Properties of Pure Substances

Objectives (outlines)

• Introduce the concept of a pure substance.

• Discuss the physics of phase-change processes.
• Illustrate the P-v, T-v, and P-T property diagrams and P-v-T
surfaces of pure substances.
• Apply the ideal-gas equation of state in the solution of
typical problems.

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■ Pure Substance
A substance that has a single chemical composition (O2,N2) or A mixture of
various chemical elements (H2O) or compounds (H2O+NaCl) are pure
substance as long as the mixture is homogeneous.

Example: Air is a mixture of several gases, but it is often considered to be a

pure substance because it has a uniform chemical composition. Also Water,
nitrogen, helium, and carbon dioxide.

A mixture of two or more phases of a pure substance is still a pure

substance as long as the chemical composition of all phases is the same
Liquid water, a mixture of liquid water and water vapour (steam), and a
mixture of ice and liquid water are all pure substances; every phase has
the same chemical composition. A mixture of liquid air and gaseous air is 3
not a pure substance because the composition of the liquid phase is
different from that of the vapour phase.
■ Pure Substance (Phase)
A mixture of two or more phases of a pure substance is still a pure substance
as long as the chemical composition of all phases is the same

• Liquid water, a mixture of liquid water and water vapour (steam), and a
mixture of ice and liquid water are all pure substances; every phase has
the same chemical composition.
• A mixture of liquid air and gaseous air is not a pure substance because
the composition of the liquid phase is different from that of the vapour
phase.

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Phase-change Processes of Pure
Substances

 Solid: strong intermolecular bond

 Liquid: intermediate intermolecular bonds
 Gas: weak intermolecular bond

Solid Liquid Gas

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Phase-change Processes

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■ Compressed Liquid &Saturated Liquid

Under these conditions, water exists in the

liquid phase, and it is called a compressed
liquid, or a subcooled liquid, meaning that it
is not about to vaporize.

Under these conditions, a phase-change

process from liquid to vapor is about to take
place. A liquid that is about to vaporize is
called a saturated liquid.

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■ Saturated Vapor & Superheated Vapor

Once boiling starts, the temperature will remain constant

during the entire phase-change (Liq-vap) process if the
pressure is held constant. Any heat loss from this vapor will
cause some of the vapor to condense (phase change from
vapor to liquid). A vapor that is about to condense is called a
saturated vapor.

Once the phase-change process is completed and further

transfer of heat results in an increase in both the temperature
and the specific volume. if we transfer some heat from the
vapor, the temperature may drop somewhat but no
condensation will take place as long as the temperature
remains above 100°C (for 1 atm). A vapor that is not about to
condense is called a superheated vapor.

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■ Saturation Temperature &
Saturation Pressure

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■ Property diagrams for phase-change
processes
Saturation line

Vap. zone
Liq. zone

Mix zone

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■ The T-v Diagram & The P-v Diagram

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Extending the Diagrams to Include the Solid
Phase

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■ Triple point
We are all familiar with two phases being in equilibrium
(critical point), but under some conditions all three phases of
a pure substance coexist in equilibrium which is known as
triple point.

For example, water, the triple-point temperature and pressure

are 0.01°C (273.01K) and 0.6117 kPa, respectively.

At low pressures (below the triple point value), solids (ice)

evaporate (vapor) without melting (liq) first (sublimation)

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■ The P-v-T Surface

P-v-T diagram for a substance that expands on freezing (e.g. water) 14

Moisture Content
 The moisture content of a
substance is the opposite of its
quality. Moisture is defined as
the ratio of the mass of the
liquid to the total mass of both
liquid and vapor
mg mg
 Recall the definition of quality x 
x m mf  mg
 Then
mf m  mg
  1 x
m m
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 Moisture Content
 Take specific volume as an example. The specific volume of the
saturated mixture becomes
v  (1 x)v f  xvg
 The form that is most often used

vvf  x(vg  v f )
 Let Y be any extensive property and let y be the corresponding
intensive property, Y/m, then
Y
y  m  y f  x( yg  y f )
yf xy
fg
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where y
Property Table
 For example if the pressure
and specific volume are
specified, three questions
are asked: For the given
pressure,

1
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Property Table
 If the answer to the first question is
the state is in the compressed
yes,
region, and the compressed liquid table
liquid
v  vf
is used to find the properties. (or using
saturation temperature table)

 If the answer to the second question is

yes, the state is in the saturation region, v f  v  vg
and either the saturation temperature
table or the saturation pressure table
is used.
 If the answer to the third question is
yes, the state is in the superheated
vg  v
region and the superheated table is
used.

