3 Dec 2023

DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

PURE SUBSTANCES
ENGS 28a – BASIC THERMODYNAMICS

OBJECTIVES
•Explain the concept of pure substance.
•Explain the physics of phase-change
processes
•Calculate thermodynamic properties of
pure substances from tables of property
data.
 3 Dec 2023

PURE SUBSTANCES
•substance that has a fixed chemical
composition throughout

•mixture of two or more phases of a pure

substance is still a pure substance as long
as the chemical composition of all phases is
the same

PHASES OF A PURE SUBSTANCE

SOLID LIQUID GAS
NOT FIXED AND
MOLECULAR FIXED; LATTICE CAN ROTATE AND
NON-EXISTENT
ARRANGEMENT (3D PATTERN) TRANSLATE
FREELY
MOLECULAR
SMALL SMALL LARGE
DISTANCING
WEAKER THAN
MOLECULAR SOLID;
STRONG WEAK
FORCES STRONGER THAN
GAS
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PHASE CHANGES PROCESSES OF PURE

SUBSTANCES
• two phases of a pure substance coexist in
equilibrium
• water is used to demonstrate the basic
principles
• all pure substances exhibit the same general
behavior

PHASE CHANGES PROCESSES OF PURE

SUBSTANCES
•COMPRESSED LIQUID
•SATURATED LIQUID
•SATURATED LIQUID-VAPOR MIXTURE
•SATURATED VAPOR
•SUPERHEATED VAPOR
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+HEAT UNTIL 100C

↑TEMP, ↑SPECIFIC VOLUME

COMPRESSED SATURATED
LIQUID LIQUID
• Will not • Ready to vaporize
• Water is still liquid, but any
vaporize yet heat addition will cause
*P is held constant at 1atm vaporization

+HEAT +HEAT

TEMP = 100C
↑SPECIFIC
TEMP = 100C
↑SPECIFIC
VOLUME
VOLUME

SATURATED LIQUID-
SATURATED LIQUID SATURATED VAPOR
VAPOR MIXTURE
• Liquid and vapor coexist in • Ready to condense
equilibrium • Any heat loss will
• Vaporization still incomplete cause the vapor to
condense
P is held constant at 1atm
 3 Dec 2023

+HEAT
↑TEMP > 100C ,
↑ SPECIFIC VOLUME

SATURATED VAPOR SUPERHEATED VAPOR

• Will not condense yet

• Decrease in temperature will not
P is held constant at 1atm yet cause condensation

T-v diagram for the heating process at constant pressure

 3 Dec 2023

T-v diagram for the heating process at various pressure.

SATURATION TEMPERATURE - the temperature

at which a pure substance changes phase at a
given pressure

SATURATION PRESSURE - the pressure at which

a pure substance changes phase at a given
temperature
 3 Dec 2023

P-v DIAGRAM OF A PURE SUBSTANCE

T-v DIAGRAM OF A PURE SUBSTANCE

 3 Dec 2023

The liquid–vapor saturation curve of a pure substance

(numerical values are for water).

PHASE DIAGRAM OF PURE SUBSTANCES

ALSO CALLED AS P-T DIAGRAM

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CRITICAL POINT - the point at which the

saturated liquid and saturated vapor states
are identical.

For water, the properties are as follows:

•Critical temperature = 373.95C
•Critical pressure = 22.06 MPa
•Critical specific volume 0.003106 m3/kg
 3 Dec 2023

LATENT HEAT - amount of energy absorbed or

released during a phase-change process

LATENT HEAT OF FUSION - amount of energy

absorbed during melting; amount of energy
released during freezing

LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION - amount of

energy absorbed during vaporization; amount of
energy released during condensation

PROPERTY TABLES
• TEMPERATURE, T (C)
• PRESSURE, P (kPa)
• INTERNAL ENERGY, u (kJ/kg)
• SPECIFIC VOLUME, v (m3/kg)
• ENTHALPY, h (kJ/kg)

• ENTROPY, s (kJ/kgK)
3 Dec 2023
 3 Dec 2023

Example 1
Problem: A rigid tank contains 50 kg of
saturated liquid water at 90C. Determine the
pressure in the tank and the volume of the tank.
Given: Rigid tank
Saturated liquid water
m = 50kg
T = 90C
Req’d: P and V

Example 1

Solution:
Saturation conditions
exist in the tank, the
pressure must be the
saturation pressure at
90C:

P = Psat
 3 Dec 2023

Example 1

Solution:
From the Saturated Water – Temperature Table,
look for the Temperature Column, look for the
value of temperature from the given (T = 90C) .
 3 Dec 2023

Example 1
Solution:

From there, all properties in that row constitutes the properties of

water, including at liquid, liquid-vapor, and vapor states.

