase coatings (hybrid and duplex) .
Nanocrystalline diamond and Nanocomposite coatings.
Large-area diamondlike carbon coatings.
TiO2 grown on 55Ni-45Ti and titanium-based alloys.
Hard binary compound coatings: BN, B4C, VC, AlN, CNx, TiO2, SiO2.
Soft metal coatings and polytetrafluoroethylene.
𝑦𝑏
𝜇𝑉𝑝
𝐹𝑓 = −𝜋 ∙ 𝐷 න ∅𝑓 − ∅𝑓𝑠 + 2𝑉𝑟1 ∅𝑓𝑠 + 𝜇𝑓 𝑃𝑐 𝑑𝑦
ℎ
𝑦𝑡
The shear stress factors ϕf and ϕfs are correction factors that represent
the influence of the surface roughness and the surface pattern on the
viscous shearing friction force.
(a) Schematic of the pin-on-disk configuration, and (b) FE model of the pin.
Load (F or Fmean)
Frequency (f) WR
Cracks (n)
LM Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm
CGB Powell–Beale conjugate Gradient algorithm
Abdelbary A. et al., Modeling the wear of polyamide 66 using artificial neural network. Materials &
Design, (2012), 41: 460-469.
Failure of Bearings
(a) Pitting preceded by spalling; (b) Peeling of ball bearing inner race ring;
(c) Flaking damage on inner raceway of a double row tapered roller bearing.
Corrosion of bearing
A. Yadav, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 86 - 92, 2012.
SEM micrographs of
fatigue crack on the
section of rail rollers
with large dent