1
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1
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T–v and P-v diagram for the two-phase liquid–vapor region showing the quality–
specific volume relation.
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 Independent Properties Of A Pure
Substance
The number of degrees of freedom (independent properties) within a
heterogeneous mixture of pure substances is given by Gibbs’s phase
rule as

Example:
a homogeneous (P = 1) pure substance (C = 1) requires f = 1 − 1 + 2 = 2
intensive properties to fix its state.
a homogeneous (P = 1) mixture of two pure substances (C = 2) requires f =
2 − 1 + 2 = 3 intensive properties to fix its state.
The case of a two-phase (P = 2) pure substance (C = 1), however, is
misleading, because f = 1 − 2 + 2 = 1, but this simply means that each phase
requires one intensive property to fix its state. Hence, two independent
properties are required to fix the state of the complete two-phase system.
To find the state of a mixture of two phases, we need to know how much of each
phase is present, that is, the composition of the mixture. The phase composition in a
liquid-vapor mixture is given by the thermodynamic property called the quality of
the mixture,
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Example 2.1
Determine the saturated pressure, specific volume, internal
energy and enthalpy for saturated water vapor at 45oC and
50oC.

2
2
 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
UiTM

Example 2.2
Determine the saturated pressure, specific volume, internal
energy and enthalpy for saturated water vapor at 47⁰ C .

2
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Solution:
 Extract data from steam
table
T Psat v u h
45 9.5953 15.251 2436.1 2582.4
47 Psat v u h
50 12.352 12.026 2442.7 2591.3

 Interpolation for
Psat
Psat  9.5953 47  45
12.352  9.5953  50  Interpolation Scheme for
45 P  10.698 Psat
kPa
sat @ 47o

Do the same
principal to 2
4
others!!!!
Example
Is v  v f ? No
2.3
Determine the enthalpy of 1.5 Is v f  v  vg ? Yes
kg of water contained in Is vg  v ? No
vaolume of 1.2 m3 at 200
 Find the quality
kPa. v  v f  x(vg  v f )
Solution:
 Specific volume for vv
x v v
water g f

Volume  1.2  0.8 m3 f

v 3
m  0.8 
mass 1.5 kg 0.001061
0.8858  0.001061
kg  0.903 (What does this
 From table A-
mean?)
5:  The
v f  0.001061m kg3

h enthalpy
hf  x hfg
vg  m3
 504.7  (0.903)(2201.6)
kg
0.8858
kJ
 2492.7 k 2
5
g
Example
2.4
Determine the internal energy of refrigerant-134a at a
temperature of 0C and a quality of 60%.

Solution:
 From table A-  The internal energy R 134a
5: of at given condition:
kJ
uf  u  u f  x (ug  u f )
51.63 k
gk  51.63  (0.6)(230.16  51.63)
ug  230.16 J kJ
kg  158.75

kg

2
6
 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
UiTM
Example
2.5
Consider the closed, rigid container
of water as shown. The pressure is mg, Vg
700 kPa, the mass of the saturated
Sat. Vapor
liquid is
1.78 kg,isand
vapor 0.22the
kg.mass
Heatofisthe
added
saturated
to
water until the pressure increases to 8
the mf, Vf
MPa. Find the final Sat. Liquid

enthalpy, and internal energy of

temperature,
the water

2
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Solution:
 Theoretically: State 2:

v2  v1  Information
: v2  0.031 3

P2  8
m
 The quality before kg
MPa
pressure increased (state  From table A-
1). 5:
x1  mg1
vg 2  v2
m f 1  g1
m 0.22
  0.11
(1.78kg 0.22)  Since that it is in
kg
 Specific volume at state superheated region, use
v1 1 v f 1  x1 (vg1  v f 1 ) table A-6: o
T2  361.8 C
 0.001108  (0.11)(0.2728  0.001108) h2  3024 kJ
3 u2  2776 kJkg
 0.031 m kg
kg
2
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■ Pure Substance (Perfect/Ideal gas) law
Properties of perfect gas is defined by P, V and T

Boyle’s Law of ideal gas:

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■ Pure Substance (Perfect/Ideal gas) law
Properties of perfect gas is defined by P, V and T

Charle’s Law of ideal gas :

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■ Pure Substance (Perfect/Ideal gas) law
Properties of perfect gas is defined by P, V and T

Gay-Lussac Law of ideal gas :

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■ Pure Substance (Perfect/Ideal gas) law
General eqn of gas:

Characteristics eqn of ideal gas:

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■ Pure Substance (Perfect/Ideal gas) law
Properties of perfect gas is defined by P, V and T

Joule’s Law of ideal gas :

But before going to joule’s law we need to know about specific heat and internal
energy

Specific heat: is defined by the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1
kg of a substance 1 degree Celsius (°C).

Internal Energy: is defined as the energy associated with the random, disordered

motion of molecules. It refers to the invisible microscopic energy on the atomic and
molecular scale.

In order to increase 1 deg C of 1kg pure substance (water) we need C kJ heat

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,dT,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,m,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,C*m*dt = dU
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■ Pure Substance (Perfect/Ideal gas) law
Properties of perfect gas is defined by P, V and T

Joule’s Law of ideal gas : the internal energy of an ideal gas does not
change if volume and pressure change, but does change if temperature
changes.
dU ∞ dT

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