Psat = 70.183 kPa

𝑚
𝑣 = 0.001036
𝑘𝑔
𝑚
𝑉 = 𝑚𝑣 = 50𝑘𝑔 0.001036
𝑘𝑔
𝑉 = 0.0518𝑚

Example 2
Problem: A piston–cylinder device contains 2ft3 of
saturated water vapor at 50-psia pressure. Determine
the temperature and the mass of the vapor inside the
cylinder.
Given: Piston-cylinder
Saturated water vapor
V = 2ft3
P = 50 psia
Req’d: T and m
 3 Dec 2023

Example 2

Solution:
Saturation conditions
exist in the tank, the
temperature must be the
saturation temperature
at 50psi:

T = Tsat

2
 3 Dec 2023

Example 2
Solution:
From the Saturated Water – Pressure Table
(English Units), look for the Pressure Column, then
look for the value of Pressure from the given (P =
50 psi) .

Example 2
From there, all properties in that row all constitutes the properties of
water, including at liquid, liquid-vapor, and vapor states.

Tsat = 280.99 F

vg = 8.5175 ft3/lbm
𝑉 2𝑓𝑡
𝑚 = =
𝑣 𝑓𝑡
8.5175
𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑚 = 0.235𝑙𝑏𝑚
 3 Dec 2023

Example 3
Problem: A mass of 200 g of saturated liquid water is
completely vaporized at a constant pressure of 100 kPa.
Determine (a) the volume change and (b) the amount of
energy transferred to the water.
Given: Saturated liquid water
mf = 200g
P = 100kPa
Req’d: V and Q

Example 3

Solution:
Saturation conditions
exist in the system, the
temperature must be the
saturation temperature
at 100kPa:

T = Tsat
 3 Dec 2023

Example 3
Solution:
From the Saturated Water – Pressure Table look
for the Pressure Column, then look for the value
of Pressure from the given (P = 100 kPa) .
 3 Dec 2023

Example 3
From there, all properties in that row all constitutes the
properties of water, including at liquid, liquid-vapor, and
vapor states.
vf = 0.001043 m3/kg; vg = 1.6941 m3/kg
𝑚
∆𝑉 = 𝑚 𝑣 − 𝑣 = 0.2kg 1.6941 − 0.001043
𝑘𝑔
∆𝑉 = 0.3386 𝑚
hfg = 2257.5 kJ/kg
𝑘𝐽
𝑄 = 𝑚ℎ = 0.2𝑘𝑔 2257.5
𝑘𝑔
𝑄 = 451.5 𝑘𝐽

SATURATED LIQUID-VAPOR MIXTURE

During a vaporization process, a substance exists as part liquid and
part vapor.

Quality, x, is defined as the ratio of the mass of vapor to the total

mass of the mixture.
𝒎𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒓 𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒆 − 𝒗𝒇 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 − 𝒉𝒇
𝒙= 𝒙= 𝒙=
𝒎𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒇𝒈 𝒉𝒇𝒈
𝒎𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝒎𝒇 + 𝒎𝒈 𝒗𝒇𝒈 = 𝒗𝒈 − 𝒗𝒇 𝒉𝒇𝒈 = 𝒉𝒈 − 𝒉𝒇
 3 Dec 2023

Example 4
Problem: An 80-L vessel contains 4 kg of refrigerant-134a at a
pressure of 160 kPa. Determine (a) the temperature, (b) the quality,
(c) the enthalpy of the refrigerant, and (d) the volume occupied by
the vapor phase.
Given: Refrigerant-134a
P = 160 kPa
Vtotal = 80L
mtotal = 4kg

Req’d: T, x, h and Vg

Example 4
Solution:
1. Determine the state of the pure substance
from the given. We can compute for specific
volume using the total mass and volume:
 3 Dec 2023

Example 4
Solution:
2. Look into the saturated R134a Pressure Table and look for vf and vg at P=160 kPa.

vf = 0.0007435 m3/kg
vg = 0.12355 m3/kg

If v<vf, compressed liquid

If vf < v < vg, saturated liquid-vapor mixture
If v>vg, superheated vapor
Since If vf < v < vfg, R134a is a saturated liquid-vapor mixture. Proceed on using the
saturated pressure table to obtain other properties

2
 3 Dec 2023

Example 4
Solution:
3. From the Saturated R134a – Pressure Table look for the
Pressure Column, then look for the value of Temperature
from the given (P = 160 kPa) .
T = Tsat = -15.6 C

