Date

Methoda of Makog the Residual Zero

2Any abboxinaate melhod seekacto reduce Rto zero
tn_sOme maaningrl sene and detemine-the wnknan
phoetaxa Cothot Us h an acceptabla epbxoxt
matzbn to the problem
o determine G e muxt ostaloa set ac nLinea
Lhdeberdet 2qnA. amorg c:2ohle forciq R
eaualo zeró tn hatever seme we chebse
I e axe able to oake R CUs Zexo a
VR pottz er the dorcauinhen we ould bave
obtaiced exat kolution to the þreble

pven_ boct ocho doroain we muAt £lrd an

atore uauto eake RZero_ard pd n-
inean_indeberdent elations amag Ci-

The cellocatton Method

One posible_accestable_sese Ln adhacb R an
be boode Zero ato requre R ta vanish atn"chosen
boicts D he doroain
R(GC2Caso for 1=42,.n
|he Least-Squares Method
Anether oa tD_ make R zero t o mlmiotze the
Ctogol op the squaxe ac he RestdualLth respect
oinini2e-

RAx o
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2 Rdx = o
 Date

he Geperal hleytad-Residunl Method

he least-squares method gives another idea
bamel Lening he eidual otba Linear odepen
dent set ap functiors and bettng tin Zero.
hat is datermne the G by requing Rto vansh-
tha weiohted-resucual sense Cie, rakeg e
RAidaalortbogonal to a set ac ueiht _punchans
S ,) RE, UJJax o,te, = . . ..

iCx)>are sectt ap lineary dedeberdent functtbns

Calledaerkt function ,

lheAe £ancans can be dfferent rom seb a

approxtmactm funchen X
Vanous_Rnouon special coseA
Collacafibn Methad W= S - ; )
Least SquareA 22

Pehrov-GIalerkin

Gtalerkin Metbod I=

Ohe Subrdomain Method

We rale thact takioq =1, 202 i l aet ecl ane
24n To obtain n" e ohe ma choese ta divide the
drncain (oL) ioto n_Aub iotemials I,I I and_
|reauce tbe intepral of the estdunl R be Zeo aver pach
|kubiotetal
Rdy=o el3,.Yn
Tt l the bais of the ftnite voluume
techruque Uneol tn phui #
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dnamicS.
 Date

he Ritz Metbod
Use in moslap he finite elornent noodel develcpsent
Rumdatie punctornal cquivaleort to the gavernibg
2q1uattanand certain Bca ls minimized thxeupect
o toe paaoeterk (G2 the appraxioibo

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 Problems boed on hDR methods Date

Prob 1Find uog 4at sauxpizs +uE13u0)=1u0-o

Exat Sslssuon
he dlperertiaoperater Dluo)ard Þ)

PCx)=1
he exact 2oluion, igeherak
2Cx)= C Sux +Cosx+
os o)-1 C 0
2C)=o C -1/sina)
So Cx) = 1- S i n
Sin)
R methods
apprOXieatinr funchan 2x)=a.tax+0,2

C) o _o lta+ a -(1+0)
fhen ig): 1 + ( - ) r +x
ug) =1-a+9(-a)
da --1 +qAx-1)

The Restàunl R() = u a + u a ) -1

_
R =202(1-x+a6 )-1
K(x) =-2+a ( x+2)
Collocaron Matbod
Stce there i oly one unkrouon (aR)ponly one
Coll ochian baint ts Deecdealet t be X=0.5
Rlo-5)=a -0.5+a(o-5-o.5+2) 20
ag- 0.R85+
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Sub-coman Method.
Stnce there.ls ony ore unRnabn, uv@te
chooke a stgle subdooain ohch covers the
entire Tange xx.
N RC\dx so
(1-+Oa (-x-+a)Jdx =0
.

Na) =1-+-(-).
eaktSgcek MetbooL4
( R Rx)dx-o WRCX)dx -o.
So
W -OR c-c+2.
( 2 t2)x-+a(-+2))4x =o
han_
Solverg a 6-0-3122
ua) = 1 - +l65 (-2e).
6O6

Galackin Metbod: Inz eiht undion A he.cemiuatiye

og he abpoximate punctbn 2.rt. unkmhn co-eff

Hhen 2e have . RO)dx so

Cc-sx +@2 Cc-a+2)xeo

ue)= 1 - t (cc)
actua W)=ÜC).

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