From there, all properties in that row all constitutes the

properties of water, including at liquid, liquid-vapor, and
vapor states.
vf = 0.0007435 m3/kg; vg = 0.12355 m3/kg

Example 4

Solution:

4. Solve for the unknowns using the property values:

𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒇

𝒇𝒈
𝑥 =0.1568
 3 Dec 2023

Example 4
Solution:
4. Solve for the unknowns using the property values:

hf = 31.18 kJ/kg; hfg = 209.96 kJ/kg; hg = 241.14 kJ/kg

𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 − 𝒉𝒇
𝒙= → 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝒉𝒇 + 𝒙𝒉𝒇𝒈
𝒉𝒇𝒈
ℎ = 31.18 + 0.1568 209.96 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

ℎ = ℎ = 64.1017 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Example 4
Solution:
4. Solve for the unknowns using the property values:

𝑚 = 𝑥𝑚
𝑚 = 0.1568(4𝑘𝑔)
𝑚 = 0.6272 𝑘𝑔
𝑉 =𝑚 𝑣
𝑚
𝑉 = 0.6272 𝑘𝑔 × 0.12355
𝑘𝑔
𝑉 = 0.0775 𝑚
 3 Dec 2023

SUPERHEATED VAPOR
•the region to the right of the saturated vapor
line and at temperatures above the critical
point temperature
•the superheated region is a single-phase
region (vapor phase only), temperature and
pressure are no longer dependent
properties and they can conveniently be
used as the two independent properties in
the tables
 3 Dec 2023

COMPRESSED LIQUID

•Compressed liquid tables are not as commonly

available
• In the absence of compressed liquid data, a
general approximation is to treat compressed
liquid as saturated liquid at the given temperature

@ @ @
 3 Dec 2023

Example 5
Determine the missing properties and the phase
descriptions in the following table for water:
T, C P, kPa u, kJ/kg x Phase description
a) 200 0.6
b) 125 1600
c) 1000 2950
d) 75 500
e) 850 0

Example 5
Solution:
a) P = 200kPa, x = 0.6
The quality is given to be x = 0.6, which implies
that 60 percent of the mass is in the vapor phase
and the remaining 40 percent is in the liquid
phase. Therefore, we have saturated liquid–vapor
mixture at a pressure of 200 kPa. Then the
temperature must be the saturation temperature
at the given pressure:
 3 Dec 2023

Example 5
Solution:
a) P = 200kPa, x = 0.6
From the Table:
Tsat = 120.21C
𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝑥𝑢
uf = 504.5 kJ/kg 𝑘𝐽
ufg = 2024.6 kJ/kg = 504.5 + 0.6 2024.6
𝑘𝑔
ug = 2529.1 kJ/kg
𝑘𝐽
𝑢 = 1719.26
𝑘𝑔
 3 Dec 2023

Example 5
Determine the missing properties and the phase descriptions in the
following table for water:

T, C P, kPa u, kJ/kg x Phase description

a) 120.21 200 1791.26 0.6 Saturated liquid-vapor mixture

b) 125 1600
c) 1000 2950
d) 75 500
e) 850 0

Example 5
Solution:
b) T = 125 C, u = 1600 kJ/kg
We cannot deduce yet the phase description of the given
substance. First thing we need to do is to check the
Saturated Water – Temperature Table to check for uf and ug.
If u<uf, compressed liquid
If uf < u < ug, saturated liquid-vapor mixture
If u>ug, superheated vapor
 3 Dec 2023

Example 5
Solution:
b) Since, uf < u < ufg, the pure substance is a saturated liquid-vapor
mixture. We can proceed on using this table to obtain the other
properties.
From the Table:
Psat = 232.23 kPa 𝒖𝒂𝒗𝒆 − 𝒖𝒇 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎 − 𝟓𝟐𝟒. 𝟖𝟑
uf = 524.83 kJ/kg 𝒙 = =
𝒖𝒇𝒈 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟗. 𝟓
ufg = 2009.5 kJ/kg
ug = 2534.3 kJ/kg 𝑥 = 0.535
 3 Dec 2023

Example 5
Determine the missing properties and the phase
descriptions in the following table for water:
T, C P, kPa u, kJ/kg x Phase description
a) 120.21 200 1791.26 0.6 Saturated liquid-vapor mixture

b) 125 232.23 1600 0.535 Saturated liquid-vapor mixture

c) 1000 2950
d) 75 500
e) 850 0

Example 5
Solution:
c) P = 1000 kPa, u = 2950 kJ/kg
We cannot deduce yet the phase description of the given
substance. First thing we need to do is to check the
Saturated Water – Pressure Table to check for uf and ug.
If u<uf, compressed liquid
If uf < u < ug, saturated liquid-vapor mixture
If u>ug, superheated vapor
 3 Dec 2023

Example 5
Solution:
c) u = 2950 kJ/kg
From the Saturated Water Table:
uf = 761.39 kJ/kg
ug = 2582.8 kJ/kg

Since, u > ug, the pure substance is a superheated vapor. We should

use the Superheated Water Table instead. Look for the closest
values of u with the corresponding Pressure (P = 1000 kPa)
 3 Dec 2023

Example 5
Solution:
c) u = 2950 kJ/kg
From the Superheated Water Table:
u@350C = 2875.7 kJ/kg
u@400C = 2957.9 kJ/kg

To get the corresponding temperature, simply perform

interpolation using the values of u at 350C and 400 C.
 3 Dec 2023

Example 5
Solution:
c) u = 2950 kJ/kg
u@350C = 2875.7 kJ/kg
u@400C = 2957.9 kJ/kg

. . .

𝑇 = 𝑇 = 395.2

Example 5
Determine the missing properties and the phase descriptions in the
following table for water:

T, C P, kPa u, kJ/kg x Phase description

a) 120.21 200 1791.26 0.6 Saturated liquid-vapor mixture

b) 125 232.23 1600 0.535 Saturated liquid-vapor mixture

c) 395.2 1000 2950 na Superheated vapor

d) 75 500
e) 850 0
 3 Dec 2023

Example 5
Solution:
d) T = 75C, P = 500 kPa
We cannot deduce yet the phase description of the
substance from the given. We can use either of the
given to check the region we are in. If you use the
given temperature, look for the Saturated Water –
Temperature Table. If you use the given pressure,
look for the Saturated Water – Pressure table.

Example 5
Solution: d) T = 75C, P = 500 kPa
If you use the given temperature, look for the Saturated
Water – Temperature Table:
If P>Psat, compressed liquid
If P = Psat, saturated liquid-vapor mixture
If P<Psat, superheated vapor
If you use the given pressure, look for the Saturated
Water – Pressure Table:
If T<Tsat, compressed liquid
If T = Tsat, saturated liquid-vapor mixture
If T>Tsat, superheated vapor
 3 Dec 2023

Example 5
Solution:
d) T = 75 C
From the Saturated Water Temperature Table:
Psat = 38.597

Since, P > Psat, the pure substance is a compressed liquid.

We should use the Compressed Liquid Water Table instead.
Look for the value of u with the corresponding Pressure (P
= 500 kPa) and Temperature (T = 75 C)
 3 Dec 2023

Example 5
Alternate Solution:
d) P = 500kPa
From the Saturated Water Pressure Table:
Tsat = 151.83C

Since, T < Tsat, the pure substance is a compressed

liquid. We should use the Compressed Liquid Water
Table instead. Look for the closest values of u with the
corresponding Pressure (P = 500 kPa) and Temperature
(T = 75 C)
 3 Dec 2023

Example 5
Solution:
d) Upon checking the table, the given pressure is
much lower than the lowest pressure value in the
compressed liquid table (which is 5 MPa).
Therefore we are justified to treat the
compressed liquid as saturated liquid at the
given temperature (not pressure):

u = uf@75C = 313.99 kJ/kg

 3 Dec 2023

Example 5
Determine the missing properties and the phase descriptions in
the following table for water:
T, C P, kPa u, kJ/kg x Phase description
a) 120.21 200 1791.26 0.6 Saturated liquid-vapor mixture

b) 125 232.23 1600 0.535 Saturated liquid-vapor mixture

c) 395.2 1000 2950 na Superheated vapor

d) 75 500 313.99 na Compressed liquid
e) 850 0

Example 5
Solution:
e) P = 850 kPa, x = 0
Given that the quality, x, is equal to 0, we
can deduce that the pure substance is a
saturated liquid.
 3 Dec 2023

Example 5
Solution:
d) P = 850kPa
From the Saturated Water Pressure Table:

Tsat = 172.94C
uf = 731 kJ/kg
 3 Dec 2023

Example 5
Determine the missing properties and the phase
descriptions in the following table for water:
T, C P, kPa u, kJ/kg x Phase description
a) 120.21 200 1791.26 0.6 Saturated liquid-vapor mixture

b) 125 232.23 1600 0.535 Saturated liquid-vapor mixture

c) 395.2 1000 2950 na Superheated vapor

d) 75 500 313.99 na Compressed liquid
e) 172.94 850 731 0 Saturated liquid

Next Topic
Ideal Gases
•Ideal Gas Laws
•Processes of Ideal Gases